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Антонина Коробейникова/Аркель

редактор Lingvovisor.ruпреподаватель и бизнес-тренер

основатель “Школы деловых коммуникаций ArkelTraining.com”

Проводит бизнес-тренинги по деловым коммуникациям на английском языке в крупных международных и отечественных

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Сфера профессиональных интересов: лингвистика, прагмалингвистика, психолингвистика, маркетинг, PR

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Nouns are one of the four major word classes, along with verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Nouns are the largest word class.

The Noun. Number

ending examples

-age postage, language, sausage

-ance/-ence

insurance, importance, difference

-er/-or teacher, driver, actor

-hood childhood, motherhood, fatherhood

-ism socialism, capitalism, nationalism

-ist artist, optimist, pianist

The Noun. Number

It is not always possible to identify a noun by its form.

However, some word endings can show that the word is probably a noun.

The Noun. Number

A person

A thing

An animal

A place

An idea

A NOUNis a word that

identifies …

The Noun

A NOUN

countable uncountable

The Noun. Number

uncountablecountable

DollarSong

SuitcaseTable

BatteryBottle Report

TipJourney

JobView

MoneyMusic

LuggageFurnitureElectricity

WineInformation

AdviceTravelWork

Scenery

Would you like some coffee?

The Noun. Number

Is it countable or uncountable?

Would you like some coffee?

The Noun. Number


uncountable because it's referring to the drink in general

He ordered a coffee.

The Noun. Number


He ordered a coffee.

The Noun. Number


countable, because it's referring to a cup of coffee

The Noun. Number

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

COUNTABLE NOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL

A cat Cats

Plural Nouns Rules

To make regular nouns plural, add -s to the end.

A cat – cats

A house – houses

A day – days

Plural Nouns Rules

If the singular noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add -es to the end to make it plural.

A lunch – lunches

A tax – taxes

A match – matches

Plural Nouns Rules

If the noun ends with -f or -fe, the f is often changed to -vebefore adding the -s to form the plural version.

A wife – wivesA wolf – wolvesA shelf - shelves

A roof – roofsA belief – beliefs

A chef – chefsA chief – chiefs

A cuff - cuffs

If a singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to -ies to make the noun plural.

Plural Nouns Rules

A city – citiesA puppy – puppies

If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it plural.

A ray – raysA boy – boys

Plural Nouns Rules

If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es to make it plural.

A potato – potatoesA tomato – tomatoesA hero – heroesAn echo – echoesA mosquito – mosquitoes

A photo – photosA piano – pianos

A halo – halos

Plural Nouns Rules

A volcano

volcanoes

volcanos

With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice!

Plural Nouns Rules

a man – mena woman – womena mouse – micea louse – licea foot – feeta tooth – teetha goose – geesean ox – oxena child – children

EXCEPTIONS!

Plural Nouns Rules

A person

persons

peopleShe’s a person I have a lot of respect for.

Any person or persons found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.

I saw three people standing on the corner.

(a very formal word)

Plural Nouns Rules

Some nouns of Latin or Greek origin have kept their Latin or Greek plural endings.

a phenomenon – phenomena (criterion – criteria)a datum – dataa formula – formulaea genius – genii (cactus-cacti)a matrix – matrices a crisis – crises

Plural Nouns Rules

Identical forms for the Singular and the Plural:

a fish – two fisha deer – two deera sheep – two sheepa Swiss – two Swiss an offspring – two offspringa trout – two trouta salmon – two salmona species – two speciesa means – two meansa series – two seriesa crossroads – two crossroads

THESE NOUNS ARE COUNTABLE!

These species of birds are unknown. This species is unknown.

English Plural Invariable Nouns

Nouns that denote an indivisible pair of things are used in the plural and with a plural verb. Such nouns are often used with the phrase "a pair of".

ClothesThe police/ The police are coming.GoodsTraffic lightsSurroundingsLooksScissors, binoculars, etc. / Where are the binoculars?Jeans; trousers, pants, slacks;The rich, the poor, the blind, etc. / The poor are our main concern.

English Plural Invariable Nouns

English PLURAL Invariable Nouns

You cannot use:

1, 2, 3a/an, another (an+other)it, this, thatmuch, (a) littleis/does

You can use:

“0” article/the(some) otherthey, these, thosemany, (a) feware/do

English Singular Invariable Nouns

Research InformationAdviceMoneyNewsProgressWorkKnowledgeLuggage, baggage

EvidenceDamageFurniture TrafficTrouble (You are in trouble)AccommodationPaperWallpaperLuck (Good luck!)Fun (Have fun!)Weather

English Singular Invariable Nouns

English SINGULAR Invariable Nouns

You cannot use:

1, 2, 3a/an, another (an+other)they, these, thosemany, (a) feware/do

You can use:

“0” article/the(some) otherit, this, thatmuch, (a) littleis/does

Plural Nouns Rules

Where is my money? This money is mine. Money makes money. Money talks. Money is the root of all evil.

EXAMPLES

Plural Nouns Rules

Both Garner and The Cambridge Guide to English Usage explain that monies/moneys is usually used by legal or finance writers to talk about “individual sums” or “discrete sums” of money.

e.g. 5.3 An official receipt shall be issued in respect of all moneys received.

Money, Monies, or Moneys?

Plural Nouns Rules

We use singular forms when we talk about

1. an amount of money, a time period, distance, weight.

A hundred thousand dollars was paid for the painting (the total amount).Two years is a long time to be unemployed (period).10 kilometers is a long way to go (distance).Thirty kilos is too heavy to carry (weight).

Plural Nouns Rules

We use singular forms when we talk about

2. Illnesses: measles, mumps Mumps is a common childhood disease.

3. Sports, games: billiards, darts, dominoes, gymnastics, athletics.Billiards is his favourite game.

Plural Nouns Rules

We use singular forms when we talk about4. Subjects, branches of science: statistics, phonetics, mathematics, etc.

Compare:Statistics is a difficult subject. But: Your statistics are wrong. Statistics claim that women drive more carefully than men.Politics is always a dirty business. But: Your politics are different from mine.Phonetics is useful. But: His phonetics are getting better.Acoustics is a branch of physics. But: Acoustics in this room are awful.

How to Learn Nouns

Context is important!

I got out of bed, got the paper, got myself some breakfast, got some coffee, and began to get dressed and to get ready for work. I got in the car, got to the office, and got to work. I got a lot done, and still had time to get some money at the bank and get a sandwich at the deli for lunch.

THANK YOU!

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