* PRESENTS *

Julia Passamonti-Colamartino aka” Iulia Cassia Vegetia”

Legio III CyrenaicaMaker of Amphorae

venetiancat.com

ANATOMY OF AN AMPHORA

Construction of a Dressel 1CWine Amphora

The Plan

The finished piece will be roughly half-scale, or about 19 inches

(48 cm)

The amphora will be watertight and fully usable. It will hold 64 ounces (1.5 liters) of liquid.

Archeological Information: Dressel 1C

ORIGIN: Middle Tyrrhenian coast of Italy. DIMENSIONS: 100 to 120cm high, 30cm

wide. DIFFUSION: diffused in large amounts in

Western Mediterranean, Middle and Northern Europe from the second half of II to the end of I Century B.C.

CONTENT: wine.

Some TOOLS of the TRADE

Part I The BODY: Step I

The base is made first, and may be wheel-thrown (shown here) or hand built.

The piece is allowed to firm up before adding coils.

The bottom of the base is made wide on the outside for support, and will be trimmed later.

Step II

The first coil is made and ready . I use an extruder to save time and labor, but they can also be rolled out by hand.

Each coil is about one quarter inch (4 mm ) in diameter and about 3 feet (1M) long.

Step III

The base is then “scored” or incised with a needle tool.

Scoring allows for better adhesion of the coil to the clay base.

Step IV

“Slip”-a mixture of the clay body and water which is about the consistency of peanut butter, is applied to the incised base. This very important ingredient acts as a sort of glue.

The coil is also scored the same as the base, and slip is applied to it as well. Here, the coil is spiraled in a clockwise direction. It can be spiraled counterclockwise as well.

Step V

A wooden thumb tool (or the fingers) is used to smooth each coil spiral after it is applied.

The vessel is smoothed both on the outside and the inside. This assures a stronger and more even clay wall.

Step VI a The outside is made as

smooth and as even as possible with the aid of a rib, shown here.

Ribs come in many shapes and sizes as well as many different materials. This one is my favorite. It is made of a soft gel-like rubber. The ancients used wood and bone, and may have used flexible wood or pieces of cartilage.

Step VI b

The coils are further smoothed with a rib as the vessel is turning on the wheel.

The vessel is now ready for the addition of the next coil.

Step VIII

Repeating steps III through VII, the next coil is applied, and then smoothed using a thumb tool and/or fingers, and a rib.

Step IX Continuing steps III through

VII, build the vessel up as much as you can without the piece becoming soft and wobbly.

When this happens, be sure to smooth the coils and STOP.

Allow the vessel to firm up. It is important that the clay be firm enough (this state is called “leather hard”) to withstand the weight of the subsequent layers of coil spirals, or your vessel will soon look like an avalanche or melted volcano!

Keep building, adding coils, smoothing….you can still see the coil

spirals and finger marks on the inside.

Build to about 13” (30cm) Paying close

attention to a photograph of the original amphora, the coils are brought in to form the shoulder of the vessel.

The piece is allowed to firm up so that it will withstand the weight of the neck without collapsing.

Part II-The NECK: Step I The neck is

thrown separately on the wheel.

The ancients often combined hand-built and wheel-thrown sections.

A wooden chisel tool is used to shape the lip.

Step IIVarious tools are used in shaping

and smoothing

Sponge on a stick

Rib

Elephant ear sponge for smoothing

Wet chamois

for a smooth lip

Part III ~ Connecting the NECK to the BODY:Step I

The neck has been allowed to firm up to the “leather hard” state

The diameter of the body opening is measured using calipers

This measurement is than marked on the neck.

Step II

The neck is cut off the “bat” (blue disc) using a needle tool (lower right).

The bas is hollowed and thinned from the inside using a fettling knife and needle tool.

It is important that the neck be leather hard to do this, or it will distort.

Step III: The neck is connected to the

bodyThe edge is

scored using a needle tool.

The body is scored also, and slip is applied to

BOTH edges to insure a

strong bond.

The neck is placed on the

body and lined up.

Clay is added and

smoothed into the seam.

1

2

3

4

The vessel is now ready to receive handles.

After smoothing, the seam is invisible.

Part IV~HANDLES: Step I A piece of clay is rolled

into a fat coil. While holding over a

bucket of water with one hand (here, my left) it is wet, pulled and squeezed repeatedly.

Doing this will compress the clay and elongate the piece.

This method is called ”handle pulling”.

Step IIThe clay is pulled until it becomes a

long strap.1

2The clay

is stretched

and compressed into a long, thin

strap.

3The strap is

cut from the upper coil mass

and allowed to firm slightly

4The 2

handles are then cut from

the single strap,

bent, and allowed to

firm to the

“leather hard” state.

Step IIIUsing the scoring and slip technique, (as

when the coil spirals were added) the handles are applied.

PART V: Final Trimming This is a separate support

called a “bottle chuck” which had been specially made to receive the amphora.

It is shown here held in place by a “Giffen Grip”, which fits right over the wheel head. It has been allowed to become “leather hard” and will eventually be fired with the amphora. It can then be used over and over again.

The amphora is placed upside down in the chuck, and soft clay balls are added to hold it in place.

Using a trimming tool, the excess clay is trimmed away.

The vessel is allowed to dry slowly and thoroughly before

it is fired.