© Ricardo plc 2014

The difference is CLEAR

2014 Iowa Renewable Fuels Summit

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Our HeritageMore than 90 years of successful project delivery across multiple market sectors

Providing technology, product innovation, engineering solutions and strategic consulting to the world’s automotive industries since 1915

2013

1915

Ricardo is a global, world-class, multi-industry consultancy for engineering, technology, project innovation and strategy.

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Global Reach

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Products & Services

Engines

Transmissions & Driveline Hybrid/Electrical Systems

Vehicle Engineering Performance Products

Strategic Consulting

Environmental Consulting

Software

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Diverse Market Sectors

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Our ClientsWe have experience working with leading companies across a number of demanding market sectors

Passenger Car High PerformanceVehicles & Motorsport

Commercial Vehicles

Agricultural & Industrial Vehicles

Motorcycles &Personal Transportation

Marine Rail Clean Energy & Power Generation

Defence Government

UK MoDTACOM

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Legendary Automotive Innovators: Henry Ford, Charles Kettering (GM), and Sir Harry Ricardo – Ethanol Based Fuels

Anticipated depletion of petroleum reserves

Expressed hope for a destiny beyond fossil energy– Ford expected bio-fuels would strengthen the rural

economy– Kettering planned to help the auto industry avoid oil

shortages– Sir Harry hoped to promote national energy security

All three had views on ethanol as an anti-knock additive

Over 90 years ago “Ricardo Discol racing spirit” was patented, an alcohol-blended fuel

The work continues today … questions include:– What is the ultimate fuel economy possible from

downsizing?– Where is the “sweet spot” for fuel octane ?

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Cross Sector Innovation

Evolutionary development of current technologies will deliver benefits – but disruptive technologies can be game changers

Current ICE Technology

Low Carbon PropulsionSystems

Disruptive Revolutionary Technologies

Source: Ricardo Analysis

Iterative Evolutionary Technologies

Combustion Optimisation

Charge/Boost Technology

Downsizing Friction reduction

Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery

AdvancedFuel Injection

Low Carbon Sustainable Fuels

Hybrid SystemsEnergy Recovery

New Ideas inThermodynamics

Integrated Cycles

New Processes Intelligent Automation

Combination of Function

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Downsizing & Boosting- Synergy With Ethanol

Downsize boosting strategy allows a smaller optimized engine to be used in place of a large naturally aspirated engine

Injecting fuel directly into the combustion chamber allows better cooling of the combustion chamber and allows higher compression ratios

Higher compression ratios allow improved fuel economy

Higher octane fuels allow engines to run at higher compression ratios

A positive property of ethanol is the latent heat of vaporization

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EBDI- Extreme Boosted Direct InjectionA Ricardo Technology Demonstrator

Fuel economy improvement benefit for multiple applications:

o Passenger cars

o Truck and medium duty vehicles

o Off road applications: Agricultural and Construction

Provides a scalable SI engine technology package

EBDI=

EXTREM

E

Downsiz

ing

Objective:

o Develop a 3.2L Spark Ignited engine running on E85 ethanol with performance of 6-7L diesel engine:

o Provide flexible powertrain optimized for operation on standard pump gasoline to E85

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EBDI- Extreme Boosted Direct InjectionSignificantly Improved SI Fuel Economy

0

2

4

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20

FTP75 US06 HFET

Test Cycle

Fu

el e

con

om

y (m

pg

)

Current Diesel

Current NA Gas

EBDI Gas

EBDI E85

Using standard vehicle transmission:

o Achieved diesel like fuel efficiency

o Higher fuel economy over FTP75 cycle • 26.5% higher compared

to existing gasoline engine

• 3.5% higher compared to existing diesel engine

Further improvements in highway performance is possible by optimizing the vehicle’s transmission gear ratios

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EBDI- Extreme Boosted Direct InjectionHigh Performance Capability

Achieved diesel like performance:

o Low speed torqueoBroad torque curveoHigh torque (900 Nm)

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100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Engine Speed (rpm)

To

rqu

e (N

m)

EBDI E85 - Target

6,000lb Gas Engine

8,500lb Diesel Engine

6,000lb Diesel Engine

700 Nm available across 3,600 rpm range

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Conclusion: During the next decade internal combustion engines will become significantly more efficient

Future fleet fuel economy targets in the U.S. will require significant changes in engine technology over the next 10–15 years

Vehicle electrification will be part of the solution, but the vast majority of vehicles sold in 2025 will use internal combustion engines as the primary form of propulsion– Battery-only electric vehicles will only represent a niche market

Engines will have higher specific power from using technologies such as – Direct injection– Turbocharging or similar boost systems– Higher compression ratios

Ethanol fuel properties make it possible to match diesel efficiency in a highly Boosted Engine by means of downsizing – Combine with downspeeding to create further benefits

Future powertrain solutions will have a natural thirst for higher octane fuels

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