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Gender Equality, Social Inclusion and Civil Society Engagement Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2018

Prepared for DFAT

February 2018

Contact Information Robert Anscombe

Contractor Representative

Cardno

International Financial Centre (IFC) Tower 2, Level 18 Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 22-23 Jakarta 12920 Indonesia

Phone: +62 21 8086 9800

Email: [email protected]

Document History

Version Effective Date Description of Revision Prepared by Reviewed by

01 30 November 2017 First Draft Dr Jan Edwards DFAT

02 5 February 2018 Second Draft Dr Jan Edwards Harry Roovers

© Cardno. Copyright in the whole and every part of this document belongs to Cardno and may not be used, sold, transferred, copied or reproduced in whole or in part in any manner or form or in or on any media to any person other than by agreement with Cardno.

This document is produced by Cardno solely for the benefit and use by the client in accordance with the terms of the engagement. Cardno does not and shall not assume any responsibility or liability whatsoever to any third party arising out of any use or reliance by any third party on the content of this document.

Citation: Edwards, J. (2018) Gender Equality, Social Inclusion and Civil Society Engagement Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2018. Prepared for the Indonesia -Australia Infrastructure Facility (KIAT) and The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFTA). Unpub.

ii Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT)

GENDER EQUALITY, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT) i

Contents

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Key terms and concepts ............................................................................................................2

1.2 Overall KIAT principles of engagement .....................................................................................2

1.3 Organisation of this document .................................................................................................3

2 Context ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Political context .........................................................................................................................4

2.1.1 Key partner ministries, policy, legislation and regulations...................................................................... 4

2.2 Women’s participation in the economy ...................................................................................5

2.3 Social and cultural context ........................................................................................................7

2.4 Development partner policies and plans ..................................................................................9

2.4.1 Sustainable Development Goals .............................................................................................................. 9

2.4.2 Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ............................................................................ 10

2.5 Key learning ............................................................................................................................ 13

2.5.1 Learning from IndII ................................................................................................................................ 13

2.5.2 Learning from APEC ............................................................................................................................... 16

3 Conceptual framework .................................................................................... 18

4 Working with GOI............................................................................................. 20 4.1 Annual workshop ................................................................................................................... 20

5 Transition activities .......................................................................................... 21 5.1 Specific GESI Activity 1: GESI Action Plan for PRIM ............................................................... 21

5.2 Specific GESI Activity 2: GESI Review of Water and Sanitation Hibah ................................... 22

5.3 Specific GESI Activity 3: GESI Review of the Palembang Water Treatment Plant ................. 22

5.4 Specific GESI Activity 4: Transport Corridor 6 ........................................................................ 23

5.5 Specific GESI Activity 5: GESI Review of sAIIG ........................................................................ 23

5.6 Specific GESI Activity 6: GESI Review of National Road Development .................................. 24

5.7 Specific GESI Activity 7: GESI Review of National Road Management .................................. 24

6 Planning for 2018 and beyond ......................................................................... 26 6.1 Specific GESI Activity 8: Scoping study and typography of grants based civil society

engagement programs ........................................................................................................... 26

6.2 Specific GESI Activity 9: International and national best practice for GESI in infrastructure programs ................................................................................................................................ 26

6.3 Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training, employment in the infrastructure sector .............................................................................................................. 27

6.4 Specific GESI Activity 11: Women’s participation in leadership and decision making in infrastructure sector .............................................................................................................. 27

6.5 Specific GESI Activity 12: GESI and Public Private Partnerships............................................. 28

6.6 Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy .......................... 28

6.7 Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners ............................................. 28

6.8 GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening in GESI and CSE .............................. 29


ii Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT)

6.9 GESI Mainstreaming Activity 2: Mainstream GESI in Activity Designs and other relevant documents ............................................................................................................................. 29

6.10 GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and relationships with other programs and development partners .................................................................................................... 30

7 Collaboration with other programs and partners ........................................... 31

8 Monitoring and Evaluation of GESI and CSE in KIAT........................................ 32 8.1 Integration of GESI in overall KIAT M&E ................................................................................ 32

8.2 Quality at entry for KIAT Activities ......................................................................................... 33

8.3 Facility-Level Monitoring........................................................................................................ 33

8.4 Facility Evaluation - Key evaluation questions relevant to GESI and CSE .............................. 34

8.5 GESI Facility Level Performance Indicators ............................................................................ 34

8.6 GESI Reviews .......................................................................................................................... 35

Annex 1: GESI and CSE Strategy: Outcomes, approaches, strategies and activities .... 36

Annex 2: Workplan October 2017 to July 2018 ............................................................ 41

Annex 3 Potential KIAT partners ................................................................................... 42

List of Tables

Table 1: Global gender gap: Indonesia

Table 2: Summary of key GESI and CSE problems and their treatment

Table 3: Identified issues for women and people with disabilities on Corridor 6


Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT) iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations AIECO Australia Indonesia Economic Cooperation

AIPEG Australia Indonesia Partnership in Economic Governance

APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

BRT Bus Rapid Transport

CEDAW Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

CRPD Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

CSE Civil Society Engagement

DGH Directorate General of Highways (Bina Marga)

DGHS Directorate General of Human Settlements (Cipta Karya)

DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

DPO Disabled People’s Organisation

GAP Gender Analysis Pathway

GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

GOI Government of Indonesia

IFC International Finance Corporation

Inpres Presidential Instruction

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KIAT Indonesia Australia Partnership for Infrastructure

LG Local Government

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MOWE Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection

MPWH Ministry of Public Works and Housing

MQ Monitoring question

NRMP National Roads Master Plan

PAF Performance Assessment Framework

PPP Public Private Partnership

PRIM Provincial Road Improvement and Maintenance Program

PROSPERA Australia Indonesia Partnership for Economic Development (Program Kerjasama Indonesia Australia untuk Perekonomian)

PwD People with Disabilities

RTTF Road Traffic and Transport Forum

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

SOP Standard Operating Procedure


iv Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT)

Executive Summary This Gender Equality, Social Inclusion and Civil Society Engagement Strategy and Action Plan (hereafter GESI & CSE Action Plan) will support the successful transitioning of activities from the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative (IndII) to the Indonesia Australian Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT) from October 2017 to June 2018.

The GESI & CSE Action Plan builds on the work developed during the KIAT design phase and utilises that design, together with key IndII documents.

In addition to outlining transitional activities, this document sets out specific activities that will contribute to the development of a GESI and CSE Strategy that will guide the work of KIAT over the subsequent period. A number of mainstreaming activities are also proposed to ensure that GESI issues are included in all KIAT design, planning and delivery activities.

Infrastructure is critical for economic empowerment and social engagement, yet those who are most reliant on these services are not often consulted in the design, planning, delivery and evaluation of these basic services. As a result, while infrastructure development might solve technical issues, social issues remain ignored. Much infrastructure design and development is inconsistent with the principles of universal and accessible design and therefore does not meet the needs of all citizens.

Evaluations of GESI in infrastructure activities by IndII identified the following design, planning and implementation issues:

Capacity: Lack of knowledge and capacity to implement the Government of Indonesia’s (GOI’s) GESI policies.

Data: Insufficient data on GESI to inform decision makers and their advisers.

Focus on outputs not outcomes.

Poor quality social and environmental impact assessments in program preparation.

Gender blind policy making.

Lack of understanding about disability access.

Lack of community engagement.

Under representation of women in the sector.

Inattention to the above problems means that infrastructure development has different impacts on women and men, the disabled, elderly and other vulnerable groups (ethnic minorities and indigenous people etc.)

This GESI & CSE Action Plan outlines a conceptual framework for addressing GESI across KIAT. It is based on knowledge and experience of best practices to address practical and strategic gender needs to transform gender relations. The conceptual framework will be adopted as the basis for all GESI engagement across KIAT. Sub-contracted activities will develop their own GESI Action Plans based on the common conceptual framework outlined in this document.

This GESI & CSE Action Plan puts in place activities designed to inform the work of KIAT in the above areas. It does this by adopting a twin track approach, proposing Specific GESI Activities and GESI Mainstreaming Activities.

Social, including disability inclusion can be improved by using similar strategies to those adopted for improving gender equality, that is by addressing practical needs and strategic needs. For people with disabilities, addressing access and participation in leadership and decision making, including in policy development are critical to improving their participation in economic and social life.


Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT) v

Engagement with, and strengthening of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) is the key approach to be used by KIAT to achieve improved and sustainable gender equality and social inclusion. CSOs have a key role in working together with government to improve design, planning, service delivery, governance, accountability and transparency. They are conduits to more effective, responsive and accountable governance that results in improved service delivery and sustainability.

Key GOI stakeholders include those at national and sub-national levels including Bappenas, Bapppeda, Ministry of Public Works, and Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection. Engagement with GOI will be through the establishment of a Reference Group, each of the KIAT directorates and their GOI partner agencies, gender working groups within relevant ministries, and with other GOI agencies who have responsibility for gender equality and social inclusion. It is proposed that the Reference Group will convene an Annual Workshop as a tool to aid ongoing planning (based on annual GESI reviews) and provide a forum for engaging with other stakeholders with an interest in, and working in infrastructure.

There are five key activity areas as shown below:

1. Relationships with GOI and capacity strengthening 2. Support for other KIAT sectors, streams and activities 3. Innovation and diversification 4. Grants program 5. Emerging areas

The activities are divided are categorised as Specific or GESI Mainstreaming Activities. Specific GESI activities for the transitional phase include:

Specific GESI Activity 1: GESI Action Plan for PRIM

Specific GESI Activity 2: GESI Review of Water and Sanitation Hibah

Specific GESI Activity 3: GESI Review of Palembang water treatment plant

Specific GESI Activity 4: Transport Corridor 6

Specific GESI Activity 5: GESI Review of sAIIG

Specific GESI Activity 6: GESI Review of National Road Development

Specific GESI Activity 7: GESI Review of National Road Management

Specific GESI Activity 8: Scoping study and typography of grants based civil society engagement programs

Specific GESI Activity 9: International and national best practice for GESI in infrastructure programs

Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training, employment and leadership in the infrastructure sector

Specific GESI Activity 11: Women’s Participation in Leadership and Decision Making in the Infrastructure Sector

Specific GESI Activity 12: GESI and Public Private Partnerships

Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy

Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners


vi Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT)

GESI Mainstreaming Activities for the transitional phase include:

GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening training in GESI and CSE for staff

GESI Mainstreaming Activity 2: Activity Designs and review and reporting formats

GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and relationships with other programs and development partners.

There a range of other partners for KIAT to work with in order to scale up investments in GESI and CSE. These include research centres, national and international development agencies and other DFAT programs. KIAT aims to develop sound partnerships and leverage investments that have already been made in the sector.


Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT) 1

1 Introduction This GESI and CSE Strategy and Action Plan (hereafter the GESI & CSE Action Plan) aims to provide the basis for forward planning of GESI and CSE approaches across the KIAT Facility for the first 12 months of implementation.

KIAT’s overarching goal is to support:

Sustainable and inclusive economic growth through improved access to infrastructure for all people.

A focus of the KIAT design is to empower women and increase their capacity to participate in the economy so that economic and equality objectives are supported. Consistent with the overarching goal of KIAT, the Vision for this GESI & CSE Action Plan is therefore:

Indonesian infrastructure policy, planning and operations meet the needs of all citizens including women, the disabled and other vulnerable groups.

The GESI and CSE Mission is to:

Support effective participation of women, the disabled, other vulnerable groupsand all community members in infrastructure planning and operation.

Civil Society Engagement is envisaged as the approach to achieve the above goal, vision and mission.

KIAT has three end-of-facility outcomes:

1. Improved GOI policy and regulatory framework for infrastructure development. 2. High quality projects prepared and financed by GOI, the private sector and Multilateral

Development Banks (MDBs). 3. High quality infrastructure delivery, management and maintenance by GOI.

Activities identified in this GESI & CSE Action Plan will provide the relevant contextual information and entry points necessary to identify longer term objectives and outcomes to be achieved in GESI and CSE by KIAT.

Successful achievement of these objectives will necessarily involve behavioural change on the part of decision makers and implementers. Activities to support these changes will:

Provide information and enhance skills (e.g. training). Enhance services and support (e.g. support program). Address barriers and provide opportunities (e.g. scholarships, internships, training,

professional associations, trade unions, policies). Change the consequences of effort and change behaviour (e.g. incentives).

KIAT will contribute to the two benchmarks identified in the DFAT Indonesia Gender Action Plan for Indonesia:

1. Percentage of investments assessed as effectively addressing gender equality in implementation.

2. Percentage of total spend where gender is a significant objective.

KIAT will also contribute to selected Performance Assessment Framework GESI and CSE indicators as described in Section 6.


2 Indonesia – Australia Partnership for Infrastructure (KIAT)

1.1 Key terms and concepts The following key terms are used throughout this document.

Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI):

Gender equality is about equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, girls and boys. It does not mean that women and men are the same. Gender inequality is a result of unequal power distribution between women and men, exacerbated by ongoing discrimination, weaknesses in laws, policies and institutions, and social relations that normalise inequality.

In response to the above, this GESI and CSE Strategy aims to improve the opportunities for all groups to participate in society regardless of gender, disability, ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexuality or other differences.

Gender Mainstreaming:

The United Nations Economic and Social Council1 defines gender mainstreaming as:

The process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels. It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality.

Civil Society Engagement (CSE):

Civil Society Engagement aims to empower civil society organisations to achieve the outcome of more effective, responsive and accountable governance.

Twin track approach:

DFAT provides the following explanation of the twin-track approach.2

The most effective way to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women is through a twin-track approach. This involves taking measures specifically designed to tackle gender inequalities while incorporating gender issues in to all aspects of Australia’s work. The first track requires action to address gender inequalities where they are particularly challenging of where progress is slow. The second trach requires integrating gender equality across all areas and sectors.

1.2 Overall KIAT principles of engagement The KIAT Design Document identifies the following engagement principles:

Demand driven and responsive

GOI ownership and institutional alignment

Complementarity of effort with other development partner infrastructure programs

Capacity building and strengths-based approach

People centred

Results/performance oriented

Supportive of the Australia-Indonesia partnership

1 United Nations Economic and Social Council (1997). See http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/gender/newsite2002/about/defin.htm (access date 27 February 2018. 2 DFAT (2016) Gender equality and women’s empowerment strategy. ACT. DFAT.



These are based on internationally accepted aid effectiveness principles and lessons learned and are reflected throughout this document.

1.3 Organisation of this document The remainder of this document is organised in the following way.

Section 2 provides a brief overview of the social, political, economic and legislative contexts in Indonesia, with a focus on the sectors relevant to KIAT. A summary of relevant GOI policies, Sustainable Development Goals and DFAT policies and safeguards is provided. This section also summarises the key learnings from the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative (IndII) and other relevant recent research, including from a DFAT funded study of civil society engagement in Indonesia.

Section 3 provides an overall conceptual framework for GESI in KIAT. The aim is that this framework will be used by sub-contracted activities as the basis for development of their own GESI Action Plans. The conceptual framework is also a key tool for planning and monitoring GESI activities contributing to transforming gender relations. It does not replace the KIAT monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework, but provides depth to analysis and will facilitate reporting on higher level strategic and transformational changes achieved by KIAT.

Section 4 describes the activities identified in the KIAT Design Document to be carried forward over the transition period.

Section 5 describes further Specific GESI Activities and GESI Mainstreaming Activities that will contribute to the development of the GESI & CSE strategy. It also describes the planned methods of engagement with civil society and GOI partners to be developed in the later stages of transition.

Section 6 summarises the key approaches to collaboration with other development partners and is supported by material in Annex 3.

Section 7 summarises relevant sections of the KIAT M&E Strategy relating to GESI.

Material in Annex 1 supports Sections 4 and 5 by summarising KIAT outcomes against approaches, strategies and activities, while Annex 2 provides a workplan for the period to July 2018.



2 Context Infrastructure projects often focus on technical issues and disregard the social impacts of development. They often assume that women and men automatically benefit equally from infrastructure activities. Other groups such as the disabled, elderly, ethnic minorities and those living in poverty are often ignored in policy, planning and implementation of infrastructure activities. This section discusses the political, social, economic and cultural contexts within Indonesia that will affect implementation of KIAT. Together with the above, this section summarises the key GOI and DFAT policies that will guide GESI and CSE programming across KIAT. Recent research conducted by DFAT on Indonesian civil society provides guidance on strategies to engage effectively with civil society organizations (CSOs). This section also highlights the relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and concludes with a summary of the key learnings from IndII and recent international research about improving diversity and inclusion in the infrastructure sector.

2.1 Political context There is support at the highest level. Indonesian President Joko Widowo has made the acceleration of infrastructure development a high priority for inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. Inclusive growth means creating equality of opportunity in access to markets and resources, and an unbiased regulatory environment for businesses and individuals, regardless of gender, indigenous background, ethnicity, disability or other social characteristics. In other words, inclusive economic growth is not only about growth, but also about ensuring that it benefits marginalised and vulnerable people.

President Widodo has been appointed as an Ambassador for the UN Women campaign, “HeForShe”, aimed at fighting gender inequality. As reported in Tempo, Indonesia has been identified by UNDP as a pilot country for gender equality, however the practical implications of this are unclear.3

2.1.1 Key partner ministries, policy, legislation and regulations

The overarching policy document that supports gender mainstreaming in national development is Presidential Instruction 9/2000. Inpres 9/2000 sets the context for gender mainstreaming in national development in Indonesia using the Gender Analysis Pathway (GAP) tool.

Whilst there is a substantial number of laws and policies in Indonesia aimed at improving gender equality and disability and social inclusion, very often ineffective implementation hampers progress.

The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection (MOWE) has responsibility for implementing gender mainstreaming in national development consistent with Inpres 9/2000. Its role is to act as a coordinating Ministry, and as such, its main responsibility is to contribute to policy development, socialise gender equality concepts and work with other government Ministries and agencies for them to take action. The key approaches adopted by the Ministry include the socialisation of key messages and working through gender focal points and gender working groups (Pokja). The Gender Equality Directorate includes a Sub-directorate of Infrastructure and Environment

The Ministry’s three priority program areas are on ending violence against women and children, human trafficking, and overcoming barriers to economic justice.

3 Indonesia named pilot country for gender equality. https://tinyurl.com/ycpvmkbm (access date 25 September 2017).



Ministry of Finance Decree No.119/PMK.02/2009 requires gender inclusive budgeting at national and local level.4 This includes provision for women to be present at government budget planning meetings, but this rarely occurs.5

An absence of timely sex-disaggregated data across all sectors presents problems for informed policy and planning and decision making.

The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) (Cipta Karya) has been a leader in gender mainstreaming, producing sectoral technical guidelines and providing training across the agency. It now plans to develop Gender Impact Assessment tools and a best practices directory.

The Indonesian Government has ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2011 thereby shifting from a charity to a rights-based policy framework. As of 2015, there are seventeen laws that cite the rights of people with disabilities, including Law 23/2007 on Railways, Law 22/2009 on Traffic and Road Transport and Law 8/2016 on Persons with Disabilities, which contains limited stipulations for infrastructure. The Ministry of Social Affairs is the leading ministry for disability inclusion, with Bappenas taking the lead role in planning6.

In addition to the above Ministries, planning bodies at national, provincial and district level have specific policies that focus on GESI. These policies will be reviewed and referenced in the full GESI and CSE Strategy, due for completion following the transition phase.7

2.2 Women’s participation in the economy The recent Global Gender Gap report shows that Indonesia ranks 88 overall out or a total of 144 countries. 8 This measure takes account of Economic Participation and Opportunity; Educational Attainment; Health and Survival; and Political Empowerment. Indonesia ranks 107 out of 144 countries on the Economic Participation and Opportunity Indicator.

While overall, there are more female professional and technical workers than males, far fewer women are in decision making roles. Data shows that there is a gender wage gap, with women’s estimated earned income less than 50 per cent of that of males. Women’s labour force participation is lower than that of males. Males work mostly in the formal sector while women’s employment is in the informal sector.

The situation is further exacerbated by women’s lower ownership of and access to income producing resources such as capital, land and other assets. As a result, data shows that economically, women are worse off than males.

Improved transportation is identified by DFAT as a key factor in improving women’s improved participation in economic activities including employment, access to markets and entrepreneurial activities. The Australia Indonesia Partnership for Economic Growth (AIPEG) 9 and IndII recently partnered in a research project to identify key constraints affecting the ability of women and people with disabilities to participate in employment. The report showed that women and people with disabilities select jobs in locations that minimise their use of public transport.

4 Ministry of Finance Decree No.119 / PMK.02 / 2009. 5 Ministry of Women’s Empowerment gender mainstreaming tools including six performance criteria for annual awards to Ministries: commitment, policy, disaggregated data, involvement of community organisations, gender-responsive budget and program achievements. A study by Asia Foundation (2015) found that less than a quarter of the 42 local governments surveyed had actually implemented specific mechanisms to guarantee women’s participation in these meetings. 6 Although the leading ministry is Ministry of Social Affairs, there are 25 sectors, 30 ministries/national agencies, 9 private agencies that are involves in the law implementation. 7 See Guidelines for Gender Integration in Program and Budget Planning and Gender Review of the Standards, Norms of Procedures and Criteria (NSPK) for sub-sectors, Ministry of Public Works, Jakarta. 8 World Economic Forum (2016) Global Gender Gap report. http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2016/ (access date 12 September 2017). 9 AIPEG will be replaced by PROSPERA (Australia Indonesia Partnership for Economic Development, Program Kerjasama Indonesia Australia untuk Perekonomian) early in 2018.



Women make multiple trips taking children to school and visiting markets and health centres. They often carry heavy loads, manage small children and older family members, or travel when pregnant. This contrasts with the ways in which men use public transport, which tends to be single journeys to and from work. When a family owns private transport, its use is often dominated by male family members. Women headed households and people with disabilities are amongst the poorest in Indonesia and any problems or improvements to public transport will impact on them to a greater extent.

Women and people with disabilities are often not consulted in decision making around infrastructure services, including water and sanitation. Evidence shows that women’s time burdens are reduced when piped water is available and self-esteem and privacy are improved with the addition of sanitation facilities for all family members. However, improved facilities are likely to benefit women more because they have responsibility for caring for younger, older and infirm family members.

A recent report by World Bank10 highlights four main drivers of inequality in Indonesia. The key points relating to KIAT’s activities are briefly summarised below.

Inequality of opportunity through unequal access to education and training, health services (clean water, sanitation, etc.).

Rewards for those with good jobs are increasing while those with low skills are trapped in low paying work. Low investment in infrastructure and poor investment climate slows down the creation of more productive jobs.

Increasing concentration of wealth in a few hands, reinforcing human and financial resource inequality. Corruption drives inequality.

Shocks erode income, savings, health and education.

KIAT will contribute to addressing inequality of opportunity through improvements to clean water, sanitation and investments in infrastructure such as improved transportation systems. There are other opportunities for KIAT to contribute through improving access to training and skill development in infrastructure activities for those with low skills.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) 11 identified a number of gender mainstreaming mechanisms that should be incorporated into project processes to strengthen gender in public private partnership (PPP). These include activities that are already part of commonly used approaches such as involvement in consultations, capacity building, supporting women into employment and income generating activities, allocation of funding to support gender integration, monitoring and evaluation and gender sensitive policy making. The literature review found that despite the lack of evidence on the impacts of gender in PPP, they offer scope for pro-gender activity if they are backed by solid government policy and conditionality in the procurement process.

DFAT recently commissioned a report on gender equality in PPP activities.12 The report identifies good practices including planned benefits sharing that enables women at local level to benefit economically from development activities. Strategies to improve women’s leadership in infrastructure management at community level through working directly with communities affected by the infrastructure development, Environmental and Social Impact Assessments and Environmental and Social Management Plans were found to be critical in providing plans for the development and when the project is handed over new investors.

10 World Bank (2015) Indonesia’s Rising Divide. https://tinyurl.com/ydgxs4qo (access sate 21 September 2017). 11 IFC (2012) Gender impact of Public Private Partnerships: Literature Review and Synthesis Report. https://tinyurl.com/ycs6oepq (access date 15 November 2017). See also https://tinyurl.com/yak35bpt (access date 15 November 2017). 12 Adam Smith International (2016) Gender equality advisory services for infrastructure programs: Gender Review. October 2016. https://tinyurl.com/ycgp6z7j (access date 5 January 2017).



It was not possible to find any documents or reports on the impact of PPPs on people with disabilities or other vulnerable groups.

2.3 Social and cultural context Resistance to the concept of gender equality can still be strong in Indonesia. As noted by the World Bank, 13 the term gender is still misunderstood and gender mainstreaming efforts in both the government and non-government sectors remain narrowly focused on increasing female participation rather than being more broadly focused on issues of human rights, advancement and empowerment, and disparities between women and men’s economic opportunities.’

While women actively contribute to the national and household economy, they are excluded from many decision-making structures and processes at the family, local and national level.6 Even when women are involved in decision-making positions, they are often kept at the margins or occupy low level positions. Women’s lack of representation in decision-making positions is also a critical barrier to the development of economic and social policies that take into account their specific social, political and economic perspectives and interests.

Indonesia has made significant progress in closing the gender parity gap in net educational enrolments. Now the focus needs to shift towards improving educational outcomes, mainstreaming gender through education and a stronger focus on assessing the policy, legislative and programmatic focus on girls and boys, in all areas and at all levels.14

APEC, supported by USAID, has developed the Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report.15 This document looked at strengthening women’s participation in the sector across the region. This document provides a framework to guide actions to improve the participation of women in the transport sector. This report is discussed in greater detail in section 2.5.2 below.

In September 2017, Indonesian women transport workers made a declaration to:16

Refuse all forms of discrimination and violence against women transport workers.

Strengthen existing institutions that serve to oversee and resolve issues of discrimination and violence against women transport workers

Take affirmative action for women transport workers in Indonesia.

Demand the implementation of socialisation of the importance of awareness of the rights of women transport workers to transportation companies in Indonesia.

Women transport workers in Indonesia are mobilising against workplace violence through the International Transport Workers Federation and this provides a potential entry point for KIAT.17

People with disabilities are amongst the most marginalised within the community. They are often hidden away at home and perceived as a source of embarrassment to their families. Previous assistance to people with disabilities has been based on a charity model, where they are seen as sources of pity. Because of this and access limitations, their social exclusion is exacerbated. IndII made

13 World Bank (2013) Gender equality: Policy Brief 1. Gender mainstreaming. Policy Brief no 1. https://tinyurl.com/y7otk3cg (access date 19 September 2017). 14 World Bank (2013) Gender equality: Policy Brief 3. Gender mainstreaming. Policy Brief no 1. https://tinyurl.com/y7otk3cg (access date 19 September 2017). 15 APEC (nd.) Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report https://tinyurl.com/y8ehedmn (access date 22 September 2017). 16 Ministry of Women Empowerment and the Protection of Children for the Republic of Indonesia (2017) Minister Yohana supports the declaration of women transportation workers in Indonesia. Press release number: B-093/set/rokum/MP 01/09/2017. 17 Grey, E (2016) Sounding the alarm on violence against women transport workers. https://tinyurl.com/y9agxrre (access date 5 January 2018).



significant progress supporting the development of disabled transport users’ groups. UNESCO has also made a significant contribution through its Sustainable Cities project.

A recent study by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)18 summarises the key access issues impacting on people with disabilities and public spaces including transport. Access audits conducted by people with disabilities found numerous barriers including steps, blocked pathways, lack of entrance ramps to buildings and train stations and trees planted blocking access on footpaths. There are some emerging services for people with disabilities such as the Trans Jakarta Cares services that connect people with disabilities to public transport. However, people with disabilities are routinely not consulted about decisions that affect them, and overall, access remains poor.

From 2005 to 2013, MPWH conducted accessibility improvement pilot projects in 33 provinces. Physical accessibility in places such as public buildings, bus terminals, airports, hospitals, mosques and schools were improved. Not only was there an improvement in physical accessibility but improvement was seen in the attitudes of local government staff, who no longer see accessibility improvement as an additional burden.

A study conducted in Surabaya 19 reported that builders and construction companies did not understand the importance of universal design, how to engage with people with disabilities to understand their perspectives and involve them in the design process. The absence of evaluation and poor implementation means that much design does not consider the needs of people with disabilities.

There are seven basic principles of universal design. These are equitable, flexible, simple and intuitive use; effective information, tolerance for error; low physical effort; size and space for approach and use.20

A key strategy for KIAT is to engage with CSO’s21 with the aim of increasing the participation of women and other vulnerable groups in planning, decision making and implementation of infrastructure activities. Increased participation of civil society actors in KIAT aims to improve governance, accountability and service delivery. Recent studies conducted for DFAT examined the roles and functions of CSOs in Indonesia.22 Key recommendations from the review for DFAT include:

Involvement of CSOs in scoping and assessment processes (as occurred with other DFAT programs, such as the Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment (MAMPU).

Use existing structures, relationships and local resources.

Study and learn from past donor experiences.

Prepare documents in Bahasa Indonesian.

Ensure budgets include allocations for core operations, development of core management capacities and organisational stability and living wages for staff (through to end line partners).

Be realistic about the amount of time it takes for meaningful change to occur.

Select partners with an understanding of the national and sub-national contexts, and their relationships with donors.

18 JICA (2015) Data Collection Survey on Disability and Development in Indonesia. Final Report September 2015. http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12245775.pdf (access date 20 September 2017). 19 Hayati, A & Faqih, M (2013) Disables accessibility problems on the public facilities within the context of Surabaya, Indonesia. https://tinyurl.com/y97j9dfv (access date 8 January 2018). 20 DFAT (n.d.) Accessibility Design Guide: Universal design principles for Australia’s Aid Program. http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/documents/accessibility-design-guide.pdf (access date 7 November 2017). 21 Civil Society Organisations includes Disabled People’s Organisations (DPO’s). 22 STATT (2012) NGO Sector Review Findings Report. STATT. https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/indo-ks15-ngo-sector-review-phase1.pdf (access date 7 November 2017). See also Scanlon, M M & Alawiyah T (n.d.) The NGO sector in Indonesia: Context, concepts and an updated profile. https://tinyurl.com/ycq7c2gs (access date 7 November 2017).



Consider the values context (profit and non-profit) partners.

Reach and build organisations that are not regular recipients of donor grants, including at sub-national level (through building in sustainable capacity development or support in operational areas where non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are less strong (e.g. disability).

Develop a common financial reporting template (within DFAT at least and preferably with other donors).

Develop creative reporting and evaluation methods that support CSOs to capture and report real outcomes and impacts (e.g. reflection workshops etc).

The above lessons will be utilised for the development of a KIAT approach to working with CSO’s through a grants based mechanism that is to be developed. DFAT’s policy on working with NGOs is summarised in section 2.4.2 below.

2.4 Development partner policies and plans

2.4.1 Sustainable Development Goals

Indonesia will work towards meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).23 A Secretariat has been established and regulations developed, and GOI planning has been aligned with the SDG’s. The following SDGs are relevant to KIAT’s current sectors.

SDG Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls

Relevant targets:

Eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.

Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate.

Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life.

Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws.

Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women

Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all level.

SDG Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

Relevant targets:

By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.

23 See http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html (access date 9 November 2017).



Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management.

SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Relevant targets:

Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.

By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities.

Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states.

SDG Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

Relevant targets:

By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons.

2.4.2 Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

DFAT strategies and policies on gender equality and disability have been considered in developing this GESI & CSE Action Plan.

The Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Strategy recognises women and girls’ empowerment as ‘one of the best ways to promote economic growth… and advance gender equality.’ The strategy has three priorities:

1. Enhancing women’s voice in decision making, leadership and peace building 2. Promoting women’s economic empowerment 3. Ending violence against women and girls

The DFAT Strategy takes a twin track approach to gender equality. This means ‘taking measures specifically designed to tackle gender inequalities, while incorporating gender issues into all aspects of Australia’s work’ (gender mainstreaming) across all KIAT activities. In practice, this means that gender equality is both about inputs and outcomes so that all activities progress gender equality through specific objectives and by addressing women’s past disadvantage through affirmative action. DFAT summarises three priorities that need to be taken to advance gender equality through aid work as:

1. Commitment to practical action 2. Integrating gender equality across the development program

2.1 Identify key challenges, opportunities and the gender equality context of each country we work with

2.2 Identify appropriate interventions 2.3 Make gender equality actions explicit in all documents and processes 2.4 Provide adequate resources



2.5 Build gender equality and women’s empowerment explicitly into monitoring, evaluation and learning processes

2.6 Make sure our investments are coherent and aligned 2.7 Support women’s’ organisations and coalitions

3. Development performance

The Development for All 2015-2020: Strategy for strengthening disability-inclusive development in Australia’s aid program (2015) 24 promotes the concept of human rights fulfilment.47 It supports participation and empowerment of people with disabilities as contributors, leaders and decision makers in community, government and the private sector; reducing poverty among people with disabilities and improving their equality in all areas of public life, including service provision, education and employment.48 Four areas of action are identified, all of which have relevance to the work of KIAT:

1. Supporting governance for equality 2. Enabling infrastructure and accessible water, sanitation and hygiene 3. Inclusive education and skills 4. Building resilience

DFAT’s Accessibility Design Guide: Universal design principles for Australia’s aid program is also a key reference document.25

DFAT’s framework for working with NGOs, Effective Development Partners, outlines principles of engagement for DFAT’s partnerships with NGOs. Within this document, DFAT sees NGOs as one part of civil society, which is defined as ‘a wide and growing range of government and non-government and non-market organisations through which people organise themselves to pursue shared interests or values in the public domain.’26 The document has eight engagement objectives, summarised below:

1. Enabling economic growth: Improving economic opportunities and livelihoods 2. Engaging communities in development, and supporting public diplomacy 3. Promoting gender equality and empowering women and girls 4. Fostering effective collaboration, partnerships and multi-stakeholder approaches 5. Supporting humanitarian advocacy and response, building resilience 6. Fostering innovation 7. Effective governance: Building coalitions for reform, accountability and inclusive decision

making 8. Enhancing NGO performance and effectiveness

The above policy frameworks support a strong focus on gender equality, social inclusion and civil society engagement across the KIAT facility.

KIAT will contribute to achieving the objectives of the strategy and apply the principles of engagement to its work.

DFAT’s Indigenous People’s Strategy27 provides the framework for the Reaching Indigenous People’s Guidance Note. 28 This guidance note provides a checklist for addressing indigenous people’s issues in the aid program across the program cycle (Strategy and planning; Concept and design; Performance and evaluation, Cross cutting issues; Risk management). Key issues regarding infrastructure development include land acquisition and resettlement. To reduce the impacts on indigenous peoples, including women need to be included in decision making. Specific attention needs to be directed to

24 Development for All 2015-2020. Strategy for strengthening disability inclusive development in Australia’s aid program. DFAT 2015. 25 DFAT (n.d.) DFAT’s Accessibility Design Guide: Universal design principles for Australia’s aid program. https://tinyurl.com/ycnlvqjb (access date 22 September 2017). 26 Cited in DFAT (2015) DFAT and NGs’: Effective development partners. https://tinyurl.com/y8jhoadk (access date 14 September 2017). 27 DFAT (2015) DFAT’s Indigenous People’s Strategy: A framework for Action (http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/dfat-indigenous-peoples-strategy-2015-2019.aspx) Access date 15 October 2017. 28 https://tinyurl.com/y9s3b6ew (access date 8 January 2018).



the needs of vulnerable groups including women and girls, elderly and people with disabilities. Strategies need to be developed to mitigate the risks that may emerge from infrastructure activities including attending to safeguards.

Safeguards

A number of safeguards are necessary in the context of infrastructure programs. When workers are brought into communities, there is a risk of increased trafficking, early marriage, violence against women and girls, and spread of diseases including HIV and AIDS. There are risks to children, not only from increased numbers of workers from outside the community, but child labour and other forms of exploitation.

In addition, improved roads mean that vehicles can travel faster, and this presents risks for pedestrians including women, children, elderly and disabled who need to walk on roads in the absence of appropriate pedestrian access. These safeguards need to be included in the social and risk assessments of all KIAT activities and strategies for mitigating these risks need to be planned and implemented. Appropriate tools for mainstreaming these issues will need to be developed.

There are four key areas that are outlined by DFAT, summarised in the sections below. The focus is on GESI issues as outlined in the relevant policies and documents.

Displacement and resettlement

DFAT’s Displacement and resettlement of people in development activities policy29 does not create any legally binding obligations, and notes that the responsibility for managing displacement and resettlement is with the national government. However, DFAT does reserve the right to ‘conduct and adopt practices that it determines are most appropriate to the circumstances.’ 30 The primary objectives of the policy are:

Avoid physical and economic displacement; involve affected people in decision making; provide opportunities for income restoration and for vulnerable groups to improve their living standards; ensure that those impacted are connected to essential services and infrastructure.

Environmental and social assessment identifies potential environmental and social risks including threats to human security (escalation of conflict etc); risk of social and family fragmentation and livelihoods; impacts on health, safety and well-being as well as cultural heritage.

Plan resettlement and ensure costs are covered in project design and impacts are monitored; based on sound social impact assessment; provide information on the rights of those affected; prepared in advance of project implementation.

Support partner governments to ensure that resettlement planning and implementation is monitored, and resettlement outcomes evaluated; harmonise policies between donor agencies.

KIAT needs to ensure that GESI concerns are central to the above. Some strategies include ensuring that where land is allocated to displaced people that women are included on land titles and they have opportunities for capacity development that restore livelihoods. CSO partners can have productive roles ensuring that women and other vulnerable groups are included in discussions and decision making and connecting women and others to livelihood opportunities.

Environmental protection

29 DFAT (2015) Displacement and resettlement of people in development activities policy https://tinyurl.com/y9w6ewgq (access date 8 January 2018). 30 DFAT (2015: 3).



DFAT’s Environment Protection Policy31 applies to all DFAT’s contractors, subcontractors, NGO and private sector partners. DFAT’s aim is to work within existing government systems and harmonise with other donor partners through conducting due diligence and reviewing compliance. Principles of the policy includes: do no harm; assess and manage environmental risk and impact; disclose information transparently; consult stakeholders (including women and other vulnerable groups); work with partners; and, promote improved environmental outcomes. DFAT is required to report annually under the Environment Protection and Bio-diversity Conservation Act and it is the responsibility of contractors to ensure that the Multilateral Environmental Agreements are not breached.

Key GESI issues include ensuring that those who earn their livelihoods from the environment such as through foraging are consulted in decisions and their livelihoods are not impacted negatively by development activities. CSO’s with a focus on the environment can be valuable partners to ensure that effective consultation and risk and compliance are in place.

Fraud control

DFAT’s zero tolerance approach to fraud and corruption is outlined in the Fraud control and anti-corruption fact sheet.32 KIAT will conduct due diligence on all partners including CSO partners as outlined in the KIAT Grants Manual (Draft). KIAT’s engagement with CSO’s is also a strategy to make governments more transparent and accountable, therefore reducing opportunities for corruption.

Child protection

DFAT’s new Child Protection Policy and guidelines33 outline clear requirements for contractors and other partners regarding their legal obligations to protect children. As summarised above, infrastructure activities can increase the vulnerability of children. The Infrastructure Guidance Note outlines strategies to mitigate risks and keep children safe. KIAT will apply the DFAT policy and comply with reporting as required by the policy. KIAT will build risk mitigation strategies into all relevant activity designs. KIAT has a responsibility to ensure that all CSO partners are aware of the policy and their responsibilities under the policy.

2.5 Key learning This section summarises the findings from IndII and from the recently completed APEC Transportation document. A key activity of the KIAT GESI and CSE team in the initial stages is to locate recent research and best practices in other KIAT sectors.

2.5.1 Learning from IndII

The identified gaps in the infrastructure sector, as noted in the GESI Strategy in the KIAT design document together with lessons learned from IndII, are summarised in the table below.

31 DFAT (2014) Environment protection policy. https://tinyurl.com/y8uwucg7 (access date 8 January 2018). 32 Fraud control and anti-corruption fact sheet (n.d.) https://tinyurl.com/y9qlgk56 (access date 8 January 2018). 33 DFAT (2017) Child Protection Policy. https://tinyurl.com/yacxcvfn (access date 8 January 2018).



Table 2: Summary of key GESI and CSE problems and their treatment

Problem Treatment

Capacity: Lack of knowledge and capacity to implement GOI’s GESI policies.

The GOI has policies, plans and guidelines for GESI mainstreaming, but implementation remains weak due to lack of knowledge among government staff, limited political will and capacity, insufficient resources, staff turnover and poor coordination.

Gender mainstreaming training tends to be generalised while sector specific GESI training is ad-hoc.

Many stakeholders - including from government, the private sector and within IndII and DFAT - find it difficult to implement GESI in a meaningful way.

Structured Capacity Needs Assessment (KIAT staff, partners and GOI officials).

Structured and targeted capacity strengthening (based in findings from the Capacity Needs Assessment).

Clear GESI and CSE objectives in Activity Design Documents.

Address opportunities as they arise, especially those that provide opportunities to work on immediate and practical issues (such as Corridor 6).

Link GOI officials and KIAT staff with external opportunities to develop professionally in GESI and CSE.

Gender workplans tied to sectoral workplans. Engage with Gender Working Groups and GESI

champions within relevant GOI agencies. Strengthen CSOs to have effective roles with

relevant government agencies. GESI integrated in Activity Design Documents,

technical reports. Project management manuals – not just an add on.

GESI is included in TORs and briefings provided to new staff, consultants and GOI officials routinely.

GESI performance indicators as part of staff and consultants workplans.

Ensure GOI officials are aware of KIAT’s GESI principles, goals and objectives.

Data: Insufficient data on GESI to inform decision makers and their advisers

Decision makers and advisers have little consistent, reliable data related to use of infrastructure services by women and excluded groups, service options available to them and demands for improved services.

Available data focuses mostly on participation rather than on demand and outcomes or is drawn from qualitative evaluations, both of which have limited use for evidence-based policy dialogues. This reflects a broader issue of poor data collection and use in the infrastructure sector.

Identify relevant data sources and data gaps. Ensure that up to date data is required for

Activity Design Documents and baselines are established.

Sex and disability disaggregated data are reported for all relevant activities.

M&E framework requires sound sex and disability related data.

Identify and learn from best practices from international and national infrastructure programs.

Focus on outputs not outcomes Government agencies tend to focus on

evaluating outputs (i.e. construction and connections) rather than outcomes, and there is insufficient attention to conducting and using social impact evaluations. This undermines proper needs analysis and planning, and equity

Activity Design Documents require improved rigour and attention to GESI issues in development.

Develop incentives for improved attention to GESI issues.

Monitor and evaluate GESI outcomes using the GESI and CSE review proforma.



successes and good practices are rarely documented for replication.

Publicise and reward best practice. Develop a culture of effective M&E within GOI

and KIAT. Poor quality social and environmental impact

assessments in project preparation Lack of capacity among GOI and private sector

consultants for conducting social and environmental impact assessments undermines a project’s ability to reduce or mitigate negative impacts such as displacement and loss of livelihoods which often disproportionately affects women and marginalised groups.

Without proper analysis, the risk of unintended outcomes is higher, for example, exacerbating the spread of HIV/AIDS or human trafficking through road improvements projects.

Require social impact assessments for all activities.

Improved focus on GESI and CSE in Activity Design Documents and requirements of sub-contractors.

Improved engagement at local level with relevant CSOs to provide training to implementing staff.


Attention to safeguards in planning and M&E. Develop effective relationships with other

programs, MDBs and CSOs to improve implementation.

Gender blind policy making The lack of data makes difficult to challenge the

view among many policy makers and technical specialists that gender equity considerations are irrelevant to infrastructure (i.e. everyone benefits equally). This view then leads to gender blind policies and a lack of implementation measures to address differentiated needs.

Identify relevant data sources and data gaps. Identify international and national best

practices. Sound gender analysis is required to inform

policy development. Mobilise key CSOs to engage with GOI at policy

level. Provide capacity strengthening in Gender

Responsive Policy development. Lack of understanding about disability access Progress in shifting mindsets to more inclusive

infrastructure development based on universal design principles is challenging and few people have sufficient knowledge.

This is exacerbated by a common view among planners that universal access is costly, yet it is often more cost efficient to integrate accessibility at the design stage rather than trying to retrofit later.

Ensure that GOI officials and KIAT staff are aware of and implement existing GOI policies, legislation and regulations.

Ensure that GOI officials and KIAT staff are aware of and implement existing Universal Design principles.

Engage with Disabled People’s CSOs to provide input and capacity strengthening to GOI officials and KIAT staff.

Identify best practices from the international and national literature about infrastructure and people with disabilities.

Effective M&E of improved attention to issues raised by DPOs.

Document and publicise best practices. Provide incentives for improve attention to

issues raised by DPOs. Ensure that women and other vulnerable

groups are included in decision making at the commencement of activity planning.

Lack of community engagement Participation of community women and men,

marginalised groups and poor communities in all levels of infrastructure development is very low. At best, representation is from academics and professional associations. This is often due

Improve CSE through working at national and sub-national level with CSOs to engage with government.

Grants based mechanism for funding CSOs to be developed.



to agency perceptions that infrastructure provision is government’s exclusive domain or due to a lack of trust in working with CSOs.

Most CSOs and community members are unaware of how infrastructure development takes place or where they can be involved, for example, contributing to social impact assessments, attending public hearings or providing consumer feedback.


Document and publicise good practices. Promote the implementation of existing

government policies, laws and regulations about GESI and CSE.

Ensure that women and other vulnerable groups are included in decision making at the commencement of activity planning.

Under representation of women in the sector Women’s participation as planners, engineers

and other technical specialists in the infrastructure field is very limited, which means the sector cannot benefit from a more diverse range of talents and perspectives.

The view in many parts of Indonesia that infrastructure is ‘men’s work’ restricts women’s employment opportunities during and post implementation of infrastructure projects.

Work with CSOs and professional associations including trade unions to identify entry points.

Identity mechanisms to support improved training and employment of women in infrastructure.

Community awareness raising of GESI and GOI policies about gender equality.

Promote women’s economic empowerment and identify opportunities for women’s increased engagement as skilled and non-skilled workers.

Conduct research into women’s participation in leadership and decision making in relevant GOI and private sector organisations and identify entry points.

Ensure that women and other vulnerable groups are included in decision making at the commencement of activity planning.

Develop measures to address gender blind and gender-neutral policies inhibiting women’s progress within the sector.

Develop effective partnerships with other DFAT funded programs such as Investing in Women.

Planning has also taken account of IndII’s performance against DFAT’s performance indicators, as set out in the Jakarta Post’s Gender Action Plan. Using this framework, IndII’s performance slipped from ‘5’ to ‘4’ and the Water Hibah Program slipped from a ‘4’ to ‘3’. This assessment means that insufficient attention was paid to gender equality issues and a lack of prioritisation of gender in dialogue with partners was evident. The review also found that there were insufficient funds and other resources allocated to address gender equality.

The above problems and their treatments are developed into a set of specific and gender mainstreaming activities described in Sections 4 and 5.

2.5.2 Learning from APEC

As mentioned above, APEC has released the Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report. The following are the five identified pillars identified to improve women’s participation in the sector and as users of transportation.

Education

Awareness among girls and young women of careers in transportation, and more first steps towards those careers



Strengthened participation of girls and young women in secondary education and TVET courses and programs that qualify them for careers and leadership in transportation

Greater opportunities and direction toward transportation careers in higher education

Increased representation of women in transportation related apprenticeships

Entry into the sector

Elimination of stereotypes and perceptions that dissuade women from seeking jobs in transportation

Equality under law, and for all eligibility and certification, with respect to employment

Better recruitment and hiring practices

Enhanced opportunities for successful women’s entrepreneurship in the sector

Retention

Equality of compensation between men and women

Flexibility in work conditions throughout the sector

Workplace safety conditions that are responsive to and compatible with women’s needs

Effective use of new technologies to improve conditions for women working in transportation

Leadership

More investment in women’s professional growth in the sector

Increased opportunities for women to become transportation leaders

Greater recognition of women as leaders in the sector

Access and use

Improved data on women as passengers

Meaningful integration of the views of women in the planning and investment phases of building transportation system

Evidence of tangible improvements in transportation safety conditions for women as passengers

In addition to setting out a framework, the document provides summaries of best practices across the region that will inform KIAT activities in transportation.



3 Conceptual framework It is proposed to use the conceptual framework developed by Caroline Moser 34 as the key planning and assessment tool for GESI in KIAT. This framework has been expanded for use in the Water and Sanitation sector.35

Put simply, this framework is based on an understanding of women’s practical and strategic gender needs. Gender inequality begins from the assumption that women are subordinate to men because of discriminatory social and institutional practices. To transform gender relations and improve gender equity, attention must be directed at changing relations at the household level and in the public arena.

Addressing women’s practical gender needs means that efforts will be made to reduce women’s time burdens from reproductive tasks such as collecting water. Freeing up time and supporting them to be decision makers within their own homes over issues such as household expenditures means that they have more power and control within their own homes and this leads to improved gender relations.

Transformation of relations in the public arena attend to women’s strategic gender needs. This can occur through providing access to training (including for skilled and semi-skilled employment) that facilitate improved economic empowerment; awareness raising (for women and men); providing opportunities for participation in decision making in the public and private sectors, including decision making about how and where resources are allocated; and, address discriminatory structures and norms, legislation and policies.

Table 2: Exploring gender equality through roles and relationships in private and public arenas36

Household sphere:

Household and family networks

Public sphere

Local: social and community networks

Broader: governance institutions and beyond

Changes in self/ individuals

(includes changes for women or men, and changes relating to roles as well as self-perception and attitudes)

Changes in roles, self-perceptions, and attitudes within the household sphere, related to family networks and household roles and responsibilities

Changes in roles, self-perceptions, and attitudes within the local public arena including social networks, community and local institutions

Changes in roles, self-perceptions, and attitudes within the broader public arena including sub-national and government institutions, medium to large scale private sector actors including budgetary allocations

Changes in relationships

(includes changes in relationships between women/men and within gender groups)

Changes in relationships within household sphere, related to family networks and household roles and responsibilities both within and external to the household

Changes in relationships within the local public arena including social networks, community and local institutions.

Changes in relationships within the broader public arena including sub-national and government institutions, medium to large scale private sector actors including budgetary allocations

34 Moser, C (1989) Gender planning in the third world: meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Development. 17. 11. 35 Carrard, N. Crawford, J. Halcrow, G. Rowalnd, C and Willetts, J (2013) A framework for exploring gender equality outcomes from WASH programmes. Waterlines V 32, (4) pp315 36 Carrard et al (2013).



Higher level outcomes that are sustainable in the long term, such as changes in attitudes, behaviours, beliefs, roles and responsibilities beyond the home are those that KIAT will aim for. These kinds of changes address the strategic gender needs of women and are transformative of gender relations in homes, the community and society generally.

The above framework will be expanded in the GESI and CSE Strategy when key activities outlined in this GESI & CSE Action Plan have been completed. As mentioned previously, the above conceptual framework will be used by sub-contracted activities to develop their own GESI Action Plans.

Section 4 below, provides an overview of the Specific GESI activities and GESI Mainstreaming activities that will be conducted during the transition phase. Annex 1 summarises the activities against the KIAT outcomes and summarises the approaches that will be used to achieve the outcomes. The key features of each of the Specific GESI Activities and GESI Mainstreaming Activities are provided in Annex 2.



4 Working with GOI The KIAT GESI and CSE Team do not have a single designated counterpart in the GOI. To work effectively and in partnership with GOI, KIAT will establish a GESI and CSE Reference Group through an Activity Design. It is proposed that the Reference Group will:

Provide advice to KIAT about priorities and activities of GOI in relevant sectors to improve GESI in infrastructure.

Provide advice to KIAT about emerging issues in GESI, CSE and infrastructure.

Support KIAT to prepare inputs for the Management Committee meetings.

Provide GOI sign off on activities (in the absence of a direct counterpart.

Develop strong links and working relationships between MPWH, Bappenas, MOWE, other relevant GOI ministries and agencies and selected CSOs and relevant donors.

Provide advice to KIAT on the preparation and implementation of an annual workshop to review achievements and plan for the next financial year.

Provide advice to KIAT on the design and implementation of an annual review of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy.

The Reference Group will be chaired by a senior GOI Official from Cipta Karya and GOI Representatives will include Bappenas, MOWE together with representatives of relevant GOI ministries, agencies and CSO’s. Representatives of other contracted KIAT activities such as PRIM will be included together with observers from DFAT and other donors. Final membership and Terms of Reference will be agreed with GOI.

It is proposed that the Reference Group will meet four times per year. Two meetings will be held before the biannual KIAT Management Committee meetings so that GOI representatives are informed and can contribute effectively to the discussion.

4.1 Annual workshop The Activity Design for the Reference Group includes allocation for an Annual Workshop to be held in March each year. The first Annual Workshop in 2018 will directly follow the meeting of the Reference Group. The purpose of this first Annual Workshop is for the short-term consultants (STAs) employed under activities described in section 5 and 6 to present their findings and make recommendations for activities to be developed to address the GESI and CSE issues identified. These studies will contribute to the directions of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy 2018-2020.

Subsequent annual workshops will provide opportunities to present findings of the annual GESI reviews as described in the KIAT M&E Framework and to provide a forum for discussion of GESI issues in infrastructure and to contribute to workplan development and identification of future activities.

It is anticipated that up to 100 people will be invited to participate in the Annual Workshops and this group will include GOI, CSO partners, relevant professional associations, DFAT and representatives of the donor community.



5 Transition activities Four transitional activities will be addressed between October 2017 and June 2018. These activities are identified as specific GESI & CSE activities because they review GESI achievements and may lead to the identification of specific GESI and CSE activities for the future, or opportunities for gender mainstreaming in future activities. All activities proposed in this GESI & CSE Action Plan are summarised against the KIAT outcomes and approaches (Annex 1). A workplan for the period October 2017 - July 2018 is included as Annex 2.

5.1 Specific GESI Activity 1: GESI Action Plan for PRIM The PRIM pilot project in NTB is supported by Australian grants and balancing funds from the NTB APBD.

Improving gender equality in participation, access, leadership, decision-making, access to development resources and benefits was an overall goal of the IndII Gender Strategy, May 2016, which was a reference for PRIM in implementing gender mainstreaming. A gender peer review of PRIM was carried out in July 2017. Following the Aid Quality Check in March 2017, DFAT at Post made several recommendations to improve attention to GESI in PRIM. These included:37

Improved data collection disaggregated by sex on beneficiaries and complaints about road quality

Identification of strategies to address the constraints identified in implementing gender and disability equality to date

Increase women’s representation and PWDs representation on the RTTF

Support the implementation of relevant Governors Decrees

Develop SOPs for decree implementation

In response to the above recommendations, KIAT assessed PRIM during the transition phase. This involved liaison between KIAT’s Deputy Directors GESI & CSE and Transport, and included meetings with stakeholders; and, piloting the GESI & CSE review tool template for the 9th Peer Review of PRIM. An outcome of this work was a GESI Action Plan for PRIM that adopts the KIAT conceptual framework as the basis for development of activities for PRIM. The PRIM GESI Action Plan outlines activities to more effectively involve women and vulnerable groups in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

As a result of the above work, four CSO’s were identified to be the first recipients of KIAT grants that aim to build the capacity of local CSO’s to address the issues identified by DFAT at Jakarta Post. These activities are described in greater details in the PRIM GESI Action Plan and the GESI and CSE Activity Design No. 1 that was signed off by the Head of Public Works at Provincial level.

The Director, GESI and CSE, developed the methodological approaches and tools for the assessment and provided direction to the work of the locally engaged adviser to address the recommendations above, emerging issues and plan for the future.38

37 Document provided by DFAT. 38 The PRIM GESI Action Plan was submitted to DFAT on 4 January 2018. It is not a contracted deliverable.



5.2 Specific GESI Activity 2: GESI Review of Water and Sanitation Hibah The Water and Sanitation Hibah was implemented through IndII, in partnership with the Ministry of National Development and Planning (Bappenas), MPWH and the Ministry of Finance, and involved 129 district governments for Water Hibah and 4 district governments for Sanitation Hibah.

The baseline report for the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 showed that only 33 per cent of the urban population have piped water access to the premises.39 In addition, only 11 cities in Indonesia have sewerage systems, serving less than 2 per cent of the urban population, one of the lowest access rates in Asia. Most households use on-site sanitation systems. Previous research has found these are often leaching systems, close to domestic water wells and not regularly emptied.40 GOI has a target of achieving 100 per cent coverage of improved water and sanitation services by 2019, supported by the priorities laid out in the Medium-Term Development Plan (2015-2019).

After eight years of implementation, the construction of new water connections to households under the DFAT-funded Water Hibah program ceased in January 2017, with A$5 million in grant funds remaining (to be used for a new pilot program). The Sanitation Hibah component will continue to December 2019.

GESI & CSE impacts of the Water and Sanitation Hibah program were reviewed to assess achievements, factors inhibiting progress, identify lessons learned and recommend measures for improvement. Recommendations aim to improve implementation and inform the design of a new pilot program.

The Deputy Director GESI and CSE participated in the evaluation of the Water and Sanitation Hibah program as gender expert in October 2017. The final report will be released early in 2018.

5.3 Specific GESI Activity 3: GESI Review of the Palembang Water Treatment Plant

The Palembang Water Treatment Plant is a multi-year, multi-million-dollar project that aims to demonstrate a new and improved way of delivering sustainable infrastructure in Indonesia. Under this scheme, city sewerage master plans, detailed engineering designs and environmental impact assessments were prepared for Palembang, Makassar, and Cimahi. Implementation under KIAT will only be in Palembang.

A design consultant was contracted and a working group (comprised of representatives from relevant GOI ministries, the Government of Palembang, Asian Development Bank (ADB), IndII and DFAT) was established to provide input into the design process, the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP), as well as a Working in Partners Systems (WIPS) assessment of Palembang's procurement and public financial management systems. A construction management consultant has been contracted to provide project management support to the Palembang city sewerage project, which will result in approximately 12,000 connections to the sewerage system.

The construction management consultant will support the project management units of DGHS (Directorate General of Human Settlements), local water companies or PDAMs and local government to implement the project. Australia has committed A$45 million to build municipal sewerage systems in Palembang, in partnership with the GOI, which will provide A$32.8 million, and local government (provincial and city government) which will provide A$31.05 million budget.

Relevant documents will be reviewed to determine how the activity has integrated GESI issues. A GESI Action Plan, based on the conceptual framework for the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy and Action Plan

39 UNICEF/WHO 2015 Joint Monitoring Program, https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp-progress-sanitation-drinking-water-2015-data-dashboard/ 40 World Bank 2015 Upgrading Onsite Sanitation and Connecting to Sewers in Southeast Asia - Insights from Indonesia and Vietnam



will be developed for the Palembang Waste Water Treatment Plant. As a result of the review and effective collaboration with the Construction Management Consultant team, strategies to engage with civil society organisations to improve attention to GESI will be identified.

5.4 Specific GESI Activity 4: Transport Corridor 6 AIPEG and IndII collaborated on a research activity to identify the key issues identified by women and by people with disabilities in using public transport. The following table summarises the key issues raised in the report.

Table 3: Identified issues for women and people with disabilities on Corridor 6

Transport mode

Women People with Disabilities (PwD)

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Reduce prices/multi-trip tickets/off peak fares/transfer tickets

Reliable scheduling

Safe waiting spaces (especially at off peak times)

Anti-harassment public education (reporting hotline?)

Exclusive seating areas for women

Accessible and reliable information on routes and times

Safety, security and comfort

Shuttle bus service to BRT stop/shelter (physical integration of services)

Stops at road level or access with no stairs

Where the stop is high – there needs to be an escalator or appropriate gradient slope/ramps with rest stops/interludes

Priority queue for PwD at stops

Officers to assist PwD at stops

Handles/rails for PwD to support access and boarding and de-boarding the bus

Accessible information at stops using modes that PwD can access/understand (hearing/visually impaired/ wheelchair users)

Improved information on cards and other services (TransCare) services for PwD

Enforce allocated seating/space of PwD on buses

Accessible buses for PwD

Non BRT Findings in the report are not separated between BRT and non-BRT

Cleanliness and comfort

Drivers to be more considerate and aware of PwD and wait until passengers have safely boarded

Safety, security and comfort

Other Improve design of pathways/access to stops

Based on the above, KIAT will design and implement an activity (at the request of Trans Jakarta) to address the findings and recommendations from the report. It will also test an approach for working with CSOs to design and implement a civil society engagement process that can be scaled up. This activity will involve KIAT personnel from both the KIAT Transport and GESI and CSE Teams.

5.5 Specific GESI Activity 5: GESI Review of sAIIG The Australian Indonesia Infrastructure Grant for Sanitation (sAIIG) is a A$40 million grant program which provides incentives to local governments (LGs) to invest in small scale sewerage infrastructure and be directly involved in delivery of sanitation services. The primary objective of the program is to



increase the role of municipal and district governments in the provision of sanitation services and to establish institutions that deliver the services.

The sAIIG program requires LGs to commit to a program of small scale sewerage development which is implemented directly by LG and subsequently operated by a dedicated municipal sanitation operating agency. The LG is required to plan, design and implement the schemes and claim a grant based on the actual number of households connected. Initially the grant program provided A$40 million for 40 LGs for an anticipated output of 90,000 household connections to new sewer schemes. So far grants have been awarded for schemes totalling 59,000 households in 38 LGs.

DFAT conducted a review of sAIIG which was shared with GOI stakeholders in September 2016. GOI have confirmed in most recent discussions their wish to continue implementing the sAIIG program with possible further reductions in participating LGs but with larger commitments from the remaining LGs. DFAT have requested a review and redesign of the sAIIG program to remove inhibiting factors and to increase use of the grant funds.

The sAIIG program will be reviewed by a team in January 2018. The team will include a GESI specialist who will be tasked with ensuring that GESI achievements to date are highlighted opportunities for improved attention to GESI issues and civil society engagement are identified.

5.6 Specific GESI Activity 6: GESI Review of National Road Development Previously known as National Roads Planning, this activity is supporting the development of the National Roads Master Plan (NRMP) for the inter-urban roads. Under the current transitional arrangements, the team is assisting the Directorate General Highways (DGH or Bina Marga) to review and complete other National Roads Master Plan proposals especially for national roads passing through the urban areas or specific corridors. The team is also providing support to DGH staff to develop planning skills and apply the planning tools developed to date.

Main objectives of the current activity are to:

Work closely with DGH staff to build their capacity in using the developed planning toolkit.

Prepare a development planning manual to assist future DGH forward planning.

Assist DGH to complete an integrated NRMP for formal adoption by the GOI.

Prepare a scope of work required for ongoing assistance in 2018-19 in consultation with DGH.

The GESI review will take place in the context of an Activity Design to be developed by the Lead Adviser in Bina Marga. The review aims to identify any opportunities for improved attention to GESI issues and opportunities for civil society engagement to improve GESI outcomes in national roads development. The KIAT GESI and CSE Team have been involved at all steps of the development of the Activity Design.

5.7 Specific GESI Activity 7: GESI Review of National Road Management Previously known as National Roads Delivery, the National Roads Management Activity aims to improve reliable planning, programming and budgeting of major asset management interventions considering whole of life costs.

The long-term objective of this support is to promote sustainable asset management practices including reliable and transparent planning, programming and budgeting. The main goal of transitional support through KIAT is to provide continuity of support to safeguard current progress and ensure sustainability of a functioning and effective road asset management system to be adopted by DGH at balai level. Other goals include:

Improved delivery of preservation treatments consistent with DGH Pavement Design Manual and international best practices



Support DGH to develop a strategy for continued improvement in delivery including data collection, analysis, design and implementation

Support the Bridge Management System and integrate it into the RAMS

The GESI review will take place in the context of the Activity Design being developed by the Lead Advisor in Bina Marga and aims to identify opportunities for improved attention to GESI issues and opportunities for civil society engagement to improve GESI outcomes in national roads management.



6 Planning for 2018 and beyond This document supports KIAT through the transition phase. Following this, the activities described below will support the development of KIAT’s GESI and CSE Strategy, to guide KIAT for the subsequent period. Activities 5.1 to 5.6 are specifically focused on GSE & CSE. Activities 5.6 to 5.8 are concerned with mainstreaming GSE & CSE into KIAT activities.

6.1 Specific GESI Activity 8: Scoping study and typography of grants based civil society engagement programs

International development partners in Indonesia and elsewhere have designed and implemented a range of programs aimed at improving engagement with CSOs and facilitating dialogue with government on improved service delivery. Little is known about how effective these programs are, or if impacts are sustainable.

The CSE scoping study therefore aims to:

Stocktake existing and recently completed grants programs to CSOs and relevant professional organisations that aim to improve governance and civil society engagement in Indonesia and other countries at similar stages of development.

Develop a typology of the main features of each of the main types of grants programs to civil society organisations.

Provide recommendations to KIAT about the most appropriate modality to meet facility goals and objectives and the goals and objectives of the GESI and CSE Strategy.

Provide advice and risk assessment of the two preferred modalities.

Ensure that any data is disaggregated by sex, disability, and other vulnerabilities.

Make recommendations about engagement with relevant national and sub-national civil society organisations including professional associations, acceptable to government41

This activity will commence in January 2018.

6.2 Specific GESI Activity 9: International and national best practice for GESI in infrastructure programs

There is a body of literature about different infrastructure activities and their impacts on women and men and boys and girls from different ethnic, socio-economic and other vulnerable groups including people with disabilities. The study aims to close the knowledge gaps regarding what works in Indonesia. The main activities are:

Search the literature, including the grey literature, on women persons with disabilities, and vulnerable groups and their involvement with infrastructure planning and implementation, to identify best practices in comparable countries in working with civil society organisations.

Identify sources of existing sex disaggregated and disability related data and identify data gaps.

Whilst the APEC Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report identifies best practices in the transportation sector, other sources will need to be located to inform work in water and sanitation. This activity will commence in January 2018.

41 Such organisations at national level might include the Institute for Essential Services Reform, Konsil LSM,



6.3 Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training, employment in the infrastructure sector

As noted in the World Bank publication, Indonesia’s Rising Divide,42 one of the drivers of inequality is that many people are trapped in low skilled, low income occupations, with no hope of advancement. In an environment of growing public and private sector investment in infrastructure, there are likely to be opportunities for training and employment in professional (entry level) and para-professional roles. This study aims to determine if there is a role for KIAT supporting training and internships in infrastructure related roles, and identify strategies to ensure that disadvantaged people including women and the disabled are encouraged and supported to train in these fields. This activity is consistent with the pillars and priority areas outlined in the APEC Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report. This activity will:

Identify occupational areas relating to infrastructure where there is a shortage or predicted shortage of skilled workers.

Identify technical training institutions that offer training in the above occupational areas and identify existing work placement opportunities and internships for trainees.

Work with the institutions, trainees and graduates (especially members of under-represented and vulnerable groups in and out of training) to identify factors that would encourage them to train and work in in infrastructure related fields.

Ensure that any data is disaggregated by sex, disability, and other vulnerabilities.

Draw on the international literature to identify any best practices.

Draw on Indonesian publications and best practices and legislation.43

The activity is consistent with the recommendations from the Indonesia’s Rising Divide report and the pillars and priority areas outlined in the APEC Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report. This activity will commence in January 2018 and is likely to focus in Palembang and add value to DFAT’s investments in the Water Treatment Plant and LGs investments in transport infrastructure.

6.4 Specific GESI Activity 11: Women’s participation in leadership and decision making in infrastructure sector

This activity aims to locate champions and change makers to promote women’s participation and leadership in transportation, water and sanitation sectors in the public and private sectors. It will:

Work through existing government systems, such as Gender Working Group in the MPWH at central, Provincial and District levels to develop a baseline study of women’s status within the organisations, identify barriers and propose strategies to address identified barriers.

Work with selected private sector organisations to develop a baseline study of women’s status within the organisations, identify barriers and propose strategies to address identified barriers.

Identify existing legislation to protect workers, particularly women and people with disabilities and ensure that Safeguards are addressed.

42 World Bank (2015). 43 See ILO2013) Inclusion of people with disabilities in vocational training: A practical guide. ILO. Geneva; ILO (2007) Achieving equal employment opportunities for people with disabilities through legislation: Guidelines. ILO. Geneva.; ILO (2013) Pengerlolaan penyandang disabilitas di tempat kerja. ILO. Jakarta.; ILO (2014) Panduan penliputan: Disabilitas di Indonesia. ILO. Jakarta. UNESCO (2017) Assessment tool for inclusive cities. UNESCO. Jakarta ILO (2017) Mapping persons with disabilities in Indonesia Labour Market: Final report. ILO Jakarta.; ILO (2015) Bisnis tidak biasa: menjadikan tempat kerja inklusif bagi penyandang disabilitas. ILO. Geneva.



This activity needs strong GOI support. Time will be needed to develop the relationships necessary to design and implement the activity. Partnerships also will need to be developed with private sector organisations. As a first step, the Gender Secretariat in Cipta Karya have requested assistance to develop a strategic plan to guide their operations. This plan will include capacity strengthening with the aim of working more closely with Bina Marga, developing succession planning and providing leadership for GESI and CSE across Public Works. Bappenas, through the Directorate of Urban Housing and Settlement has requested assistance to strengthen leadership for GESI and CSE within Bappenas. These activities will be developed through Activity Designs aligned with the activities in GESI Activity 10.

The above activities are consistent with the pillars and priority areas outlined in the APEC Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices report.

6.5 Specific GESI Activity 12: GESI and Public Private Partnerships As mentioned above, while there is a little information on gender and there is no known work on PPPs and disability inclusion. This activity aims to identify GESI entry points for KIAT to ensure that GESI concerns are incorporated into any legal and policy discussions and associated tools (procurement guidelines, contracts etc). This work will build on that completed by AIPEG and a partnership will be developed with the Australia Indonesia Partnership for Economic Development Program (PROSPERA) when it commences. Recent work completed by DFAT44 identifies the following strategies for infrastructure projects as critical to women’s empowerment:

Increase economic opportunities for women and people with disabilities (PwDs).

Provide appropriate services to women.

Actively involve and empower women.

Encourage women to take up decision making and leadership roles.

Improve girls and women’s access to education and health care.

Eliminate discrimination against women and girls.

This activity aims to identify best practices in Indonesia and internationally to inform KIAT’s approach to PPP. This activity may make recommendations for policy changes and contribute to the development of Standard Operating Procedures to improve attention to GESI in PPP’s.

6.6 Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy

The above activities provide information and evidence as the basis of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy. This document will guide the work of KIAT for the period 2018 to 2021. It will be reviewed annually and updated to reflect changes in focus and direction.

6.7 Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners Following initial discussions, opportunities have been identified for immediate engagement with the Gender Secretariat in DGHS (Cipta Karya). Activities proposed in an informal discussion include:

44 See Adam Smith International (2016) Gender equality advisory services for infrastructure programs: Gender Review. October 2016. https://tinyurl.com/ycgp6z7j (access date 5 January 2017). See also http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/publicprivatepartnerships (access date 5 January 2017); https://www.adb.org/site/public-private-partnerships/main (access date 5 January 2017; http://www.ebrd.com/infrastructure/infrastructurePPPs.com (access date 5 January 2017).



Supporting the Secretariat to have greater input in the planning stages of activities.

Capacity strengthening in Gender Impact Assessments.

Support with management of sex-disaggregated data and data on PwDs.

It is proposed to work closely with the Gender Secretariat to develop a plan of action to identify needs and develop a range of activities to support their efforts to mainstream gender across DGHS and other directorates within MPWH.

Bappenas have also requested assistance to strengthen their capacity in gender analysis, planning, design and budgeting. The Reference Group and Annual Workshop described in Section 4 of this document will be the key mechanisms for working with GoI to identify and develop activities.

6.8 GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening in GESI and CSE Capacity strengthening for KIAT staff, GOI and CSO partners over the lifetime of KIAT will support improved attention to GESI and CSE and contribute towards ensuring that the facility and GESI and CSE strategy goals and objectives can be met. As well, KIAT staff need to be aware of safeguards such as child protection and strategies to reduce the possibility of increased trafficking and violence against women that can occur as part of infrastructure activities.

A range of approaches will be taken:

Needs assessment to determine where individuals are in terms of their level of understanding and awareness of GESI issues and CSE engagement in KIAT.

Targeting individuals based on level of understanding and commitment to develop a critical mass of change agents and champions.

Development of staff induction materials and relevant sections for the operations and program manuals, encompassing safeguards (child protection, trafficking, violence against women etc).

Working with CSOs to develop their capacities in developing and delivering GESI training to GOI stakeholders.

Maintaining linkages with DFAT and other development partners to reflect on what works in making effective social change and under what conditions.

The above preparatory activities will provide the basis for planning for the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy,.and will identify external (both government and CSO) stakeholders who will benefit from individual skill training and/or support to improve institutional settings for GESI.

6.9 GESI Mainstreaming Activity 2: Mainstream GESI in Activity Designs and other relevant documents

A key focus is to ensure that GESI issues are integrated into all Activity Concept Design Documents. This includes:

Ensuring that sex and disability disaggregated data are used to inform design, planning, implementation for all activities including redesigns.

Ensuring that M&E includes gender indicators.

Promoting engagement with CSOs as partners with government in design, planning, implementation and M&E.

Designing and implementing a GESI review document to provide uniform and useable information from reviews to inform M&E and learning.



Ensuring that sub-contractors are aware of and take actions to ensure that KIAT’s GESI and CSE goals inform design, planning, implementation and M&E.

Develop and provide appropriate capacity strengthening in GESI to GOI partners, KIAT staff and contractors on an ongoing basis.

Provide opportunities for GOI partners and KIAT staff to participate in relevant professional development activities.

Ensure that all TORs for all KIAT staff include a GESI requirement and work with HR to include GESI goals in performance management planning.

6.10 GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and relationships with other programs and development partners

KIAT will identify opportunities to collaborate effectively with other relevant programs and partners and share learning that contributes to overall improvements in GESI and CSE in Indonesia. It will:

Develop an evidence-based mechanism for partnering and funding CSOs.

Ensure that good practices are documented and shared.

Participate in relevant forums such as the DFAT Gender and Disability groups.

Contribute to learning to national and international forums as appropriate.

Facilitate the strengthening of relevant professional organisations.



7 Collaboration with other programs and partners There are several opportunities to collaborate effectively with other DFAT programs and development partners. There are three main groups:

CSOs

DFAT Programs (key partners are likely to be MAMPU, Knowledge Sector Initiative (KSI) and Prospera)

Other development partners

A key way to engage with CSOs is through the Grants Program. The Grants Program is described in detail in the KIAT grants manual. Grant applications that focus on improving development outcomes for women, children, disabled, ethnic minorities, the poor and/or target vulnerable groups are encouraged.

To ensure that Indonesian NGOs continue playing an active and effective role in Indonesian development and democracy, they need to have effective and equitable engagement with government and the private sector; be well governed, independent and accountable; and have access to adequate, diversified funding.

Through the Grants Program, KIAT will work through NGOs on several infrastructure related priority outcome areas including:

improving the value for money and accountability of public spending; improving governance effectiveness; meeting community needs; empowering women and people with disabilities; improving provision of public services; and identifying local solutions to local problems.45

Details of potential partners for KIAT are included in Annex 3.

45 http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/aid-investment-plan-aip-indonesia-2015-16-to-2018-19.aspx (access date 8 November 2017).



8 Monitoring and Evaluation of GESI and CSE in KIAT In the context of KIAT, monitoring is defined as an ongoing process to collect, analyse, and communicate data related to progress and performance. Monitoring is largely focused on describing ‘what’ is happening, and is oriented toward regularly providing information that can be used to make tactical or operational adjustments to continuously improve performance.

Evaluation is distinct from monitoring in that it involves judgment about merit or worth (‘evaluative judgment’), and generally occurs at particular points in time rather than on an ongoing basis. In the case of KIAT, evaluation is considered to cover both internal evaluative judgment as well as the conduct of specific evaluation studies. Different from monitoring, evaluation focuses on answering the question ‘so what?’

Sub-sections below summarise the key approaches to monitoring and evaluating GESI as described in the KIAT M&E Framework.

8.1 Integration of GESI in overall KIAT M&E The draft KIAT M&E Framework integrates GESI issues at all levels. There are 5 components of KIAT M&E.

Table 4: KIAT M&E, GESI and CSE

Component Overall KIAT approach to M&E Specific to GESI and CSE

Sector monitoring

Monitoring of developments in the general context of infrastructure in Indonesia, with a specific focus on elements of the infrastructure sector that are related to KIAT’s work or considered potentially relevant for KIAT’s future work.

Sector monitoring should include key developments explicitly linked to GESI issues or have the potential to have significant differential outcomes for women or traditionally disadvantaged groups (e.g. women, people with disabilities and other vulnerable groups).

Facility performance monitoring

Compiling and providing information and feedback on key aspects of KIAT’s performance.

Facility performance monitoring should cover pre-defined questions or performance indicators related to the overall facility performance in addressing GESI.

Facility evaluation

Assessing the overall merit of the facility and its work, for example in terms of KIAT’s effectiveness in achieving targeted outcomes, in providing meaningful contributions, and in triggering (or helping to trigger) larger systemic changes.

Facility evaluation should address (1) the overall effectiveness of KIAT in terms of contributing to improvements in the infrastructure sector that can be tangibly or logically linked to improvements in access to infrastructure services for women people with disabilities and other vulnerable groups and (2) the extent to which KIAT has maintained an appropriate focus on women’s empowerment, gender equity and social inclusion (see KEQ 5 and KEQ sub-question 7.2 below)

Related to CSE, facility evaluation should address the extent to which KIAT has worked effectively to promote engagement



with CSOs in the infrastructure sector (see KEQ sub-question 7.3 below).

Activity performance monitoring

Compiling and providing information or feedback on agreed-upon aspects of the activity.

Activity performance monitoring should focus on GESI-related issues as identified in the activity designs (including M&E designs) and activity Gender Action Plans.

Activity evaluation (or activity assessment)

Assessing the merit of a particular activity, for example in terms of its effectiveness in achieving targeted outcomes that are in line with the larger KIAT strategy.

Assessments for relevant activities will include the merit of a particular activity in regarding identified GESI issues, either integrated into overall activity assessment processes or conducted as a separate GESI review (see section 7.6 below).

An overarching principle of the KIAT M&E Framework is that it is based on the collection, analysis and reporting of sex-disaggregated data and gender indicators.

8.2 Quality at entry for KIAT Activities At activity level, ‘Quality at Entry’ (QAE) is understood as quality assurance for the selection and design of activities funded by KIAT, which is important both to ensure that activity concepts and designs meet minimum standards, as well as to ensure that activity-level performance monitoring and assessment can feed into facility-level performance monitoring and evaluation.

GESI is integrated into the QAE process during steps 1 and 2 where there is an assessment of whether GESI is a primary focus of the activity and whether the activity appropriately considers GESI.

GESI has been integrated into the Activity Design Document Template to be used by KIAT across the Facility. The integration of GESI is based on basic questions such as:

How GESI was considered as part of planning and activity design? Participation of women and other vulnerable groups in decision making? The extent to which women and other vulnerable groups benefitted from activities (through

employment of other benefits). Extent to which there were differential outcomes (intended or unintended) for women and

vulnerable groups. How KIAT has contributed to closing gender and disability related gaps?

The above issues are also part of activity level M&E using the GESI and CSE Review template as summarised in sub-section 7.6 below.

8.3 Facility-Level Monitoring KIAT’s monitoring questions relating to GESI are related to the effectiveness and potential sustainability of KIAT’s support. The monitoring questions relevant to GESI are summarise below.

MQ3: Immediate Results: To what extent has KIAT produced its targeted immediate results? To what extent do these immediate results address or incorporate GESI-related considerations?

MQ4: Quality of Immediate Results: What are the indications that KIAT’s support and immediate results (especially those that address or incorporate GESI-related considerations) have been well-received by their targeted users?

MQ5: Use of immediate results: What are indications that KIAT’s immediate results (especially those that address or incorporate GESI-related considerations) are being used by key



stakeholders / target users? To what extent may the use of these immediate results be relevant for GESI-related outcomes?

MQ6: External Commitments: To what extent are KIAT partners taking actions (especially those that address GESI-related considerations) that were either assumed or explicitly agreed upon as a basis for KIAT support?

The relationship between the descriptive monitoring questions and Key Evaluation Question 5 is shown below.

Table 4: Relationship between Facility-level Monitoring Questions & Key Evaluation Questions

MQ1

(key develop-ments)

MQ2

(response to key develop-

ments)

MQ3

(immediate results)

MQ4

(quality of immediate

results)

MQ5

(use of immediate

results)

MQ6

(external commit-ments)

MQ7

(durable changes)

KEQ5 (effectiveness: women’s economic empowerment)

8.4 Facility Evaluation - Key evaluation questions relevant to GESI and CSE A total of 7 key evaluation questions are proposed at the Facility level. Key Evaluation Questions 5 and 7, and sub-questions 7.2 and 7.3 specifically relate to GESI.

KEQ5: (Women’s economic empowerment): How effectively has KIAT contributed to improvements in the infrastructure sector which can be tangibly or logically linked to improvements in access to infrastructure services for women and marginalised groups?

KEQ7: How well has KIAT applied key principles over the course of implementation?

EQ7.2: (GESI) Is KIAT maintaining an appropriate focus on women’s empowerment, gender equity and social inclusion?

EQ7.3: (CSE) Is KIAT working effectively to promote engagement with Civil Society Organisations in the infrastructure sector?

8.5 GESI Facility Level Performance Indicators The following Facility Level indicators are relevant to GESI.

Indicators that describe overall Facility-level Performance (Output/ Outcome level):

1. PAF Indicator #2: Number of women and men who apply improved technical skills to improve economic governance

2. PAF Indicator#7: Number of women and men with improved access to safe water and basic sanitation

3. PAF Indicator #9: Number of women and men who apply improved technical skills to deliver better quality services

Indicators that describe overall Facility-level Performance (Process oriented):

4. PAF Indicator #10: Number of women and men who participate in policy improvement activities.

5. % of KIAT activities assessed at as appropriately considering gender and social inclusion issues at the activity design stage



6. % of KIAT activities assessed at implementation as having effectively addressed gender and / or social inclusion issues

Indicators which describe the overall ‘allocation’ (i.e., distribution of activities and funding) of the KIAT portfolio across a variety of dimensions):

7. % of KIAT investment having a primary focus on gender and / or social inclusion issues

The GESI and CSE Strategy to be developed following completion of the activities described in this GESI and CSE Strategy and Action Plan will provide more detailed information about specific approaches that may be used to effectively monitor and evaluate GESI and CSE. At that time, it will be possible to identify timings for key activities consistent with the overall M&E Plan.

8.6 GESI Reviews The purpose of GESI reviews is to provide an assessment of activity level progress against GESI Action Plans at activity level; track spending on specific GESI and CSE activities; aid data collection and reporting; and identify lessons learned and recommendations. The above will support reporting to DFAT in the annual Aid Quality Check, and relevant PAF Indicator (% of KIAT investment having a primary focus on gender and / or social inclusion issues). A template has been developed to support this process. The template is currently being piloted in the review of PRIM to be implemented in November/December 2017.



Annex 1: GESI and CSE Strategy: Outcomes, approaches, strategies and activities

Outcomes Approach GESI and CSE Strategy Planned Activities

Outcome 1: Improved policy and regulatory framework

1.1 Ongoing multi-stakeholder engagement to identify reform priorities, influencing strategies, capacity building needs and scope of KIAT support

1.1.1 Support mainstreaming of GESI concerns into infrastructure policy review and formulation activities to ensure that the needs of women and other vulnerable groups are properly analysed and addressed and contribute to policy development

Specific GESI Activity 12: GESI and Public Private Partnerships Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE

Strategy Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening training

in GESI and CSE for staff GESI Mainstreaming Activity 2: Activity Designs and review and

reporting formats GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and

relationships with other programs and development partners 1.2 Generate relevant evidence and advice

1.2.1 Develop research proposals to improve understanding of specific issues and gaps in knowledge (e.g. mobility of care; safety and security; gender inclusive tariff setting, accessibility for people with disabilities etc.)



Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training and employment in the infrastructure sector

Specific GESI Activity 11: Women’s participation in leadership and decision making in infrastructure sector


Strategy Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners

1.3 Make evidence and advice available and accessible to GOI policy makers and policy influencers (such as CSO advocacy groups)

1.3.1 Evaluate the effectiveness of GESI mainstreaming for all three KIAT outcomes) and support shared learning within and between agencies and other relevant activities on good practices for developing infrastructure policy and projects

Specific GESI Activity 1: GESI Review of PRIM Specific GESI Activity 2: GESI Review of Water and Sanitation

Hibah Specific GESI Activity 3: GESI Review of Palembang water

treatment plant Specific GESI Activity 4: Corridor 6 Specific GESI Activity 5: GESI Review of sAIIG Specific GESI Activity 6: GESI Review of National Roads

Development



Specific GESI Activity 7: GESI Review of National Roads Management



1.4 Enable the use of evidence and advice by policymakers (e.g. in helping to amend existing or draft regulations if required, including key economic regulation topics such as tariff setting, cost recovery and subsidy policies)






1.5 Institutional capacity building and or incentives in the policy making process



Specific GESI Activity 11: Women’s participation in leadership and decision making in infrastructure sector





relationships with other programs and development partners. Outcome 2: High quality projects prepared and delivered

2.1 Ongoing multi-stakeholder engagement to identify / confirm opportunities for KIAT to support high quality project preparation.

2.1.1 Provide TA and capacity strengthening to GOI stakeholders needed for mainstreaming GESI onto project preparation, including development of strategies for improving participation of community


Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training and employment in the infrastructure sector


Strategy



members (women and men), disabled and other vulnerable groups in decision making with the aim to improve the benefits from employment and other economic opportunities both during and after activity completion

Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening training



relationships with other programs and development partners

2.2 Agreement on the scope of KIAT technical support (including preparation pathways/ financing options, respective stakeholder commitments, scope of institutional capacity building support and development of incentive mechanisms to increase motivation to apply improved practices)

2.2.1 Where required, strengthen government and non-government capacities for data collection related to the social and environmental dimensions of infrastructure investments to inform activity preparation


GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening training in GESI and CSE for staff

GESI Mainstreaming Activity 2: Activity Designs and review and reporting formats


Strategy Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and

relationships with other programs and development partners. 2.3 Development of high quality projects (business cases) including assessment of costs and benefits (socio-economic, gender, disability and other impacts such as environmental, disaster resilience and others as appropriate)

2.3.1 Facilitate engagement between professional associations (e.g. architects, urban planners etc.) and CSOs to promote information sharing and identify areas for collaboration (e.g. proposal preparations)



in GESI and CSE for staff GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and

relationships with other programs and development partners.

2.4 Application of transparent and efficient procurement processes by GOI

2.4.1 Create opportunities to engage with other relevant programs and development partners that are working to strengthen CSO capacities to include infrastructure development as part of their focus




Strategy



GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and relationships with other programs and development partners.

Outcome 3: High quality infrastructure delivered, managed and maintained

3.1 Stakeholder consultations to identify priorities for KIAT technical support, projects and capacity strengthening

3.1.1 Review transitional activities to see how GESI aspects can be strengthened and identify strengths and weaknesses that can be developed as learning products for future project design and implementation




Development Specific GESI Activity 7: GESI Review of National Roads

Management Specific GESI Activity 12: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE

Strategy 3.2 Provision of technical support for GOI implementation / delivery of specific infrastructure investments e.g. Palembang Wastewater Treatment Plant

3.2.1 Provide TA and capacity strengthening as needed for mainstreaming GESI concerns into project delivery activities supported by KIAT, to ensure that the needs of women and other vulnerable groups are addressed





Management Specific GESI Activity 12: GESI and Public Private Partnerships Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE


in GESI and CSE 3.3 Supporting GOI adoption and /or adaptation of improved performance based mechanisms

3.3.1 Gender Review of Hibah, PRIM focusing on the RTTF and if planned resources and action have


Hibah



for infrastructure service delivery (e.g. results based grants schemes (hibah), PRIM mechanisms)

reached women and other vulnerable groups

Specific GESI Activity 5: GESI Review of sAIIG Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening training

in GESI and CSE

3.4 Support the development of enhanced incentives and capacities to deliver, manage and maintain infrastructure

3.4.1 Identify opportunities for improved engagement with CSO’s and developing a more diversified workforce and for community based M & E and reporting





Management Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training and

employment in the infrastructure sector Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE

Strategy



Annex 2: Workplan October 2017 to July 2018

17 Oct 17 Nov 17 Dec 18 Jan 18 Feb 18 Mar 18 Apr 18May 18 Jun 18 Jul Specific GESI Activities Indicative Dates Working with GOI (Reference Group and Annual Workshop) Specific GESI Activity 1: GESI Review of PRIM Specific GESI Activity 2: GESI Review of Water and Sanitation Hibah Specific GESI Activity 3: GESI Review of Palembang water treatment plant Specific GESI Activity 4: Corridor 6 Specific GESI Activity 5: GESI review of sAIIG Specific GESI Activity 6: GESI Review of National Roads Development Specific GESI Activity 7: GESI Review of National Roads Management Specific GESI Activity 8: Scoping study and typography of grants based civil society engagement programs Specific GESI Activity 9: International and national best practice for GESI in infrastructure programs Specific GESI Activity 10: Increased diversification in training and employment in the infrastructure sector Specific GESI Activity 11: Women’s participation in leadership and decision making in infrastructure sector Specific GESI Activity 12: GESI and Public Private Partnerships Specific GESI Activity 13: Development of the KIAT GESI and CSE Strategy Specific GESI Activity 14: Activities identified by GOI partners GESI Mainstreaming Activities GESI Mainstreaming Activity 1: Capacity strengthening training in GESI and CSE for staff GESI Mainstreaming Activity 2: Activity Designs and review and reporting formats GESI Mainstreaming Activity 3: CSE and partnerships and relationships with other programs and development partners



Annex 3 Potential KIAT partners

Civil Society Organisations

There are several competent CSO’s that could be effective partners for KIAT subject to an assessment of capacity and risks and consistent with DFAT and GOI policies. It has not yet been possible to locate a women’s CSO or research centre with a focus on infrastructure and related topics. There is reported to be a professional association for women engineers. The list below is not exhaustive, but includes several key CSO partners that may partner with KIAT.

PSW (Pusat Studi Wanita) are located at each of Indonesia’s universities. The research centres at each institution have a different focus. It has not yet been possible to locate a PSW with a focus on infrastructure and urban planning. Together with PSW there are a number of university based research and knowledge centres that may be relevant partners for KIAT.

BIGS (Bandung Institute for Government Studies) is located in Bandung and has a strong track record working with development partners. BIGS improves the development of a just society in Indonesia by encouraging civil society strengthening processes, democratization and development of transparent, participatory and accountable government institutions.

PATTIRO (Pusat Telaah Dan Informasi Regional) is a research and advocacy organization established in 1999 that has worked in more than 17 provinces and 70 regencies or cities throughout Indonesia. PATTIRO has been focusing its attention on local governance issues, particularly in decentralization. PATTIRO tries to encourage the realisation of good, transparent, and equitable governance to create social justice for all Indonesian people. Besides actives in conducting research, PATTIRO also provides technical assistance to the government. In addition to that, PATTIRO also assists the community in conducting advocacy not only with the central government, but also the local ones, to encourage policy reform as well as public service and public finance management improvement.

Kemitraan (Kemitraan bagi Pembaruan Tata Pemerintahan) was established as a multi-donor trust fund and managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Kemitraan was founded and led by a group of prominent Indonesian leaders from the government, civil society and the private sector to promote principles of good governance. In 2003 Kemitraan became an independent legal entity, being registered as a non-for-profit civil law association.

BaKTI (Bursa Pengetahuan Kawasan Timur Indonesia) was established in 2004 as part of the knowledge exchange unit of Support Office for Eastern Indonesia (SOfEI). SOfEI is a multi-donor project administered by the World Bank. To strengthen local ownership and sustainability functions, BaKTI became a foundation under the Indonesian legal umbrella in 2010. BaKTI was originally created as a knowledge bank and a public information source for development in Eastern Indonesia. BaKTI was created to provide the platform and tools for donor agencies, governments and communities to access information, store it, meet and discuss development issues and what priorities should be taken to better influence decision-making and better support knowledge-driven development activities.

KUAT (Komunitas Advokasi Untuk Aksesibilitas Transportasi) is a disabled persons CSO established with support from IndII. Many disabled persons CSO’s have limited capacity as they have mostly only been recently established. A key task will be to identify a group of potential partners for KIAT

There are many other CSO’s in Indonesia that have worked with a range of development partners on issues important to KIAT.

SMERU Research Institute SMERU is a Jakarta based public policy research institute that focuses on poverty and other socioeconomic issues in Indonesia. Originally established in October 1998 by Australian Aid and the World Bank as a crisis monitoring unit, SMERU became an independent organisation in January 2001.



SMERU’s current areas of study include poverty, social protection, health, education, food security, and child welfare. SMERU’s website is aiming to be a resource centre which includes featuring a resource centre that includes a comprehensive database of Indonesian NGOs.

DFAT programs

MAMPU (Empowering Indonesian Women for Poverty Reduction) has an extensive network of national and sub-national partners wo may be able to provide inputs into activities at local level. However, KIAT needs to be cautious not to overburden existing CSOs who have partnerships with MAMPU. MAMPU have grants and field work manuals that could be useful in providing strategies to work successfully with CSOs to implement grants and activity based funding mechanisms.

Investing in Women is a new regional program (Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Philippines) that aims to accelerate women’s economic empowerment in the region and contribute to inclusive economic growth in South East Asia. Investing in Women will partner with large employers to: prioritise gender equality as a business imperative; work with impact investors to expand women’s access to capital; partner with governments to promote equality through policy making; advocate and campaign to challenge bias, stereotypes and attitudes.

KOMPAK (Kolaborasi Masyarakat dan Pelayanan Kesejahateraan) works to reduce poverty in Indonesia by supporting the GOI to improve basic services and economic opportunities for the poor and vulnerable. Designed to improve both upstream and downstream government system performance, KOMPAK’s focus is on improving the formal and informal rules that influence, if not determine, individual and collective decision making. KOMPAK is a program aimed at institutional transformation. Working at both the national and sub-national levels, KOMPAK consolidates and builds on GOI and DFAT investments in community empowerment, service delivery, governance, and civil society strengthening by integrating these areas of Activities into a single Facility.

MAHKOTA (Menuju Masyarakat Indonesia Yang Kokoh Sejahtera) supports the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), a policy think tank under the office of the Vice President of the GOI to improve the quality and effectiveness of Indonesia’s poverty reduction programs. MAHKOTA is a flexible facility able to respond to GOI priorities, provide world class and top Indonesian expertise and allow the GOI to take risks with innovating policy. The Facility partners with other relevant DFAT programs to deliver its mandate as well as the Partnership for Knowledge-based Poverty Reduction (PKPR), administered by the World Bank. In line with GOI’s long term strategy, the goal for Australia’s support for poverty reduction is a comprehensive and equitable social protection system for the whole of Indonesia by 2025.

KSI (Knowledge Sector Initiative) is a joint commitment between the governments of Indonesia and Australia that seeks to improve the lives of the Indonesian people through the implementation of better quality public policies that make better use of research, analysis and evidence. KSI seeks to achieve this by supporting the capacity building of policy research institutes, improve the quality of their research to meet policy makers’ needs, improve systems and regulations in government to support research-based policy making, and to develop effective models for procuring and using research to strengthen policies that will benefit the country’s poor. The program will also be working with various organisations involved in making research-based evidence accessible to policy makers and used by civil society organisations, advocacy networks and the media.

AIPEG (Australia Indonesia Partnership in Economic Governance) together with IndII contracted a small research activity to survey the use of public transport in Jakarta by women and people with disabilities. In early 2018, AIPEG will be replaced with the new program PROSPERA. Like AIPEG, it aims to support strong, sustainable and inclusive economic growth through supporting Indonesia to strengthen economic institutions, manage public finances and promote effective markets to underpin growth and development.



Indonesia became a middle-income country in 2004 and aims to reach high income status by 2025. However, in recent years, Indonesia has not been realizing its full economic potential. Indonesia also has a growing imbalance between state spending and revenue, an underdeveloped financial sector and high inequality. Significant economic policy changes are needed to spark greater job creation and more inclusive growth. AIPEG is due for completion soon, it will be replaced by PROSPERA.

Australia Awards Scholarships and Fellowships provide opportunities for the next generation of global leaders to undertake academic study, research and professional development in Australia. To ensure equity and diversity of participation, women, people with disabilities, people from ethnic minorities and people from socially and economically disadvantaged groups are encouraged to apply. There are five sub-programs.

1. Long-term Awards (LTAs) are scholarships for post-graduate study in Australia, and a split- site Master degree option offered over two years in Indonesian and Australian universities;

2. Short-term Awards (STAs) are specialised courses delivered by Australian education providers designed to meet the needs and priorities of Indonesian institutes and public sector, civil society and private sector organisations;

3. On-Award Enrichment (OAE) refers to short courses and activities that are offered while awardees are in Australia to promote the development of strategic networks and linkages;

4. Alumni Relations (AR) offers a range of networking, professional development and social activities that bring together Indonesians who have completed LTAs, STAs, and others who have completed studies in Australia outside of AAI; and,

5. Cross Program Services (CPS) provides oversight, management, administration, research, monitoring and evaluation services to the program

Australia Awards has a list of alumni members who could form the basis of a professional association for women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math and Urban Planning.

Peduli promotes social inclusion to reduce poverty among marginalised people in Indonesia. It does this by increasing access to public services and social assistance, protecting human rights and improving government policies for six of Indonesia’s most marginalised groups. These groups are: vulnerable children and youth; remote indigenous communities reliant on natural resources; religious minorities; victims of human rights violations, including in 1965; male-to-female transgender (waria); and people with disabilities. Members of these groups are among Indonesia’s ‘invisible’ people. Poverty data often ignores them, and government and donor programs rarely reach them. Women in these groups are among the most disadvantaged and hardest to reach of Indonesia’s poor. Peduli is led by the Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture, and is implemented in partnership with 81 Indonesian CSOs in 84 districts across 26 provinces.

Other development partners

UN Women is implementing a pilot ‘Safe Cities’ program. Safe Cities aims to create safe and inclusive cities for women and girls. They conducted a Safety Audit to identify concerns for women’s safety and sexual violence against women and girls. One cause was reported to be poor public infrastructure and transportation, in particular poor or non-existent lighting in alleys and roads, badly maintained pedestrian crossings, inadequate CCTVs in strategic locations and unsafe public transportation. UN Women are presently entering into a MOU with Trans Jakarta to implement pilot activities in selected sites.

GIZ (German International Development) currently has no activities in the sector. They are working on a social protections program and a multi-country energy program. They are supporting the development of the Integrated Service Centre for women and children survivors of family violence that involves a partnership between the Ministry of Public Works and MENGEPP. GIZ also funds an



adviser to work within MENGEPP who is a helpful resource to provide links within the Ministry and its partners.

APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) through USAID and the Women in Transportation initiative (WiT) has developed the APEC Women in Transportation Data Framework and Best Practices Report. This document has five pillars (Education, Entry into the sector, Retention, Leadership and Access and use) and 18 priority outcomes. From time to time, APEC holds forums and engagement with this forum will provide opportunities for KIAT to show case its work in GESI and CSE.

The Asia Foundation is a non-profit international development organization committed to improving lives across a dynamic and developing Asia. Its goals are to strengthen governance, empower women, expand economic opportunity, increase environmental resilience, and promote regional cooperation. The Foundation receives funding from bilateral and multilateral development agencies, foundations, corporations, and individuals. The Asia Foundation currently implements Peduli for DFAT.