gcseprep.com … · web viewtopic 9 – control systems. q1

Topic 9 – Control Systems

Q1.

Gibberellin stimulates amylase activity. Amylase converts insoluble starch into maltose.

A student suggested that developing embryos in seeds produce gibberellin.

To test this idea, the student carried out two experiments.

In each experiment barley seeds were cut as shown in the diagram.

The seed halves were sterilised by washing in bleach.

In the first experiment, seed halves that contained an embryo were placed on sterile starch agar.

Seed halves without an embryo were placed on sterile starch agar and on sterile starch agar containing gibberellin.

The seed halves were incubated for 48 hours at 25°C. Iodine solution was then poured over the agar.

The table shows the results of the student's first experiment.

In the second experiment, seed halves containing an embryo were placed onto plain agar in a "boat" made from a selectively permeable membrane.

This boat was embedded in starch agar.

These seed halves were also incubated for 48 hours at 25 °C. Iodine solution was then poured over the agar.

The diagram shows the results from the second experiment.

(a) Explain why sterile conditions were maintained.

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*(b) Analyse the data from these two experiments to explain the results obtained by the student.

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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q2.

Mammals produce urea as a nitrogenous waste product.

The table shows the concentrations of molecules and ions in the blood plasma of the kidney, in the filtrate produced in Bowman's capsule and in the bladder.

(i) Name the process by which this filtrate is produced in Bowman's capsule.

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(ii) Analyse the data to explain the difference between the protein and the other molecules or ions in the filtrate in Bowman's capsule.

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(iii) Urea and chloride ions both become more concentrated as they pass from Bowman's capsule to the urine in the bladder.

Calculate how many more times urea becomes concentrated compared with chloride ions.(3)

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(iv) Analyse the data to explain the glucose concentration in the bladder.

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(v) Explain how the loop of Henlé is involved in the production of concentrated urine.

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Q3.

The diagram shows a section through a mammalian kidney.

* The renal (Bowman's) capsule is part of each nephron found in the kidney.

The graph shows the concentration ratios of three solutes in different parts of the nephron compared with their concentrations in the renal capsule.

Explain the changes in the concentration ratios of these solutes in the different parts of the nephron.

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Q4.

The human brain controls many functions.

The diagram shows a section through a human brain with parts labelled A to E.

The human brain consists of 100 billion neurones.

The function of these neurones is affected by many factors.

The concentration of phospholipid in neurones from one part of the brain was measured.

This was carried out in people from different age ranges.

The graph shows the results.

Explain how age might affect the structure of a neurone and the speed of transmission of an impulse.

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Q5.

The graph shows the pressure changes in the left side of the heart during one cardiac cycle.

The diagram shows two chemicals that affect the human heart rate.

Beta blockers are drugs used to regulate the heart rate of some patients.

The effect of beta blockers on the heart rate during exercise was investigated.

The ECG traces show the heart rate of a person exercising before and after taking a beta blocker.

Analyse the information to explain the results of this investigation.

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Q6.

The graphs below show the conduction velocity and diameter of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

(i) Calculate the time it would take for a nerve impulse to travel 80 cm in a myelinated axon with a diameter of 7 μm.

(2)

Answer ........................................................... s

*(ii) Analyse the data to explain the conduction velocity in the myelinated and the unmyelinated axons.(6)

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Q7.

A student was interested to find out how his heart rate would vary throughout the day.

He wore a heart rate monitor from the time he woke up until the time he went to bed.

The graph shows the data collected and some of the student's activities during the day.

Explain why the student's heart rate changed at the time of his maths test.

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Q8.

Describe how the cardiac centre brings about a change in heart rate when the activity level of a person increases.

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Q9.

Seed banks store seeds for future use. Seeds can be stored for a long time if the seeds are kept dry with a moisture content of less than 8%.

The seeds are stored in closed containers. The percentage germination of the seeds is measured to test their viability during storage.

At the Millennium Seed Bank, the seeds are stored in closed glass containers at 15% relative humidity at a temperature of –20°C.

The graph shows the percentage germination of seeds kept in three different closed containers: metal, cellophane and paper. They were kept for 72 months at a temperature of –20°C.

(a) Analyse the data to explain why seeds are stored in glass containers in the Millennium Seed Bank.

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(b) Each time the seeds are tested for viability, 50 seeds are used.

State why 50 seeds are used.(1)

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(c) Calculate the rate of change in viability of the seeds stored in a cellophane container for the first two years.

(2)

Answer ...........................................................

(d) Seeds from other parts of the world are stored in seed banks.

(i) Explain how the viability test would be different for these seeds from other parts of the world.(3)

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(ii) Explain why plants grown from these germinating seeds may not flower at the same time of year as they would have done in their country of origin.

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Q10.

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of light on the mammalian retina.

Part of the retina of a young rat was removed and kept in the dark for two hours. This allowed the pigment in the rod cells to recover from bleaching caused by exposure to light.

When the retina had recovered from bleaching, the resting potential of the

bipolar neurones in the retina was found to be -43 mV.

The retina was then exposed to a range of light intensities. Each light intensity caused the bipolar neurones to depolarise. The peak voltage of the depolarisation for each light intensity was recorded.

All other variables were kept constant.

The investigation used retinas from an additional 14 rats.

The mean results are shown in the table below.

(i) Using the information in the table, describe the effect of light intensity on the mean peak voltage of depolarisation.

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(ii) Suggest an explanation for the effect of light intensity on the mean peak voltage of depolarisation in these neurones.

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Q11.


Describe how urea is produced in mammals.

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Q12.

A student investigated the effect of light intensity on reading accuracy in humans.

The graph shows the student's results for both monochrome (black and white) and colour vision.

Devise a method that the student could use to obtain these results.

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Q13.

Voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels are involved in the transmission of impulses in sensory and motor neurones.

Describe the differences in the structure of a myelinated sensory neurone and a myelinated motor neurone.

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Q14.

The diagrams below show a horizontal cross section of a healthy human brain and a brain from a person with severe Alzheimer's disease.

Explain why a person with Alzheimer's disease may show a change in behaviour.

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Q15.



Poisons can also affect the function of neurones in the brain.

The photograph shows a pufferfish, a traditional food delicacy in Japan.

Pufferfish have to be carefully prepared by a chef to remove a poison called tetrodotoxin. This poison causes muscle paralysis.

Neurones were placed in a solution containing tetrodotoxin and in a control solution.

The neurones were stimulated and the potential difference across the axon membrane was measured.

The table shows the results.

Analyse the data to explain the effect of tetrodotoxin on the neurone.

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Q16.

The diagram shows the structure of a synaptic junction between three neurones.

Neurone A releases the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Neurone B releases the inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamate.

Glutamate causes chloride ions to move into the postsynaptic neurone.

(i) Describe the sequence of events that leads to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the postsynaptic neurone after stimulation of neurone A.

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(ii) Which of the following rows correctly describes the action of each substance on this postsynaptic neurone?

(1)


Q17.

If untreated, high blood pressure can cause kidney damage.

The diagram shows a Bowman's capsule and the glomerular capillaries in a human's kidney.

The table shows the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries and in the Bowman's capsule. It also shows the oncotic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillaries.

Use the data from the table to explain why glomerular filtrate is produced.

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Q18.

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of positive and negative physical and emotional experiences on humans.

The positive physical experience was a warm object placed on the arm of a person for five seconds.

The negative physical experience was a hot object placed on the arm of a person for five seconds.

All other variables were kept constant.

Two groups of people were used in this investigation. In the first group, the warm object was used before the hot object. In the second group, the hot object was used before the warm object.

After each experience, the individuals were asked to rate their feelings using the scoring system below.

This investigation then used a scanning technique to study whether the same areas of the brain were involved in both physical experiences and emotional experiences.

(i) Suggest the scanning technique required to study the brain in this investigation. Give reasons for your choice.

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(ii) It was found that an area of the brain called the insula was involved in both physical experiences and emotional experiences. The insula is found just above the hypothalamus.

Using the diagram below, place a cross in the box that identifies the area of the insula.

(1)

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Q19.

The diagram shows the structure of a synaptic junction between three neurones.

Neurone A releases the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Neurone B releases the inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamate.

Glutamate causes chloride ions to move into the postsynaptic neurone.

A scientist investigated the effect of the intensity of stimulation of neurones A and B on the production of an action potential in the postsynaptic neurone.

High intensity stimulation of neurones A and B causes a high frequency of impulses to arrive at the presynaptic terminals.

The results are shown in the table.

Explain the effect of the intensity of stimulation on the production of an action potential in the postsynaptic neurone.

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Q20.

The retina contains rod cells and bipolar neurones.

Rod cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.

Rod cells release glutamate, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Describe how light causes a change in the release of glutamate from rod cells.

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Q21.

A student investigated the effect of light intensity on reading accuracy in humans.

The graph shows the student's results for both monochrome (black and white) and colour vision.

Explain the student's results using your knowledge of the light-sensitive cells in the human eye.

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Q22.

The photomicrograph below shows myelinated neurones.

Magnification ×226

(a) The time taken for an impulse to travel between two electrodes placed at the points labelled A and B was measured as 0.02 milliseconds.

Calculate the speed of the impulse.

(3)

Answer ........................................................... ms−1

(b) The neurones of the retina are not usually myelinated. However in some eye conditions, myelination does occur.

Explain why the presence of myelinated neurones in the retina might mean that a clear image will not be formed.

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Q23.

The photograph below shows a desert mammal.

Some desert mammals do not drink water. They obtain water from the food they eat and from respiration.

(a) Explain how water is formed in respiration.

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(b) The table below shows the percentage of plant roots and insects in the diet of two different species of desert mammal.

(i) The desert mammals eat 8 g of food in one day. Calculate how many more grams of insects are eaten by T. indica than by M. hurrianae.

(2)

Answer ........................................................... g

(ii) Which species has kidneys that will produce the most concentrated urine? Justify your answer.

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(c) Which row of the table below shows the correct changes to the concentration of sodium ions as fluid moves along the descending and ascending loop of Henle?

(1)

(d) The concentration of urine is controlled by osmoreceptors and the secretion of ADH.

Which row of the table below shows the location of the osmoreceptors and the correct level of ADH secretion in a desert mammal that produces concentrated urine?

(1)

(e) Explain how the nephrons of desert mammals enable them to survive in a dry environment.

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Q24.

Humans have a nervous system that has a variety of neurones.

The human brain is made up of a number of areas containing many millions of neurones.

Place a cross in the box that identifies the areas of the brain associated with riding a bicycle uphill.

(i) the decision to ride the bicycle

(1)

A cerebrum

B cerebellum

C hypothalamus

D medulla

(ii) initiating an increase in sweating during the ride

(1)

A cerebrum

B cerebellum

C hypothalamus

D medulla

Q25.

Voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels are involved in the transmission of impulses in sensory and motor neurones.

(i) The table below identifies two stages in the transmission of an impulse in a sensory neurone.

Place a tick ( ) in each box that correctly identifies whether the channels are open or closed during these two stages.

(2)

(ii) The diagram below shows a myelinated motor neurone.

Place a cross in the box that labels the site where neurotransmitters bind and initiate depolarisation.

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A

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Q26.

Chemical control in plants is brought about by plant growth substances such as auxins.

Auxins cause elongation of cells.

Auxins weaken the bonds between molecules found in cell walls. Molecules found in cell walls include cellulose and hemicellulose.

A scientist investigated apical dominance in plants.

In experiment 1, the shoot tips were cut off and the growth of lateral shoots assessed.

This was repeated in experiment 2, but auxin was placed over the cut end of the tips and the growth of lateral shoots was assessed.

The results are shown in the diagrams.

Explain how the interaction between auxins and cytokinins could have produced the results shown in the diagram.

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Q27.


Drug treatments are available to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

One of the drugs available works as a non-competitive inhibitor of cholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse.

Describe how the action of this drug helps reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

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Q28.

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of light on the mammalian retina.

Part of the retina of a young rat was removed and kept in the dark for two hours. This allowed the pigment in the rod cells to recover from bleaching caused by exposure to light.

Suggest what happens in the rod cells during this two hours of darkness.

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Q29.

If untreated, high blood pressure can cause kidney damage.

The diagram shows a Bowman's capsule and the glomerular capillaries in a human's kidney.

The table shows the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries and in the Bowman's capsule. It also shows the oncotic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillaries.

Explain how water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.

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Q30.

The retina is the light sensitive structure in the eye.

The diagram shows some of the cells in a human retina.

(i) Which row in the table correctly identifies the cells W, X and Y?

(1)

(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the light passing through the retina.

(1)

(iii) Explain why a higher light intensity is required to produce an action potential in cell Z than in cell W.

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Q31.

The scientific article you have studied is adapted from articles in Nature and ScientificAmerican.

Use the information from the article and your own knowledge to answer the question.

Octopamine is a neurotransmitter (paragraph 24). Libersat and his team believe that wasp venom probably blocks octopamine receptors in the central nervous system of the cockroach.

Suggest two ways that the 'compound that reactivates octopamine receptors' (paragraph 25) could work.

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Q32.


The table shows information about substances found in the blood and in the filtrate in the renal (Bowman's) capsule.

Analyse the data to explain the ratios of these substances.

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Q33.

A human heart can work effectively for over a hundred years but many people throughout the world have heart problems.

* The treadmill test can be used to diagnose heart problems.

This test requires a person to walk on a treadmill whilst an electrocardiogram (ECG) is recorded.

The angle of the treadmill is raised to increase the level of exercise. The photograph below shows a person carrying out the treadmill test.

Explain how the heart rate of this person is controlled as the level of exercise increases during this test.

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Q34.

The brain is involved in many homeostatic mechanisms.

An action potential results from the depolarisation of the membrane of a neurone.

Which row of the table shows the correct state of the ion channels during this depolarisation?

(1)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Q35.


Bowman's capsule (renal capsule) in the kidney is involved in the excretion of urea in mammals.

Name the cluster of blood capillaries enclosed by Bowman's capsule.

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Q36.



Which letter labels the part of the brain that controls heart rate?

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Q37.

The brain is involved in many homeostatic mechanisms.

The diagram shows a vertical section through a human brain.

Which row of the table correctly matches the regions X, Y and Z with their functions?

(1)


Q38.


Which row of the table names the parts of the kidney labelled in the diagram?

(1)


Q39.

Which of the following is correct when an individual becomes dehydrated?

(1)

A decreased secretion of ADH and decreased permeability of the collecting duct

B decreased secretion of ADH and increased permeability of the collecting duct

C increased secretion of ADH and decreased permeability of the collecting duct

D increased secretion of ADH and increased permeability of the collecting duct

Q40.


Name the part of the brain which is labelled X.

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