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Name: ____________________________

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World History 101 Era 2 – Classical Era ( 600 B.C.E to 600 C.E.)

KEY CONCEPT 2.1-The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions

Standard – 4.0 3.5 3.0 Less than 3.0WH.HT2.1.d- Analyze cause and effect relationships in a historical context

60- 55 points55 – 50.5 points

50 – 40 points Less than 40 points

Note Packet _____/10 pointsFilling out your two parts of the Plan Your Poster _____/5 points Your two parts of the Poster _____/ 30 pointsGallery Walk sheet _____/5 points Website Question _____/10 points

Directions: Before you begin reading, complete the vocabulary chart on the next page

1. Look up the words. 2. Read the definition and discuss the most accurate and complete definition to write in your own words. 3. Compose a sentence using the word correctly. Add a picture showing the meaning of the word. 4. Include a synonym and/ or list other forms of the word.

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Word Definition Theme of History Picture

monotheistic

covenant

captivity

diasporic

monotheism

Take THIEVES notes on the following parts. Focus on the first and last sentence and then summarize what is most important.

Go to APWorldipedia Key Concept 2.1 - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

The Hebrews developed a monotheistic faith. As their numbers grew and they became a more organized society, their beliefs, ceremonial laws, history, and hymns became codified into a common body of scripture. This collection of scripture is called the Torah (or Tanakh) and corresponds with what non-Jews call the Old Testament of the Bible. Torah prescribes detailed guidelines covering ethics, social and civil relations, and even rules about diet and personal hygiene. Taken together, the beliefs and practices codified in the Torah formed the religion of Judaism, a monotheistic religion inexorably connected with a specific ethnic group, the Hebrews (or Jews). Central to this

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religion is the belief that the Hebrews entered into a special covenantal relation with their God through the patriarch Abraham.

Watch the following video and take notes: God calls Abraham https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3rK_PcEMfA

The Hebrew religion gave us monotheism; it gave us the concept of rule by law; it gave us the concept that the divine works its purpose on human history through human events; it gave us the concept of the covenant, that the one god has a special relationship to a community of humans above all others. In the West, in the Middle East, in most of Africa and Asia, the legacy of Hebrew religion permeates nearly everything you see. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-birth-and-evolution-of-judaism

Watch the following video and take notes: God calls Abraham https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3rK_PcEMfA

Take THIEVES notes on the following sections. Focus on the first and last sentence and then summarize what is most important.

Judaism is a religious tradition with origins dating back nearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient near eastern region of Canaan (which is now Israel and Palestinian territories). Originating as the beliefs and practices of the people known as "Israel," Judaism did not emerge until the 1st century C.E. Judaism traces its heritage to the covenant God made with Abraham and his lineage — that God would make them a sacred people and give them a holy land. The primary figures of Israelite culture include the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the prophet Moses, who received God's law at Mt. Sinai. Judaism is a tradition grounded in the religious, ethical, and social laws as they are articulated in the Torah — the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. Jews refer to the Bible as the Tanakh, an acronym for the texts of the Torah, Prophets, and Writings. Other sacred texts include the Talmud and Midrash, the rabbinic and legal interpretations of the Torah.

From APWorldipedia Key Concept 2.1: http://apworldipedia.com/index.php? title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

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http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-birth-and-evolution-of-judaism

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-birth-and-evolution-of-judaism

The covenant between God and Abraham compounded with the belief that the creator God had chosen them as a special ethnic group, endowed the Jewish people with a well-defined sense of identity. This sense of identity would follow them as foreign empires conquered the Hebrews and led them into captivity. As captives of foreign empires, some cultural influence from their host civilizations was inevitable; nevertheless, even as diasporic communities the Hebrews attempted to preserve their identity through ceremonial and cultural traditions. This struggle to avoid assimilation helped maintain their identity but also sometimes brought them into conflict with their host cultures.

Overview- 2-3 details, no small details, but big picture

Parts- Read labels, look for symbols, Write 2-3 details about the individual parts/symbols

Title- turn the title into a question and answer it if you can

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Foreign empires conquered the Hebrews and led them into captivity. To the right is forced migration of Hebrews during Assyrian and Babylonian captivity.

I learned that Name two details that you learned from the image and the reading about itContextHow does this fit into the era – beginning of humans- 600 BCE ?

Name: ____________________________

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Directions: Before you begin reading, complete the vocabulary chart



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reincarnation

Vedas

karma

atman

Caste

Directions: Take THIEVES notes on the following paragraphs.

Go to APWorldipedia Key Concept 2.1 – Take THIEVES notes on the following paragraphs. http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_Traditions

B. Around the years 600-500 B.C.E., the Aryan people in South Asia settled down and took up agriculture. The sacred scriptures of the Vedas had outlined a system of priestly sacrifices, but the people reacted against these formal and stale teachings with a body of writings known as the Upanishads. The name Upanishads implies one who sits at the feet of a master; we see the shift away from the official priests to an emphasis on wandering mystic teachers or gurus. The Upanishads have less to do with formal rituals and focus instead on reflections about life's

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meaning and how humans are related to the universe. Although the influence of the Vedas would remain strong in South Asia, the Upanishads added ideas about reincarnation, karma, and the imperishable atman that resides in every living thing. From the foundations of the Vedas and the philosophical musings of the Upanishads arose the religion of Hinduism.

Some basic tenets of Hinduism are:Reincarnation - Atman spirits are reborn in different people after one body dies. This rebirth has no beginning and no end, and is part of the larger universal spirit that pervades all of life.

Karma - This widely used word actually refers to the pattern of cause and effect that transcends individual human lives. Whether or not an individual fulfills his/her duties in one life determines what happens in the next.

Dharma - Duties called dharma are attached to each caste position. For example, a warrior's dharma is to fight honorably, and a wife's duty is to serve her husband faithfully. Even the lowliest caste has dharma attached to it. If one fulfills this dharma, the reward is for the atman to be reborn into a higher caste. Only the atman of a member of the highest caste (originally the priests) has the opportunity to be reunited with the universal spirit.

The beginnings of Hinduism are difficult to trace, but the religion originated with the polytheism that the Aryans brought as they began invading the Indian subcontinent sometime after 2000 BCE. Aryan priests recited hymns that told stories and taught values and were eventually written down in The Vedas, the sacred texts of Hinduism. One famous story is The Ramayana that tells about the life and love of Prince Rama and his wife Sita. Another epic story is The Mahabharata, which focuses on a war between cousins. Its most famous part is called The Bhagavad Gita, which tells how one cousin, Arjuna, overcomes his hesitations to fight his own kin.

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Watch the following video and take notes : BBC The Story of India - Episode 1 – Beginnings – Watch from 47:20 – 51:15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZVVFSiSl1s&index=1&list=PLLyVseyiBWfwIrAFkAH045zjfMq4g9Jy5

Take notes on the importance of the Mahabharata- and Bhagavad Gita

Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 2-3 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

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In the Bhagavad Gita, the warrior Arjuna prays to lord Krishna to spare him the agony of killing people in battle, some of whom he respects and admires. Krishna answers that he must carry out the duties of the warrior caste in which he belongs,

Title Write the title and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that Name 2-3 major ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Use the clues in the visual image to establish when the document was created and what it is showing from this era. Provide 2-3 examples that show this (if the year is listed that counts as one).

Hinduism assumes the eternal existence of a universal spirit that guides all life on earth. A piece of the spirit called the atman is trapped inside humans and other living creatures. The most important desire of the atman is to be reunited with the universal spirit, and every aspect of an individual's life is governed by it. When someone dies, their atman may be reunited, but most usually is reborn in a new body. A person's caste membership is a clear indication of how close he or she is to the desired reunion

Watch the following video and take notes : BBC The Story of India - Episode 1 – Beginnings – Watch

The universal spirit is represented by Brahman, a god that takes many different shapes. Two of Brahman's forms are Vishnu the Creator, and Shiva the Destroyer. Hinduism is very difficult to categorize as either polytheistic or monotheistic because of the central belief in the universal spirit.

What is India's caste system?- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616

How did caste come about?Manusmriti, widely regarded to be the most important and authoritative book on Hindu law and dating back to at least 1,000 years before Christ was born, “acknowledges and justifies the caste system as the basis of order and regularity of society” The caste system divides Hindus into four main

Notes:

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categories – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation.

At the top of the hierarchy were the Brahmins who were mainly teachers and intellectuals and are believed to have come from Brahma’s head. Then came the Kshatriyas, or the warriors and rulers, supposedly from his arms. The third slot went to the Vaishyas, or the traders, who were created from his thighs. At the bottom of the heap were the Shudras, who came from Brahma’s feet and did all the menial jobs.

The main castes were further divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their specific occupation. Outside of this Hindu caste system were the achhoots – the Dalits or the untouchables.

How does caste work?For centuries, caste dictated almost every aspect of Hindu religious and social life, with each group occupying a specific place in this complex hierarchy.

Rural communities were long arranged on the basis of castes - the upper and lower castes almost always lived in segregated colonies, the water wells were not shared, Brahmins would not accept food or drink from the Shudras, and one could marry only within one's caste.Traditionally, the system bestowed many privileges on the upper castes while sanctioning repression of the lower castes by privileged groups.

Often criticized for being unjust and regressive, it remained virtually unchanged for centuries, trapping people into fixed social orders from which it was impossible to escape. Despite the obstacles, however, some Dalits and other low-caste Indians, such as BR Ambedkar who authored the Indian constitution, and KR Narayanan who became the nation's president, have risen to hold prestigious positions.

Notes:

Name: ____________________________

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Enlightenment

ascetic

nirvana

Middle Path

philosophy

Go to APWorldipedia Key Concept 2.1 - http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=Key_Concept_2.1_The_Development_and_Codification_of_Religious_and_Cultural_TraditionsTake THIEVES notes on the following parts: focus on the

A new major world religion began in this time period as an offshoot of Hinduism. Buddhism began in India in the Ganges River area during the 6th century BCE. Its founder was Siddhartha Guatama, who later became known as the Buddha, or the "Enlightened One." Siddhartha was the son of a wealthy Hindu prince who grew up with many advantages in life. However, as a young man he did not find answers to the meaning of life in Hinduism, so he left home to become an ascetic, or wandering holy man. His Enlightenment came while sitting under a tree in a Deerfield, and the revelations of that day form the basic tenets of Buddhism.

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● The Four Noble Truths - 1) All of life is suffering; 2) Suffering is caused by false desires for things that do not bring satisfaction; 3) Suffering may be relieved by removing the desire; 4) Desire may be removed by following the Eightfold Path.

● The Eightfold Path to Enlightenment - The ultimate goal is to follow the path to nirvana, or a state of contentment that occurs when the individual's soul unites with the universal spirit. The eight steps must be achieved one by one, starting with a change in thoughts and intentions, followed by changes in life style and actions that prelude a higher thought process through meditation. Eventually, a "breakthrough" occurs when nirvana is achieved, which gives the person a new understanding of life.

Buddhism, like Hinduism, emphasizes the soul's yearning for understandings on a higher level, but it generally supported the notion that anyone of any social position could follow the Eightfold Path successfully. Buddhists believed that changes in thought processes and life styles brought enlightenment, not the powers of one's caste (the social hierarchy emphasized in Hinduism). Although the Buddha actively spread the new beliefs during his long lifetime, the new religion faced oppression after his death from Hindus who saw it as a threat to the basic social and religious structure that held India together. Buddhism probably survived only because the Mauryan emperor Ashoka converted to it and promoted its practice. However, in the long run, Buddhism did much better in areas where it spread through cultural diffusion, such as Southeast Asia, China, and Japan.

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Take notes on the following video EASTERN PHILOSOPHY - The Buddha - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tilBs32zN7I

Focus on the following – Buddha, Four Noble Truths, 8-fold Path, Ashoka

Watch the following video - BBC The Story of India - Episode 2 from 45:10 – 50:40 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63Jw0Ky6ZpQ

Take notes and answer the question: What happed to the Emperor Ashoka after he massacred the people of Kalinga? - Remember that Ashoka became a Buddhist.

Read the primary teaching from the Buddha. Then complete your notes using the SCAP steps to interpret and analyze the reading. You will need to know the following definitions:

● Emaciated - abnormally thin or weak, especially because of illness or a lack of food● Aloof - distant● Self-Indulgent - doing exactly what one wants, especially when this involves pleasure or idleness● Vulgar – lacking good taste● Enervating - causing one to feel drained of energy or vitality

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"Let me teach you, the middle path, which keeps aloof from both extremes. By suffering, the emaciated devotee produces confusion and sickly thoughts in his mind….

"Sensuality is enervating: the "self-indulgent" man is a slave to pleasure to his passions, and pleasure-seeking is degrading and vulgar.

"But to satisfy the necessities of life is not evil. To keep the body in good health is a duty for otherwise we shall not be able to trim the lamp of wisdom, and keep our mind strong and clear…."This is the middle path, O bhikkhus. that keeps aloof from both extremes.

Source: Ephanius Wilson, Sacred Books of the East, rev. ed. (London: The Colonial Press, 1900), pp. 158, 160-61, 171-72, repr. In Mark A. Kishlansky, ed., Sources of World History, Volume I, (New York: HarperCollins CollegePublishers, 1995), pp. 67-71

Introduction: The teachings of the Buddha were recorded by his students and then codified over the next 500 years. The Buddha's sermons are regarded by scholars as largely authentic, and part of his first sermon, the Sermon at Benares, is reproduced here. The selection that follows is on the concept of Nirvana.

Speaker – Who is the speaker? Why is this speaker significant?Context – How does this message fit into what is happening in this time and place?Audience – Who are the intended people to hear this message?

Purpose – What does the speaker want to accomplish with this message?

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"Let me teach you, the middle path, which keeps aloof from both extremes. By suffering, the emaciated devotee produces confusion and sickly thoughts in his mind….

"Sensuality is enervating: the "self-indulgent" man is a slave to pleasure to his passions, and pleasure-seeking is degrading and vulgar.

"But to satisfy the necessities of life is not evil. To keep the body in good health is a duty for otherwise we shall not be able to trim the lamp of wisdom, and keep our mind strong and clear…."This is the middle path, O bhikkhus. that keeps aloof from both extremes.

Source: Ephanius Wilson, Sacred Books of the East, rev. ed. (London: The Colonial Press, 1900), pp. 158, 160-61, 171-72, repr. In Mark A. Kishlansky, ed., Sources of World History, Volume I, (New York: HarperCollins CollegePublishers, 1995), pp. 67-71

Name: ____________________________










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dynasty

Mandate of Heaven

propriety

Filial Piety

patriarchal

Summarize the following opening paragraph and tell what is important about Confucianism

If someone was dropped to planet Earth from space and told to choose any religion, it would make a lot of sense to choose Confucianism. It's great (if you are a man). Everyone knows their place in society. There are respectful relationships from father-to-son all the way up to the Emperor. Everyone works hard and does as their elders tell them.

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Three important belief systems (Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism) emerged in China during the Warring States Period (403-221 BCE) between the Zhou and Han Dynasties. Although the period was politically chaotic, it hosted a cultural flowering that left a permanent mark on Chinese history. Confucius contemplated why China had fallen into chaos, and concluded that the Mandate of Heaven had been lost because of poor behavior of not only the Chinese emperor, but all his subjects as well. His plan for reestablishing Chinese society profoundly affected the course of Chinese history and eventually spread to many other areas of Asia as well. Confucius emphasized the importance of harmony, order, and obedience

Confucius believed that if five basic relationships were sound, all of society would be, too:● Emperor/subject: the emperor has the responsibility to take care of his subjects, and subjects must obey

the emperor● Father/son: the father takes care of the son, and the son obeys the father● Older brother/younger brother: the older brother takes care of the younger brother, who in turn obeys him● Husband/wife: the husband takes care of the wife, who in turn obeys him● Friend/friend: The only relationship that does not assume inequality should be characterized by mutual care

and obedience.

Confucius also defined the "superior man" - one who exhibits ren (kindness), li (sense of propriety), and Xiao (filial piety, or loyalty to the family). Confucianism accepted and endorsed inequality as an important part of an ordered society. It confirmed the power of the emperor, but held him responsible for his people, and it reinforced the patriarchal family structure that was already in place in China. Because Confucianism focused on social order and political organization, it is generally seen as a philosophy rather than a religion. Religions are more likely to emphasize spiritual topics, not society and politics.

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Filial Piety: Father and Son (Eng subtitles) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybxNkpS5q-g

Watch the following video and explain how it shows Filial Piety in 2-3 details

Read the primary source reading below from the Selections from "The Analects". Then complete your notes using the SCAP steps to interpret and analyze the reading.

Author: Confucius Source: Selections from "The Analects" Found: http://college.cengage.com/history/primary/analects.htm

You will need to know the following definitions: ● Reverence- a very high level of respect + love ● Remonstrate- To show someone where they are wrong, to try to tell your point of view● Murmur- a very low noise, hard to hear like mumble● Propriety- Acting in a way that follows tradition and respect, example- behavior during church

FILIAL PIETY

Zi, you asked what filial piety was. The Master said, "The filial piety of nowadays means the support of one's parents. But dogs and horses likewise are able to do something in the way of support; -- without reverence, what is there to distinguish the one support given from the other?"

The Master said, "In serving his parents, a son may remonstrate with them, but gently; when he sees that they do not incline to follow his advice, he shows an increased degree of reverence, but does not abandon his purpose; and should they punish him, he does not allow himself to murmur."

Mang I asked what filial piety was. The Master said, "It is not being disobedient."

Soon after, as Fan Chih was driving him, the Master told him, saying, "Mang Sun asked me what filial piety was, and I answered him, 'not being disobedient.'"

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Fan Chih said, "What did you mean?" The Master replied, "That parents, when alive, should be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried according to propriety; and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety."

Speaker – Who is the speaker? Why is this speaker significant?

Context – How does this message fit into what is happening in this time and place?

Audience – Who are the intended people to hear this message?


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Name: ____________________________











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cosmos

eternal

disengagement

introspection

philosophy

The founder of Daoism is believed to have been Laozi, a spiritualist who probably lived in the 4th century BCE. The religion centers on the Dao (sometimes referred to as the "Way" or "Path"), the original force of the cosmos that is an eternal and unchanging principle that governs all the workings of the world. The Dao is passive - not active, good nor bad - but it just is. It cannot be changed, so humans must learn to live with it. According to Daoism, human strivings have brought the world to chaos because they resist the Dao. A chief characteristic is wu wei, or a disengagement from the affairs of the world, including government. The less government, the better. Live simply, in harmony with nature. Daoism encourages introspection, development of inner contentment, and no ambition to change the Dao.

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Both Confucianism and Daoism encourage self-knowledge and acceptance of the ways things are. However, Confucianism is activist and extroverted, and Daoism is reflective and introspective. The same individual may believe in the importance of both belief systems, unlike many people in western societies who think that a person may only adhere to one belief system or another.

Introduction to Daoism

The Chinese word dao means a way or a path. Confucians used the term dao to speak of the way human beings ought to behave in society. In other words, dao, for them, was an ethical or moral way. From the point of view of Daoism, however, the Confucian concept of dao was too limited. Daoists preferred to understand the dao as the Way of Nature as a whole. They believed that Confucians, by insisting on a purely human Way, exaggerated the importance of man and failed to pay attention to the lessons which Nature has to offer about time and change, gain and loss, the useful and the useless.

The basic idea of the Daoists was to enable people to realize that, since human life is really only a small part of a larger process of nature, the only human actions which ultimately make sense are those which are in accord with the flow of Nature — the Dao or the Way. Their sensitivity to the way of Nature prompted them to reject human ideas or standards which might lead to an overly assertive mode of behavior or too strong a commitment to the achievement of worldly goals. For Daoists, such unnatural assertiveness was the root cause of violence and aggression….

Notes

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http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/

Their solution to the problem of how human beings should behave is expressed in the typically Daoist doctrine of wu-wei or non-action. This did not mean doing absolutely nothing but doing nothing unnatural, nothing that was out of keeping with the Dao. Related to the doctrine of non-action was the idea of no desires, which meant that no one should have excessive desires because such desires are bound to cause injury both to oneself and to others.

As believers in the way of the natural, the Daoists characteristically favored the spontaneous and the simple. One of their favorite images was that of the uncarved block. Suggesting a block of wood which is uncut and uncrafted, the uncarved block is associated with an original simplicity and wholeness which is purely natural….

Notes

… the Daoists tended also to be mistrustful of that other great human invention, language. This was perhaps because they realized that all those who speak are locked in time and confined to a particular human identity. What was needed, from their point of view, was not logical argument or the arts of persuasion, but quiet attunement to the rhythms and cycles of nature and to the process of change.

One of the most important figures in the shaping of classical Daoism is that of Laozi, which simply means "the elder" or "the old man." Nothing certain is known of him. Some accounts of Laozi suggest that he lived in the sixth century B.C. and that Confucius actually visited him in search of philosophical advice. However, there is no real evidence to support this view, and recent historians have tended to believe that most of the stories surrounding him are purely legendary. One legend about Laozi has it that toward the end of his life he left China for the West. As he was passing through the gates at the border, the gatekeeper begged him to write something to leave behind. Complying with this request, Laozi is supposed to have written the eighty-one chapters of a book called the Daodejing, one translation of which is The Way and Its Power.

Whether this book was actually written by Laozi or, as many have argued, by several different authors, is not known. More important is the fact that it has fascinated, mystified, and inspired people in China and more recently in the West, over the course of many centuries.

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Acknowledgment: The consultant for this unit was Dr. Irene Bloom, a specialist in Chinese intellectual history.

Watch the following video on Daoism and take notes below. There is also information on Buddhism and Confucianism. You may focus on the information on Daoism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFb7Hxva5rg

Read the primary source reading 5. Nature from the Selections from Dao De Jing. Then complete your notes using the SCAP steps to interpret and analyze the reading.

You will need to know the following definitions: ● Impartiality – without showing preference / favoritism ● Bellows - a device with an air bag that emits a stream of air when squeezed

together with two handles ● Sage – an extremely wise individual● Yield – produce/ provide

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5. Nature

Nature is not kind;

It treats all things impartially.

The Sage is not kind,

And treats all people impartially.

Nature is like a bellows

Empty, yet supplying all needs,

The more it moves, the more it yields;

The sage draws upon Tao in the same way

And cannot be exhausted.

Author: Laozi Source: Selections from Dao De Jing Found: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/taote-ex.html

Speaker – Who is the speaker? Why is this speaker significant?

Context – How does this message fit into what is happening in this time and place?Audience – Who are the intended people to hear this message?


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