00- earthwork notes.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Earthwork
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Earthwork
weight/bank volume
weight/loose volume 100-1Swell (%) = x
weight/bank volumeweight/compacte volumeShrinkage (%) = 1 - x 100
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Earthwork
weight/loose volume
weight/bank volume!oa "actor =
11 # swell
!oa "actor =
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Earthwork
weight/bank unit volume
weight/compacte unit volumeShrinkage "actor =
1 - shrinkageShrinkage "actor =
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Earthwork $olumes
Sitework& 'suall lump sum contract work
& raitional *etho = averaging cut/+illepths x plan area (using a gri)
& *oern *etho = an number o+ so+twarepackages such as ,.2
& 3omputer programs compare the existingsur+aces against various proposesur+aces i4e45 subgrae6 base grae6 +inishgrae
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Earthwork $olumes
7ighwa 8 rench Excavation
& 'suall unit-price line item
& raitional *etho = average en area
measure +rom cross sections b planimeter6cross multiplication6 strip an tic = all ver
laborious
& *oern *etho = igiti9e cross sections +orcomputation b electronic spreasheet6 or an
number o+ so+tware packages such as
E*:E!2
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Earthwork $olumes
;447ighwa 8 rench Excavation
& Some computer programs convert sections to
sur+aces an vice versa
& ,rograms can prepare mass haul iagramsan other reports
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Soil
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3ompaction
ncrease bearing capacit
euce compressibilit
euce permeabilit
mprove stabilit
7eav/highwa vs4 builing+ounation compaction
operations
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3ompaction
"ive +actors a++ecting compaction
14 ,hsical 8 chemical properties4 *oisture content
>4 *etho o+ compaction
?4 mount o+ compactive e++ort@4 hickness o+ laer or Ali+tB being
compacte
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3ompaction
*ethos o+ 3ompaction
14 Static weight
4 mpact
>4 $ibration
?4 *anipulation or kneaing
@4 ,ercolation
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3onsoliation
,rimar consoliation results +rom the
expulsion or extrusion o+ water +rom the vois
in +ine-graine soil
3auses settlement in structures an
embankments over a perio o+ time
& *ethos o+ accelerating consoliation
inclue placing a surcharge an/or installingsan columns or wick rains
Seconar consoliation is the rearrangement
o+ cohesive soil grains
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Construction Methods & Management
CIEG 486-010
*ass 7aul iagrams
iagrammatic representation o+ earthworkvolumes along a linear pro+ile
hori9ontal stationing is plotte along the C-
axis
net earthwork values are plotte along the .-
axis
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Construction Methods & Management
CIEG 486-010
*ass 7aul iagrams
n Earthwork Profileis a plot o+ the net
earthwork along a roawa or airstrip Det cut values are plotte above the C-axis
(positive . value)
Det +ill values are plotte below the C-axis
(negative . value)
,resents a picture o+ the earthwork
reuirements
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Construction Methods & Management
CIEG 486-010
*ass 7aul iagrams
Mass Haul Diagram is a continuous curverepresenting the cumulative volume o+
earthwork along the linear pro+ile o+ a
roawa or air+iel
the vertical coorinate is a plot o+ thecumulative earthwork +rom the origin to that
point
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Construction Methods & Management
CIEG 486-010
*ass 7aul iagrams
upwar sloping curves inicate (rising le+t to
right) inicate a cut
ownwar sloping (+alling le+t to right) curves
occur in a +ill section
peaks inicate a change +rom cut to +ill anvalles occur when the earthwork changes
+rom +ill to cut
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Construction Methods & Management
CIEG 486-010
*ass 7aul iagrams
he accumulate volume o+ earthwork at the
hori9ontal axis (.=0) is 0
Fhen a hori9ontal line intersects two or more
points along the curve6 the accumulate volumes
at those points are eual
negative value at the en o+ the curve inicatesthat borrow is reuire to complete the +ill
positive value at the en o+ the curve inicates
that a waste operation will be the net result
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Mass Haul Diagrams
o construct the *ass 7aul iagram manuall5
3ompute the net earthwork values +or each station6 appling
the appropriate shrink +actor Det cuts have a positive value6 net +ills have a negative
value
he value at the +irst station (origin) = 0
,lot the value o+ each succeeing station which euals the
cumulative value to that point6 i4e46 the value at i = net
cut/+illa+b+c+i
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*ass 7aul iagram
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Mass Haul Diagrams
o construct 8 anal9e the *ass 7aul iagrammanuall5
enti+ the the resulting balance sections6 whichare boune b points that intersect the C-axis
raw a hori9ontal line miwa between the peak orvalle an the C-axis4 he scale length o+ that lineis the average length o+ haul within that balancesection
etermine earthwork volumes within each balancesection
etermine whether there is an overall balance6
waste or i+ borrow is reuire
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Earthwork
3learing 8 Grubbing
removal o+ trees6 shrubs6 an other vegetation
removing stumps an root mat at least H (I00mm)
below subgrae
less removal reuire +or embankment heights J @H
topsoil striping muck excavation
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Earthwork
,rior to starting an earthwork5
veri+ location o+ unergroun utilities through A*iss
'tilitB or local Aone-callB sstem
& check +or utilities not inclue in one-call sstem
& ig test pits to con+irm actual locations
note location o+ aerial utilities +or euipment an
truck clearances
con+irm that all applicable permits an approvals
have been secure
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Earthwork
,rior to starting an earthwork5
nstall all reuire E8S3 evices
eview soil borings an other geotechnical
in+ormation
:bserve existing rainage patterns
,lan access an excavation patterns
etermine hanling o+ spoils
$eri+ original groun sur+aces (compare against
existing contours or cross sections shown on the
plan)
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Keys to Successful EarthworkOperations
14 control sur+ace an subsur+ace water
4 maintain optimum moisture range b ring6mixing 6 or wetting
>4 ienti+ an monitor cut 8 +ill uantities
?4 goo laout (hori9ontal 8 vertical control)
@4 minimi9e hanling - minimi9e stockpiling
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Keys to Successful Earthwork
Operations
I4 optimi9e haul lengths
K4 minimi9e ccle time
L4 proper selection an si9ing o+ excavators
an haul units
M4 alternate haul unit wheel paths
104experience personnel in the +iel
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Equipment Functions
Excavating
!oaing
7auling
,lacing (umping 8
spreaing) ring
ipping
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Equipment Classifications
"unction
3on+iguration ,ower 'nits -- Gas vs4 iesel vs4 gas
turbine
unning Gear -- track (crawler) vs4 wheel(rubber tire)
ctivation - conventional (gears6 pulles6
cable) vs4 hraulic
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Diesel vs !as "ower #nits
vantages o+ iesel over gas
!ess nee +or servicing
!onger li+e
!ower +uel consumption
!ower- price +uel !ower +ire ha9ar
!ow 3: emissions
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$unning !ear
%racks
greater traction less groun pressure
better on steep graes
not prone to amage+rom sur+ace
rawbar pull
&heels
greater mobilit greater spee
oes not scar or amagepave sur+aces
encounters rollingresistance
rimpull +orce
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%raction
Rolling Resistance Factor (lb/ton) = 40 + ( 30 x in. penetration )
Rolling Resistance Factor (kg/t) = 20 + ( 6 x cm penetration )
ra!e Resistance Factor (lb/ton) = 20 x gra!e (")
ra!e Resistance Factor (kg/t) = #0 x gra!e (")
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%raction
$% (tons) x r. Resistance Factor (lb/ton)ra!e Resistance (lb) =
$% (t) x r. Resistance Factor (kg/t)ra!e Resistance (kg) =
or
$% (lb) x ra!era!e Resistance (lb) =
$% (kg) x ra!era!e Resistance (kg) =
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Excavation Equipment
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Excavation Equipment
crappers 'pans(
Trenchers
Boring"Tunneling
)otor *raders
+uto *raders
Compaction Equipment, #ollers & Tampers
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Hauling Equipment
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Excavation Equipment
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Excavation Equipment
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Excavation Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Erosion ' Se(imentation
Control Devices
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Erosion ' Se(imentation
Control Devices
Also referred to as construction practices
Silt +ence & plain or rein+orce
3onstruction entrances
Stone or rock check ams
Earth berms
Seiment traps & single or multi-stage
ewatering evices Straw-coconut blankets
Seeing 8 mulching & establish vegetationS,
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Slope Sta)ility
"unction o+ the natural angle o+ repose6 ensit6sur+ace an subsur+ace water +low
Earl stabili9ation o+ sur+aces is critical i4e4
seeing6 mulching6 erosion blanket 'pwar tracking o+ slopes slows sheet +low
Eliminate points o+ concentrate +low using
berms or using slope rains as outlets
Slopes can be Aso+teneB i+ space permits
i++icult slopes ma reuire riprap6 gabions6 or
other measures +or permanent stabili9ation
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$iprap
iprap place on geotextile an crushe
stone cushion
,lace b excavator or clamshell6 arrange
b han
'nit price in tons or S. (S*)
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*enching
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