chapter 2 notes.ppt

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Chapter 2

An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology



One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models

• One-Dimensional Models

– Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach

– Could mean an emphasis on a specific cause of abnormal behavior

– Problems occur hen information from other areas is ignored

• Multidimensional Models

– Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative

– !"ystem# of influences that cause and maintain suffering

– Dras upon information from several sources

– $ie abnormal behavior as multiply determined



Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior

• %iological Influences

• %ehavioral Influences

• &motional Influences

• "ocial Influences

• Developmental Influences



Multidimensional Models of Abnormal %ehavior 'cont()

Figure 2.1

Judy’s case one-dimensional or multidimensional models



!he "nteraction of Genetic and #nvironmental #ffects

• 2he Diathesis-"tress Model

– Psychopathology is the result of the interaction of an inherited

tendency and events in a person3s life(

– &4ample5 alcoholism

• 6eciprocal *ene-&nvironment Model

– An inherited tendency creates the very environmental ris7 factors

that trigger genetic vulnerabilities(

– &4amples5 Depression, divorce, impulsivity

• +on-*enomic Inheritance of %ehavior

– *enes are not the hole story



$euroscience Contributions to Psychopatholoy

• 2he 8ield of +euroscience

– 2he role of the nervous system in disease and behavior

• 2he Central +ervous "ystem 'C+")

– %rain and spinal cord

•2he Peripheral +ervous "ystem 'P+")

– "omatic and autonomic branches



+euroscience Contributions to Psychopathology 'cont()

Figure 2.4

Divisions of the nervous system (from Goldstein, 1994)



$euroscience and the Central $ervous %ystem

• 2he +euron

– "oma – Cell body

– Dendrites – %ranches that receive messages from other neurons

– A4on – 2run7 of neuron that sends messages to other neurons

– A4on terminals – %uds at end of a4on from hich chemicalmessages are sent

– "ynaptic cleft – "mall gaps that separate neurons

• +eurons 8unction &lectrically, but Communicate Chemically

– +eurotransmitters are the chemical messengers

Please choose the button belo that corresponds to the type of operating

system you are using in order to run the !+euron and +eural Impulse# animation5

http://smb//westdata01/users$/Faculty/kdowdell/Abnormal/Animations/02_01/02_01pc.exe

http://smb//westdata01/users$/Faculty/kdowdell/Abnormal/Animations/02_01/02_01mac.exe



+euroscience and the Central +ervous "ystem 'cont()

Figure 2.5

Transmission of information from one neuron to another



$euroscience and Ma&or $eurotransmitters in Psychopatholoy

• +orepinephrine 'or noradrenaline)5 part of the endocrine system,

implicated in many disorders

• "erotonin5 idespread effects, inc( mood regulation

• Dopamine5 implicated in schi9ophrenia and Par7inson3s

• *amma Aminobutyric Acid '*A%A)5 inhibits arousal:an4iety

Choose the button belo that corresponds to the type of operating system you areusing in order to run the !"ynaptic 2ransmission# animation5

http://smb//westdata01/users$/Faculty/kdowdell/Abnormal/Animations/02_02/02_02pc.exe

http://smb//westdata01/users$/Faculty/kdowdell/Abnormal/Animations/02_02/02_02mac.exe



Overvie'( $euroscience and Brain %tructure

• 2o Main Parts

– %rainstem and forebrain

• 2hree Main Divisions

– ;indbrain

– Midbrain

– 8orebrain



$euroscience and the Divisions of the Brain

• ;indbrain

– Medulla – ;eart rate, blood pressure, respiration

– Pons – 6egulates sleep stages

– Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination

• Midbrain

– Coordinates movement ith sensory input

– Contains parts of the reticular activating system '6A")

• 8orebrain 'Cerebral Corte4)

– .ocation of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing

– 2o speciali9ed hemispheres 'left and right) <oined by the corpuscallosum



$euroscience and Brain %tructure

• .obes of Cerebral Corte4

– 8rontal – 2hin7ing and reasoning abilities, memory

– Parietal – 2ouch recognition

– Occipital – Integrates visual input

– 2emporal – 6ecognition of sights and sounds, long-term memorystorage

• .imbic "ystem

– 2halamus – 6eceives and integrates sensory information

– ;ypothalamus – Controls eating, drin7ing, aggression, se4ualactivity



+euroscience and the Divisions of the %rain 'cont()

Figure 2.6b (cont.)

Maor structures of the !rain



+euroscience and the %rain "tructure 'cont()

Figure 2.6c

The lim!ic system



Peripheral $ervous and #ndocrine %ystems

• "omatic %ranch of P+"5 Controls voluntary muscles and movement

• Autonomic %ranch of the P+"

– "ympathetic and parasympathetic branches

– 6egulates cardiovascular system = body temperature

– Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion

• 2he &ndocrine "ystem5 ;ormones

• 2he ;ypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical A4is ';>PAC a4is)

– Integration of endocrine and nervous system function



+euroscience5 Peripheral +ervous and

&ndocrine "ystems 'cont()

Figure 2.8

The sym"athetic nervous system (red lines) and "arasym"athetic nervous system (!lue lines)



+euroscience5 Peripheral +ervous and

&ndocrine "ystems 'cont()

Figure 2.9

#ocation of some of the maor endocrine $lands



"mplications of $euroscience for Psychopatholoy

• 6elations %eteen %rain and Abnormal %ehavior

– &4ample5 Obsessive compulsive disorder 'OCD)

– &4perience Can Change %rain "tructure and 8unction

– 2herapy Can Change %rain "tructure and 8unction

– Medications and psychotherapy



Psycholoical Contributions to Psychopatholoy

• Conditioning and Cognitive Processes

– 6espondent and operant learning

– .earned helplessness

– Modeling and observational learning

– Prepared learning

• Cognitive "cience and the ?nconscious

– Implicit memory, "troop paradigm

• Cognitive-%ehavioral 2herapy

– 8ocus on maladaptive thin7ing and actions



!he )ole of #motion in Psychopatholoy

• 2he +ature of &-Motion

– 2o e-licit or e-vo7e motion

– Intimately tied ith several forms of psychopathology

• Components of &motion

– %ehavior, physiology, and cognition

– &4ample of fear

• ;armful "ide of &motional Dysregulation

– Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness, and

psychopathology

http://smb//westdata01/users$/Faculty/kdowdell/Abnormal/Videos/EmotionsInfluenceonBody.mov



2he 6ole of &motion in Psychopathology 'cont()

Figure 2.15

%motion has three im"ortant and overla""in$ com"onents& !ehavior, co$nition, and "hysiolo$y



Cultural* %ocial* and "nterpersonal +actors in Psychopatholoy

• Cultural 8actors

– Influence the form and e4pression of normal and abnormal behavior

• *ender &ffects

– &4erts a strong and pu99ling effect on psychopathology

•

"ocial 6elationships

– 8re@uency and @uality related to mortality, disease, and

psychopathology

– Interpersonal Psychotherapy

• "tigma of Psychopathology is Culturally, "ocially, and Interpersonally"ituated



,ife-%pan and Developmental "nfluences Over Psychopatholoy

• .ife-"pan Developmental Perspective

– Addresses developmental changes

– "uch changes influence and constrain hat is normal and abnormal

• 2he Principle of &@uifinality

– Concept in developmental psychopathology

– "everal paths to a given outcome

– Paths may operate differentially at different developmental stages



%ummary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopatholoy

• Multiple Causation

– Is the rule, not the e4ception in e4plaining normal and abnormal

behavior

• 2a7e a %road, Comprehensive, "ystemic Perspective

– Addressing biological, psychological, social, cultural, and

developmental factors

• ?seful in ?nderstanding the Causes of Psychopathology and its

Alleviation

chapter 2 notes.ppt

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