01 a new world a collision of cultures -...
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A NewWorld: A Collision of CulturesA New World: A Collision of Cultures
How to contact me: [email protected] #1• Read Tindall & Shi chapters 1‐5• Bonus is Geography: Locate the thirteen colonies on a map• Essay Questions
– In what ways is the phrase “The Collision of Cultures” an accurate assessment of the early relationship between the Old World and the NewWorld? Describe Native American culture before the arrival of theNew World? Describe Native American culture before the arrival of the Europeans. Compare & contrast the New World settlements of the Spanish, French, Dutch and English. In 1600, which European nation seemed to have the best chance at eventually controlling what is now the United States? Why?the United States? Why?
– In what ways did the French and Indian War pave the way for the Revolution? Describe the Proclamation of 1763 and the impact it had on the relationship between Britain and the American colonies. At h t i t (if ) did th R l ti b i it bl ? Wh ?what point (if any) did the Revolution become inevitable? Why?
Pre‐Columbian Indian CivilizationsHow did they get here?
•Bering Strait?S th t E ?•Southwest Europe?
Mayans (Mexico)
•Mathematics
•Calendar … 2012
Toltecs (Mexico)
Aztecs (Mexico)Aztecs (Mexico)
•Tenochtitlán
Incas (South America)
Pre‐Columbian Civilizations in the present‐day United States“Backward” compared to their southern neighbors
Moundbuilders•Mississippians•Adena Hopewell people•Adena‐Hopewell people
•Cahokia
Pueblo CulturesPueblo Cultures•Hopi and Zuni
P ifi C tPacific Coast
Great Plains
Native American cultureNative American culture
• Religion: similar to European religions; yet Europeans saw the need to convert them to Christianity
• Land: A common resource for the basis of economic life, not an economic commoditylife, not an economic commodity
• Wealth: Not devoted to accumulation of material goodsS i ti t ili l• Societies were matrilineal
• Women took care of the family and the men worked for the community’s well‐beingy g
• History was an oral tradition; Europeans had a written tradition
EarlylExplorers
Looking for a route from Europe to Asia and vice‐versa
Profit and trade
China
The Quadrant
Portugal and Africa“Factories”
Bartholomeu Dias (1487)
The Compass points
Bartholomeu Dias (1487)•The Cape of Good Hope•Southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama (1498)( )•Sailed around Africa to India•Significance
• Demonstrated the feasibility of a sea route to the East.
Voyages ofVoyages of ColumbusColumbus knew the world was round.
•Underestimated its size.
•Sail westward and reach Asia?
Columbus sought financial support.Columbus sought financial support.
•Portugal and England refused.•Spain accepted, along with Italian city‐states
October 12 1492: Columbus reached the BahamasOctober 12, 1492: Columbus reached the Bahamas.
Second voyage (1493): colony of Hispaniola failed
C l b l b li d h h d h d A iColumbus always believed he had reached Asia.
America named for Vespucci
Christopher AmerigoSignificance
•Sparked a surge in exploration throughout Europe.
ChristopherColumbus
AmerigoVespucci
Other Professional ExplorersOther Professional Explorers
John Cabot (England)•Newfoundland 1497•Newfoundland ,1497
Pedro Cabral (Portugal)•Brazil, 1500
Spanish l iExploration
Motives:
•Wealth•Wealth
•National Glory•Spread Catholicism
“The three Gs”
•God•Gold•Gold•Glory Ferdinand Magellan
•First expedition around the worldaround the world • 1519‐1522
Vasco Núñez de Balboah f•Isthmus of Panama
•1513
The Spanish Empire (in the Americas)(in the Americas)Hernán Cortés, 1519
•Tenochtitlán•Aztec empirep
•Modern‐day Mexico
Francisco Pizarro, 1533
•Inca kingdomInca kingdom
•Modern‐day Peru
Columbian exchange
•Transatlantic flow of goods and services•Transatlantic flow of goods and services
Effective weapons in the New World:
•DiseaseMili i h•Military might
•Advanced technology
Significance
•Conquered the most territory since the Romans
•Urban civilization
The Spanish Empire (in the Americas)The Spanish Empire (in the Americas)
• Government– Reflected the absolutism of the monarchy– Catholic church asserted authority over religion and Indian relationsIndian relations
– Local elite arose to take over local affairs• The hacienda systemy
– Indians as slaves– Large‐scale African importation not needed at firstI i i i i• Immigration restrictions
• A Hybrid culture
The Pope and the New WorldTreaty of Tordesillas, 1494
•Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal
Outlawed Indian slavery, 1537
Bartolomé de Las Casas
•A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies , 1552
•Denounced Spain for causing the death of millions of innocent people.
•Indians were rational human beings
•Suggested that importing slaves from Africa would help protect the Indians from exploitation.
•Significance
Encomienda system
Repartimiento system
Francisco Coronado & Hernando De Soto
• Francisco Coronado– Explored much of the American Southwest– Reached the Great PlainsReached the Great Plains– First to see Buffalo
• Hernando De Soto– Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi river valley, , pp y– Died on the expedition
• Significance– Established Spain’s claim to a large part of the Southern andEstablished Spain s claim to a large part of the Southern and
Southwestern United States
Spanish New MexicoSpanish New Mexico
• Juan de Oñate, 1598Juan de Oñate, 1598– Acoma
• Santa Fe, 1610
• Franciscan Friars
• Pueblo Revolt, 1680– Popép
Challenges to the Spanish EmpireChallenges to the Spanish Empire
• The Spanish Empire transformed the balanceThe Spanish Empire transformed the balance of power in the world economy.– The Atlantic replaced the overland route to Asia as– The Atlantic replaced the overland route to Asia as the main trade route.
• New Netherlands and New France• New Netherlands and New France– Commercial ventures
René Cavelier, d llSieur de La Salle
• Expedition to find the pMouth of the Mississippi, 1681
• Louisiana• Killed on second expedition 1687expedition, 1687
• Alonso de León– Fort Saint‐LouisFort Saint Louis– Tejas (Caddo word for “friend”)
New NetherlandsNew Netherlands
• Rebellion against the Spanish, 1567Rebellion against the Spanish, 1567– William of Orange
– “Sea Beggars”
– Dutch devotion to liberty
• Henry Hudson , 1609– Fort Orange (Albany), 1614
• Domination of international commerce
ConclusionConclusion
• Before the English came to America, other e o e t e g s ca e to e ca, ot enations has established themselves in the New World.
• The Spanish, French, and Dutch empires shared certain features:– God, Gold, and Glory– New forms of technologySavage warfare– Savage warfare
– Spread of new diseases– Superiority complexSuperiority complex