01 - sdh (synchronous digital hierarchy)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Muhammad Zeeshan

Frame Structure, Overheads and Pointers

2

SDH Overview

SDH Frame Structure

SDH Multiplexing

Overhead

Pointers

SDH OVERVIEW

4

SDH – Definition

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard

which is developed by the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU)

It is documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708

It was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital

Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of

telephone and data traffic and to allow for interoperability

between equipment from different vendors

5

Limitation of PDH

INTERFACES:

Electrical interfaces

There are only regional standards, instead of universal standards

Optical interfaces

No unified standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers

develop equipment according to their own standards

6

PDH: the electric interface is a standard interface, but the opticalinterface is not a standard interface

Special PDH optical signal

Manufacturer

A

Manufacturer

B

Standard electric interface

2Mbit/s or 34Mbit/s

PDH Network

Manufacturer

B

Standardization of optical interface

7

Limitations of PDH

MULTIPLEXING METHOD:

Asynchronous Multiplexing

Code rate justification is required for matching and

accepting clock difference

The locations of the low-rate signals in high-rate signals

are not regular nor fixed

8

European Series

565Mb/s

139Mb/s

34Mb/s

8Mb/s

2Mb/s

×4

×4

×4

×4

Japanese Series North American Series

1.6Gb/s

400Mb/s

100Mb/s

32Mb/s

6.3Mb/s

1.5Mb/s

274Mb/s

45Mb/s

6.3Mb/s

×4×4

×4

×4

×6

×7

×3

×5

64Kb/s

×24 ×30

×3

×3

Limitations of PDH

9

Limitations of PDH

140/34 Mb/s 34/140Mb/s

34/8 Mb/s 8/34 Mb/s

8/2 Mb/s 2/8 Mb/s

2 Mb/s

Optical/Electrical Electrical/Optical

multiplexingdemultipexing

Adding and Dropping in PDH

10

Limitations of PDH

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (OAM)

PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead bytes

for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE

No universal network management interface for PDH

network

11

Advantages of SDH over PDH

INTERFACEElectrical interfaces

SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.

(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64……).The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1, at a rate of155Mb/s

Optical interfacesOptical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line coding of SDHsignals involves scrambling, instead of inserting redundancy codes

12

SDH Network

Standard optical interface

Uniform STM-N optical signal

Manufacturer

AManufacturer

B

Standardization of optical interface

SDH has standard optical interface

13


MULTIPLEXING METHOD

Low-rate SDH signals → high-rate SDH

Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing method

PDH signals → SDH

Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

14

STM-256

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1

×4

×4

×4

×4

STM-1, 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

STM-N×N

SDH Multiplexing

15

SDH Signals Bit rate(Mb/s)

STM-1 155.520 or 155M

STM-4 622.080 or 622M

STM-16 2488.320 or 2.5G

STM-64 9953.280 or 10G

SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times thatof the lower-rate signal (STM-1)

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

SDH Signals and Data Rates

16

ADM155Mbit/s

Optical interface

155Mbit/s

Optical interface

2Mbit/s

Electric signal

SDH: Economical and easy way for network!

Adding and dropping in SDH

17


OPERATION & MAINTENANCEAbundant overhead bits are used for OAM.

Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to monitor lineperformance during line coding

COMPATIBILITYSDH network and the existing PDH network can worktogether

SDH network can accommodate the signals of other hierarchiessuch as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

19

STM-N Frame Structure

For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame

structures of the signals are often illustrated as block

frame structures

The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and

data packets of IP network are also block frames

The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x

32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes

20

RSOH

MSOH

1

345

9

STM-N payload

(including POH)

9 261270 Columns

9 Rows

POH

AU-PTR

RSOH: Regenerator Section OverheadMSOH: Multiplex Section OverheadPOH: Path OverheadAUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer

125 μsSTM-1 Frame Structure

21

RSOH

MSOH

1

345

9

STM-N payload

(including POH)

9×N 261×N270×N

Columns

9 Rows

POH

AU-PTR

RSOH: Regenerator Section OverheadMSOH: Multiplex Section OverheadPOH: Path OverheadAUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer

STM-N Frame Structure125 μs

22

SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:

STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is

transmitted every 125 μs

That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a second

Transmission rate of a single byte:

8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps

Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

9 rows x 270 columns x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps

= 155.52 Mbps

23

1

2161

270

2430

271 540

1st Byte of STM frame # 1

Last byte of STM frame # 1

STM-1 Frame # 1 1st Byte

STM Frame # 2

Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte, From Left to right & top to bottom

Transmission Direction

1st Byte

2430th

Byte

STM-1 Frame Transmission

24

SDH Frame Structure

Payload – area for services transmission in STM-N

2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried

in the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network

Path Overhead (POH) – after packing low rate

signals, POH is added for OAM of every frame

25

SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead (SOH) – monitors the whole STM-N frame

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) – monitors thewhole STM-N frame.

Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) – monitors eachSTM-1 of the STM-N frame.

RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integratedmonitoring system of SDH.

26

SDH Network – NE Types

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Regenerator (REG)

27

Regenerator

Regenerator has the job of regenerating the clock and amplitude

relationships of the incoming data signals that have attenuated

and distorted by dispersion

The regenerator replaces the RSOH bytes before re-transmitting

the signal

RegeneratorSTM-N STM-N

28

Terminal Multiplexer

Terminal multiplexers are used to combine

plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into

higher bit rate STM-N signals


PDH

SDH STM-N

29

Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDH and SDH signals can be extracted from orinserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means ofADMs

Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDHSDH

STM-N

Towards other NEs

Customers

IPATM

STM-N

Towards other NEs

30

Sections in the SDH NetworkThere are three sections in the SDH

Path

Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section

The overheads are always generated at the beginning of asection and only evaluated at the end of a section


Add/Drop Multiplexer


REG REG REG

Path

Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section

31

PayloadPath

SectionOptical

PayloadPath

SectionOptical

Optical Fiber CableRSOHMSOH

POH

Overhead Layer

32

How to understand SOH and POH?

Both SOH and POH are OAM bytes added to ensure correct andflexible transmission of signals

SOH and POH are used in different layers to supervise andadministrate the signals. RSOH and MSOH are used in RS and MSseparately, but HPOH and LPOH are used for VC-3/VC4 and VC12

LPOH----used to supervise small package (VC-12)

HPOH----used to supervise big package (VC-3 / VC-4)

MSOH----used to supervise the “carriage”(STM-1) of the “truck”

RSOH----used to supervise the motorcade formed by trucks (STM-4/16/64)

33

SDH Frame Structure

AU Pointer (AU-PTR)Used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-Nframe to accurately locate the payload

AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packedinto the payload of STM-N frame

At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-Nframe according to the AU-PTR value

Low-rate signals in the STM frame are arranged obeying somerules – byte interleave; so only have to locate the first low-ratesignal in the STM frame

SDH MULTIPLEXING

35

SDH Multiplexing

SDH Multiplexing includes:Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N)Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM STM-N)

36

SDH Multiplexing Structure

STM-1 AU-4

TU-3

AUG-1

TUG-3 VC-3 C-3

VC-4 C-4

TU-12 VC-12 C-12

TUG-2

×1 ×1

×3

×1

×7

×3

139264 kbit/s

34368 kbit/s

2048 kbit/s

Pointer processing

Multiplexing

MappingAligning

AUG-4

AUG-16

AUG-64

STM-4

STM-16

STM-64

×1

×1

×1

×4

×4

×4

37

Mapping, Aligning and MultiplexingLow-rate tributaries are multiplexed into STM-N signals through three procedures:

Mapping

Aligning

Multiplexing.

MAPPINGSDH mapping is a procedure by which tributaries are adapted into virtual containers at theboundary of an SDH network, for example, E1 into VC-12, E3 into VC-3, E4 into VC-4.

ALIGNINGSDH aligning is a procedure by which the frame-offset information is incorporated into thetributary unit, by adding a pointer

The pointer value constantly locates the start point of the VC frame within the payload, so thatthe receiving end can correctly separate the corresponding VC

MULTIPLEXINGSDH multiplexing is the procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adaptedinto a higher order path

38

Multiplexing Structure

C: ContainerVC: Virtual ContainerTU: Tributary UnitTUG: Tributary Unit GroupAU: Administrative UnitAUG: Administrative Unit Group

39

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

C–12

Rate Adaptation

2 Mbps Signal

1 41

9125 μs

1 Byte Path Overhead

(POH)1 4

1

9

VC–12

C-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) – 2 = 34 Bytes

C–12POH

VC-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) – 1 = 35 Bytes

125 μs

VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH)

C-12 Frame Duration = 125 μs

VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 μs

There can be four different POHbytes for one C-12 V5, J2, N2, K4

MAPPING

40


Multiplexing x 3

1 121

9

TUG–2TU-

12

125 μs

1 41

9

VC–12

C–12POH

125 μs

1 Byte Tributary Unit Pointer

(TU-PTR)1 4TU–12

C–12POH

125 μs

PTR

TU-

12

TU-

12

TUG-2 size: (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 108 Bytes

TU-12 Size : (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 36 Bytes

TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR)

TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12

TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 μs

ALIGNING MULTIPLEXING

41

RR


1 121

9

TUG–2TU-

12

125 μs

TU-

12

TU-

12

Multiplexing x 7

1 861

9

TUG–3

125 μs

TUG-2

TUG-2

TUG-2

TUG-2

TUG-2

TUG-2

TUG-2

TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns)

TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 μs

42


1 861

9

TUG–3

125 μs

Multiplexing x 3

RPOH

1 2611

9

VC–4

125 μs

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-3

R

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes


43

VC–4


1 2611

9125 μs

AU-PTR

AU–4

VC–4

1 2701

9125 μs

AUG1 2701

9125 μs

STM-11 2701

9125 μs

Multiplexing x 1

RSOH and MSOH

AU-PTR VC–4AU-PTR VC–4AU-PTR

MSOH

RSOH

2 Mb Multiplexing Route

2 Mb C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TG-2 TG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1

44


C–3

Rate Adaptation

34 Mbps Signal

1 841

9125 μs

Path Overhead

(POH)

C–3

1 851

9125 μs

POH

VC–3

C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes

C-3 Frame Duration: 125 μs

VC-3 = C-3 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes

VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 μs

45


VC–3

Tributary Unit Pointer

1 861

9125 μs

Fixed Stuffing Bits

1 861

9125 μs

TU–3

H1H2H3

R

TUG–3TU–3H1H2H3

TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3)

TUG-3 = TU-3 + R (Fixed StuffingBits)

R (Fixed Stuffing Bits) = 6 Bytes (Fixed Stuffing Bits)

TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 μs

STUFFING

46


TUG–3

1 2611

9

125 μs

POH

R R

VC–4Multiplexing

x 3

TU–3

1 861

9125 μs

H1H2H3

R

TUG–3

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes


TUG–3

TUG–3

47

VC–4


1 2611

9125 μs

AU-PTR

AU–4

VC–4

1 2701

9125 μs

AUG1 2701

9125 μs

STM-11 2701

9125 μs

Multiplexing x 1

RSOH and MSOH

AU-PTR VC–4AU-PTR VC–4AU-PTR

MSOH

RSOH

34 Mb Multiplexing Route

34 Mb C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1

48

VC-4 = C-4 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes


C–4

Rate Adaptation

140 Mbps Signal

1 2601

9

125 μs

C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes

C-4 Frame Duration: 125 μs

Path Overhead

(POH)

C–4

1 2611

9

125 μs

POH

VC–4

Rate Adaptation: The process of “Bit stuffing”, to account for differentclock rates of the signals coming from different sources

49


VC–4

AU-PTR

10 2701

9

125 μs

Multiplexing x 1

AU-PTR

AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4

AU–4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes

1 9

A U – 4

10 2701

9

125 μs

1 9

AU–4 AUG–4

In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical

AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 μs

4

50


STM-1

RSOH and MSOH

1 2701

9125 μs

A U – 4

10 2701

9125 μs

1 9

RSOH

MSOH

AUG–4

RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes

MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes

STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes

STM-1 Frame Size: 125 μs

3

5

A U – 4

270

125 μs

1AUG–4

OVERHEADS

52

Overhead Bytes

270

1

9

STM-1 Frame Structure

RSOH

MSOH

AU-PTRPOH

OVERHEAD

1

PAYLOAD

53

Section Overhead (SOH)

Overhead in SDH frame structure are classified as:

Section Overhead SOH

Path Overhead POH

SOH is further divided into RSOH and MSOH

RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal

equipment

MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment

54

Regenerator Section Overhead – RSOH

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 X X

D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3

∆: Media dependent bytes

X: Bytes reserved for national use

A1 and A2 Bytes

Frame Alignment (Framing) Bytes Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frameA1 = F6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

stream

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

Finding frame head

Frame # 1 Frame # 2 Frame # 3 Frame # 4 Frame # 5 Frame # 6

A1 and A2 Bytes

Framing

Nextprocess

FindA1,A2

OOF

LOF

N

Y

AIS

over 3ms

625 μs

OOF: Out Of FrameLOF: Loss Of FrameAIS: Alarm Indication Signal

57

Regenerator Section Trace – J0 Byte

Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0It’s used to transmit repetitively a Section Access PointIdentifier so that a section receiver can verify its continuedconnection to the intended transmitter

Another usage of the J0 byte is that J0 byte in each STM-Nframe is defined as an STM identifier C1 i.e., to identifyindividual STM-1 inside a multiplexed STM-N

Within the domain of a single operator, this byte may useany character

B1 Byte

Tx

2#STM-N

Rx

1#STM-NCalculateB1 of STM-N #1

1#STM-N

2#STM-N

Verify B1 B2

STM-NA1 00110011A2 11001100A3 10101010A4 00001111

B 01011010

BIP-8

Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) ByteA parity code (even parity), used to check the transmission

errors over the RS

Place the result of BIP in B1 of STM-N #2

59

F1 Byte

User Channel Byte: F1

Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for special

maintenance purposes.

F1

TM REG TMADM

E1 and E2 Bytes

Digital telephone channelE1-RS, E2-MS

E1 and E2

TM ADM TMREG

Orderwire Bytes: Provides one 64 kbps each for voice communication

E1: RS Orderwire Byte – RSOH orderwire messageE2: MS Orderwire Byte – MSOH orderwire message

61

Quiz

If only E2 byte is used as order wire byte, then order

wire voice communication is provided between:

A and B

B and C

C and D

62

Quiz

If only E1 byte is used as order wire byte, then order

wire voice communication is provided between:

A and B

B and C

C and D

A and D

D1 ~ D12 Bytes

TMNDCC channel

NE NE NENE

OAM Information: Control, Maintenance, Remote Provisioning, Monitoring (Alarm & Performance), Administration

Data Communications Channels (DCC) BytesMessage-based Channel for OAM between NEs and NMSRS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 kbit/s (3X64 kbit/s)MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 kbit/s (9X64kbit/s)

64

Multiplex Section Overhead – MSOH

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2 X X

X: Bytes reserved for national use

65

B2 Bytes

The B1 byte monitors the transmission error of the

complete STM-N frame signal

The B2 bytes monitor the error performance status for

each STM-1 frame within the STM-N frame

There are N*3 B2 bytes in an STM-N frame with

every three B2 bytes corresponding to an STM-1 frame

66

B2 BytesB2 Byte Principle

At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits of the STM-N frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and the result is placedin 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame before scrambling.At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of the frameexcept for the first three rows of SOH, and then Exclusive OR with theB2 bytes of the later arrived frame.If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit block error.Any mismatch in result indicates transmission errors.

For exampleBIP-N×24 is computed overa frame of signal composedof 9 bytes.

11001100 11001100 11001100

01011101 01011101 01011101

11110000 11110000 11110000BIP24

01100001 01100001 01100001

67

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel bytes

Used for transmitting APS signaling to implement equipment self-healing function

The K1 byte and K2(b1~b5) are used for automatic switchover to a standby path

68

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

NE-A NE-BWorking path

Standby path

Working path

Standby path

NE-B detects a transmission error on the line and informs NE-A via K1 byteto switchoverNE-A switches to the standby channelNE-A via K2 byte indicates the switchover in NE-BNE-B switches to the standby channel

K1

K2

S1 Byte

bits 5 ~ 8 Meaning

0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)

0010 G.811 PRC

0100 G.812 transit

1000 G.812 local

1011G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)

1111 Do not use for sync.

Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB)This byte is used for synchronization of network Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the quality of the incoming clockThe smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock qualityThis helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e.

switch to higher quality clock source

M1 Byte

Tx Rx

Traffic

Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication（MS-REI）ByteThis byte is used to report back the number of error blocks

detected by the receiver by evaluating three B2 bytesTx generate corresponding performance event MS-REI

B2 B2 B2

Report no. oferrors detected

Evaluate B2 anddetect bit errors

M1

Generate MS-REIMS-REI

Path Overheads

J1

B3

C2

G1

F2

H4

F3

K3

N1

123456789

VC-n Path Trace BytePath BIP-8Path Signal LabelPath Status

Path User ChannelTU Multiframe IndicationPath User ChannelAP Switching

Network Operator

Higher Order Path Overhead

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

72

Path Signal Label : C2 Byte

C2 byte is used to indicate the type and composition

of the VC-4 tributary information

73

Path Status : G1 Byte

Path status byte

This byte is used to report back the fault from path sink to path

source and is set in the POH of the opposite direction

HP-REI HP-RDI Reserved

87654321

HP-REI: High order Path Remote Error Indication

HP-RDI: High order Path Remote Defect Indication

74

HP-REI and HP-RDI

Higher order Path Remote Error IndicationThe SDH NE (sink end) checks B3 bytes

If error blocks are detected, the number of error blocks detectedis sent to the remote terminal in HP-REI signal

Higher order Path Remote Defect IndicationThe SDH NE (sink end) checks J1 and C2 bytes

If J1 and C2 fail to be consistent, HP-TIM (Higher order pathTrace Identifier Mismatch) and HP-SLM (Higher order PathSignal Label Mismatch) alarms are generated

HP-RDI is sent back to the remote end

75

Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte

This byte indicates the frame

label for a multiframe in the next

VC-4 payload

The value of this byte ranges

from 00H to 03H

Path Overheads

V5 J2 N2 K4

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

1

9

1 4

500μs VC-12 multiframe

Low Order Path Overhead

77

Path Status and Signal Label : V5 Byte

BIP-2Parity code of VC-12

LP-REILow order Path Remote Error Indication

LP-REI is set to "1" and returned to the opposite direction if one or more errors are detected via BIP-2

LP-RFILow order Path Remote Failure Indication

If a defect condition persists beyond the maximum allowed time, it becomes a failure, then LP-RFI is set to "1"and sent back to the source

Signal LabelIndicates type and composition of VC-12 tributary information

LP-RDILow order Path Remote Defect Indication

If sink end detects a TU-12 AIS, it sets LP-RDI to "1" and sends back to the source

BIP-2 LP-REI LP-RFI Signal Label LP-RDI87654321

POINTERS

Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR TU-PTR

AU-PTR

RSOH

AU-PTR

MSOH

4

1

9

81

AU-PTR

Y: Fixed value “1001SS11”

F: Fixed value “11111111”

H3: Additional transmission capacity during negative

justification

H1 and H2: Pointer value is contained in the last ten bits of H1

and H2

H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3

87654321 9

82

AU-PTR

N: New data flag bits

A notification to the receiver about the change in pointer value and pointer

justification operation

AU/TU type:

For AU-4 and TU-3, SS=10

I/D: Increment/Decrement bits

D bits are inverted to decrement next AU-PTR address (-ve justification)

I bits are inverted to increment next AU-PTR address (+ve justification)

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

H1 and H2

83

TU-PTR

The tributary unit pointer is used to indicate the

specific location of the first byte (V5) of the VC-12

within the TU-12 payload

TU-PTR

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

V1 V2 V3 V4

1

9

500μs VC-12 multiframe

TU POINTERS

THANK YOU

01 - sdh (synchronous digital hierarchy)

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