AGROECOLOGY02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT

What is an ecosystem, and how can we study one?

Is the earth an open or closed system with respect to energy and elements?

How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and how are they important to ecosystems?

What are the major controls on ecosystem function?

What are the major factors responsible for the differences between ecosystems?

The concept of the agroecosystem is based on ecological principles

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Mineral/materi

Gen Sel Organ Organisme Populasi Komunitas

SelSistem

Organ Sistem

OrganismeSistem

PopulasiSistem Ekosistem

Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi

Organization of Life

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere

BiosphereBiosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Scales of Ecological Organization

INDIVIDU?POPULASI ? KOMUNITAS ?

A

B

C

INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM

OrgansTissuesMolecules Cells Organs systems

Concerned :how is a organism response the environmental factors?

How is a individual organism tolerance to stresses in environment where it will live?

Autecology/Physiological ecology Organism

POPULATIONS A population is a group of individuals of the

same species inhabiting the same area at the same time.

Important characteristics:○ Population size, density, and dispersion○ Birth and death rates○ Growth rates○ Age structure○ Genetic Diversity

Characteristics of Populations

1. Population size, density, and dispersion

2. Birth and death rates

3. Growth rates

4. Age structure

5. Genetic Diversity

POPULATIONS

Concerned :

Important in determining the factors that control population size and growth

relation to the capacity of the environment to support population over time

Population ecology

Population Ecology

A population is a group of plants, animals, or other organisms, all of the same species, that live together and reproduce.

The important of population ecology

1. Numbers of individuals in a population

2. Population dynamics: how and why those numbers increase or decrease over time

3. Population ecologists try to determine the processes common to all populations

Population Ecology in Action

Biologists in applied disciplines such as ForestryAgronomy (crop science)Wildlife management

Must manage populations of economic importance

Prevent threatened or endangered species from extinction

COMMUNITIES Communities an assemblage of populations

of many species living together in the same location at the same time.

The important thing :1. Community structure and functioning

2. Community Biodiversity○ Number and types of species ○ Relative abundance of species○ Interactions among species

3. Community Development○ Community resilience to disturbance○ Nutrient and energy flow

COMMUNITIES

Community ecology

Concerned :

How the interactions of organism affect the distribution and abundance of the different species

ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystems are

composed of all the communities and their physical, chemical, and biological processes.Ecosystems sustain

themselves entirely through energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling.

Flamboyan

Songgoriti

Baru

Brau Lebak

Toyomarto

Borolasah

Borogondang Lasah

Ngudi

Brak

Durek

Sawahan

Sabrangbendo

Kedung

Cembo

Ngujung Dadapan

Pandan

Tlogorejo

BinangunBeru

Rekesan Wetan

Rekesan Kulon

Cangar

Gintung

Kliran

Prumbung

Brau

Claket

Talangsari

Ngebruk Pagersari

Prambatan

Pagergunung

Kapru Kandangan

Selekta

Sidorejo

Sumberbrantas

Gabes

Junggo

Gerdu

Kekep

Tegalsari

Sengonan

Payan

Kungkuk

Gembol

Sikorembug

Tinjomoyo

Santrian

Sumbersari

Pesantren

Pesanggrahan

Wunucari

Srebet Barat

Plamboyan

Tambuh

Klumusan

Ngemul

Ngaglik Utara

Meduran

Kaliputih

Leban

Krajan

Kajar

Banaran

Gemulo

Talangrejo

Gondang

Segundu

Punten

Tonggolari

Sumberejo

Srebet Timur

Songgokerto

Ngaglik Selatan Krajan

Bumiaji

Ngudi

Dadaptulis Utara

Ngandat

Jeding

Rejoso

Tlekung

Ngukir

KlerekKalimalang

Dresel

Gondorejo

Toyomerto

Srebet Timur

Kampungteh

Glonggong

Besul Genengan

Sukomulyo

Kampunganyar

Temas Barat Putuk

Genting

Meduran

Kampunganyar

Ngemul

Pendem

Kajang

Gangsiranputuk

Beji

Krajan

Oro-oroombo

Temas

Junrejo

Batu

DESA TULUNGREJO

KEL. TEMAS

DESA GIRIPURNO

DESA BUMIAJI

DESA PANDANREJO

KEL. SISIR

DESA BULUKERTO

DESA SUMBERGONDO

DESA BEJI

DESA TAWANGARGO

KEL. NGAGLIK

DESA GUNUNGSARI

DESA TORONGREJO

DESA ORO-OROOMBO

DESA PANDESARI

DESA JUNREJO

KEL. SONGGOKERTO

AREAL KEHUTANAN

DESA SIDOMULYO

DESA PASANGGRAHAN

DESA MOJOREJO

DESA SUMBEREJO

DESA PUNTEN

DESA PENDEM

DESA TLEKUNGDESA DADAPREJO

KEL. PENCALUKAN

DESA TOYOMARTO

665000

665000

670000

670000

675000

675000

912

500

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913

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913

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PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU

2000 0 2000 4000 Meters

U

TB

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Landuse:: Hutan Alami: Hutan Produksi: Hutan Reboisasi: Lahan Terbuka: Pemukiman: Perkebunan: Rumput: Sawah: Semak: Tegalan

Example:In Watershed

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS

Sunlight Primary producers

Temperature Herbivores

Precipitation Carnivores

Water or moisture Omnivores

Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores

etc. etc.

All of these vary over space/time

Components of Ecosystem

The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

Biosphere

Structural Properties of Communities Species Diversity Dominance and Relative Abundance Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,

forest ) Trophic Structure Stability

Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Processes of Ecosystems

How ecosystems function:

1. Ecosystems have energy flows and ecosystems materials cycles.

2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles

Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.

1. Energy flows and materials cycles

Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle

2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles

Biochemical cycles in ecosystem1.

2. The carbon cycle

3. The phosphorus cycle

AGROECOSYSTEM

AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged

ecosystem Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—

not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently involved

Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed ecosystem: Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors

(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem Will not continue on its own without management If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but

probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture without human input again

Characteristics Agroecosystem Natural Ecosystem

Productivity High LowSpecies diversity Low (monoculture)

—can use crop rotation and

intercropping to stabilize more

High

Genetic diversity within species

Low High

Plant life-cycles present

Few All, more perennial

Competition Negative Tolerable (ecological niche)

Flowering, plant maturing

Synchronized Seasonal

Nutrient Cycles Open ClosedPermanence Short Long

Human Control High LowEcological Maturity Early, immature Mature, climax

ENERGY FLOW

Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem.

Crop Populations Natural Plant Population(also true of weeds)

Seed brought in by producer Seed produced mostly by local plants

High seed viability Variable seed viabilityUniform seed dispersal Non-uniform seed dispersalLow dormancy, carryover of seed

Possibility of dormancy, delayed germination (carryover)

Uniform soils Variable soil typesUniform population age, genetics

Diverse population age, genetics

Even spacing within species Variable spacing within species

High allocation of plant resources to reproduction (seed)

Allocation to seed production may be lower

POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM

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NUTRIENT CYCLING

AGROECOSYSTEM

Inputs: Plant residue Animal wastes Animal residue Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation

Outputs: Plants animals grazing on plants Denitrification Run-off leaching

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Using the soil as a pool of nutrients:

Inputs:FertilizersCrop residues AtmosphereNitrogen fixation

Outputs:Crops then removal from areaErosionLeaching

Run-off

ASSIGNMENT

1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem . 2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di

dalam komunitas tersebut3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam

komunitas tersebut