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Curacao 2012 Durable Energy Conference Renewable Integration Issues Ron Willoughby – Vice President DNV KEMA Energy and Sustainability United States of America March 31, 2012

Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges

& Opportunities

Part 2 – Effects of Solar on the Distribution System

Part 3 – Role of the Smart Grid

2

Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges

& Opportunities

3

The Power System

4

G T D L + + +

Impact of randomly placement

Integration out-pacing grid expansion

Dynamic control of real power limits, reactive power levels; i.e., to operate like traditional power plants

Lost revenue & cost recovery from net metering

Public acceptance (affects policy makers)

5

Renewables Integration Issues

Maintaining reliable system performance Adequacy of T & D lines System protection & control Dispatchable generation Use of energy storage Substation / distribution automation Data acquisition & management Compatibility / speed of communications Cyber security

6

Renewables Integration Issues (cont)

7

Source: CIGRE Biennial Session - 2010

Frequency Correction Using Storage

V-Control V-Flicker Fault Current Power Flow Protection Frequency

8

Studies - Essential Planning Tool

Time Step Increases

1 ms 1 cycle 1 second 1 minute 10 minutes 1 hour 1 day 1 month 1 year

Harmonics

Stability

Protection

Frequency Response

Regulation

Balancing /Dispatch

Capacity

Economics

Transient Stability and Harmonics Short Circuit

Power Factory PSSE DigSilent

Production Costing Market Simulation Expansion Planning

ProMod GE MAP

Statistical Analysis of AGC and Balancing

Replacement Reserves

Governor Response

Spinning and Short Term Reserves Storage

Replacement Reserves Emissions Performance

Long Term Generation, Transmission, DSM, and DG Investments

KERMIT Simulation Tool KEMA Energy Ecology Model Traditional T-Planning

TOOLS

STUDIES

ISSUES

Ops Planning & Sched Realm Real Time Ops Realm Auto Control Realm

9

Analysis Timeline

Renewables Integration – Lessons Learned

System level - Most installations wind & solar. - Maintaining grid operations biggest challenge.

Transmission level - Renewables remote from load, creating T-issues.

Distribution level - Significant impacts on distribution protection.

>20% penetration starts to

become problematic 10

How to reduce integration costs?

How to simplify system protection?

How to simplify operations for operators?

How to add predictive load curves?

How to add predictive health monitoring?

How to manage as utility revenue source?

11

Challenges / Opportunities

Integration Example – Lanai PV Intermittent Renewable

Economic drivers, isolated grids, faster penetration

PV Application - One project can drive “%

penetration” above 20% 3.5 MW peak

~4 MW generation

1 MV PV

The transmission

system

The transmission

system

12

EXAMPLE - Geothermal (Base Load Renewable) St Kitts-Nevis-Puerto Rico HVDC Feasibility Study

Connection routes - North or south? - Include St Croix? - Distance estimates HVDC terminals, mono or bi-polar, etc? Cable size / capacity Voltage levels, losses Capital costs for cables and terminals Impacts on power system at all terminals Cost savings / displaced fuels / other benefits

13

14

St Kitts Nevis

Possible St Kitts-Nevis-Puerto Rico HVDC

HVDC submarine

cable

HVDC O/H

15

St Kitts-Nevis-Puerto Rico HVDC

Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges

& Opportunities

Part 2 – Effects of Solar on the Distribution System

Part 3 – Role of the Smart Grid

16

Reduce conductor loading

Reduce losses

Delay capital upgrades

Improve voltage control (access to inverter controls)

17

Distribution PV – Benefits

Example - Distribution Feeder

18

Distribution - 7.2 MW Peak - 12.47 kV Rating - 4.3 km (3-phase) - 1 Transformer

PV Site - 1.18 MW - 1.0 PF

Peak Demand Reduced & Shifted

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Reduced Demand

Shifted Peak

20

40 kW PV on Tuvalu

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40 kW PV on Tuvalu (cont)

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Tuvalu from the Air

PV Site Outage

1

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.050 50 100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

Seconds

PU V

olta

ge

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

PV S

ite

SubPV

Loss of PV Output – Substation Voltage

23

PV Site Outage

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

10 50 100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

Seconds

PU V

olta

ge

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

PV S

ite

EOFPV

Loss of PV Output – End-of-Feeder Voltage

24

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

7:42 9:30 11:18 13:06 14:54 16:42 18:31

Time of Day

Ou

tpu

t (k

W)

Intermittency of PV Output

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Topics Part 1 – T&D System Challenges

& Opportunities

Part 2 – Effects of Solar on the Distribution System

Part 3 – Role of the Smart Grid

26

Definition of Smart Grid

27

Communication Building Blocks

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SCADA

Data Drives T&D Technology Advances

> Renewables Integration > Advances in AMI > Advanced DA & Volt-VAR Controls > Distribution Storage Deployed > Utility Scale Storage Deployed > Electrification of Transportation > Integrated T&D Substations > Advanced System Protection > Cyber Security Measures

> AMI Functional > Distribution Automation (DA) > Volt-VAR Control > System Protection > Local SCADA > Multiple Automation Platforms

> AMI Installed > Substation Upgrades

29

Key Elements of a Smart Grid

Distribution has bi-directional flows Great need for information exchange Integration of HVDC & power electronics Role of energy storage New concepts for operation & control New concepts for protection

Source: CIGRE Biennial Session - 2010 30

Example – Home Architecture

Source: IEEE Power & Energy, May/June 2010 31

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Tonga from the Air

33

Backup Generator at Business in Tonga

Load Reduction by DSM Program

Source: KEMA Utility of the Future, Volume 3, 2010

www.dnvkema.com

Ron Willoughby – Vice President DNV KEMA Energy and Sustainability United States of America