05 distance learning standards-scorm research
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Distance Learning Standards – SCORM
(Research)
Timothy K. Shih
Outline
• Ubiquitous Learning with SCORM• MINE Authoring Tools• MINE LMSs• Summary
Perspective
Ubiquitous e-Learning DevicesPDAs Phones
Hyper Pen and Book
PCs
Digital TV and Set-top Box
E-Learning Projects
MINE SCORM Authoring Tools
A Partner of the Academic ADL Co-Lab
Design Issues
• Authoring Hard SCORM Tags• Video Presentation and Flash Playback• The Metadata Wizard• Automatic Sequencing Testing• Pre-fetching of Learning Objects• Video SCORM
Authoring Hard SCORM Tags1. Function
ICONs
2. Content Aggregation
3. Resource Pool
4. Hard SCORM Tags
5. Windows for Designing Asset Layout, Metadata, and Sequence Rule
1
2
34
5
Hard SCORM Tags
• Navigation Tags – for Navigation• Reference Tags – for Multimedia
References• Answer Tags – for Exams• Auxiliary Tags – Turn on/off or Control
Hard SCORM LMS
Reference Tags
• Multimedia References– Video– Audio– Flash– URL
• Copy Resources in the New Content Aggregation and PIF
Reading SCORM Courseware on Hardcopy Books
Searching on Repository• Local Search• Server Search• Repository Search
Search by Metadata
Add to Resource Pool
Printing Hardcopy Textbooks• Reference
Tags are Embedded in between Words
• Different Navigation Tags are Generated for Different Sequencing Specifications
Hardcopy Textbooks• ID, Control Panel,
Table of Contents and Index
Hardcopy Textbooks• Content and Test
Video Presentation and Flash Playback
• Video and Slide Synchronization• Recording, Editing, Post Processing, and
Delivery• Add Metadata to Video and Each Slide• Support Flash Playback
Video Stream
Text
User Interrupt User Interrupt User Interrupt
Slide Slide Slide
Presentation Recording
• Select PowerPoint file
• Adjust Camera
• Select Style File
• Start Recording
Presentation Editing and Delivery
• Add/Delete Slides• Combine
Presentations• Authoring Metadata• Playback and
Delivery
Alternative Post Process • Adding Slides and Flash Objects
The Metadata Wizard
• Metadata is useful for object reuse• Time consuming to fill in metadata• Background of Users• Need tools to help the user
– A user profile is filled only once– Interactive questions may or may not be asked by
the authoring tool– Deduction rules can be designed by professionals
and customized to individual needs– The author makes a final confirmation of metadata
Examples of Metadata Generation
• Environment and Platform Dependent– 1.3 Language, 2.3.3 Date, 4.1 Format, etc.
• User Profile (provided at login time)– 2.3.1 Role, 2.3.2 Entity, etc.
• Deduced by Interactive Questions– Who are the target readers?
5.6 Context, 5.7 Typical Age Range• Deduced by Structural Relations
– 5.9 Typical Learning Time, 4.2 Size, etc.
Copy+ and If-Then Rules
• Copy+: via information retrieval techniques• If-Then Rules: User Defined (by educational
professionals)– If 5.2 Learning Resource Type = diagram| figure| graph| table
Then 1.8 Aggregation Level = 1 ；– If 5.3 Interactivity Level = very low| low| medium Then 5.4
Semantic Density=high | very high ；– If 5.3 Interactivity Level = very high| high Then = 5.1
Interactivity Type =active ；– If 5.3 Interactivity Level = very low | low Then = 5.1
Interactivity Type =expositive ；
• Subjective Rules (optional and user dependent)• If no rule is used, the user need to provide metadata
System Architecture of the Wizard
Learning Content Management System
Metadata Wizard
Deduction Engine
Authoring Tool
Metadata Editor
Environment and Platform Information
Deduction Rules
User Profile
Question Agent
Implementation of the Wizard• Users make a final
confirmation to use the generated metadata
Sequencing Testing• Sequencing Control
Modes– Choice, Choice Exit,
Flow, Forward Only• Problems
– “Unreachable” Clusters– “Sink” Clusters
• Solution– Automatic Sequencing
Testing
• Integrated with the Hard SCORM Authoring Tool
Example Activity Tree – A Problem
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Sink
Unreachable
Decompose the Problem
Module
Leaf
Module
LeafLeaf Leaf
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Analysis via Truth Table Module
LeafAll Cases
Deduced Truth Table (partial)Parent Activity (Module) Child Activity (Leaf)
Flow Forward Only
Choice Choice Exit
True False x x
True True False x
True True True x
True True True x
False True False x
False True True x
False True True x
False False False x
False False True x
False False True x
Flow Forward Only
Choice Choice Exit
Result
x x x x ok
x x x x ok
x x x True ok
x x x False blocking
x x x x blocking
x x x True ok
x x x False blocking
x x x x blocking
x x x True ok
x x x False blocking
x : Don’t Care
Example 1Parent Activity (Module) Child Activity
(Leaf)
Choice Exit Result
False blocking
Module
Lesson 2Lesson 1 Lesson 3 Lesson 4
Flow Forward Only Choice
False True True
Flow = false
Forward Only = true
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = false
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = true
Choice Exit = true
Activity
Sink Activity
Example 2
Module
Lesson 2Lesson 1 Lesson 3 Lesson 4
Flow = false
Forward Only = false
Choice = false
Choice Exit = true
Parent Activity (Module) Child Activity (Leaf)
Choice Exit Result
X blocking
Flow Forward Only Choice
False False False
Activity
Unreachable Activity
Bottom up Testing
Summary
• Only works for the 4 Basic Control Modes
• Extend for conditions and rollup rules (and others)
• Automatic Testing– When to trigger the testing?
• Convenience – User Friendly– How to fix the bug?
• Proper suggestions by the system
• Metrics of Sequencing and Navigation is an open issue
Pre-fetching Learning Objects• Sizes of
Learning Objects are Computed
• A Content Aggregation is Divided into Clusters
• Pre-fetching on PDAs and Smart Phones
• An intelligent caching policy is designed based on sequencing and navigation definitions
The Video SCORM Authoring Tool
• Integrated with the Hard SCORM Authoring Tool
URL References
• The Authoring Tool is available at– http://member.mine.tku.edu.tw/www/fatty/MINE/Hard%20SCORM%20Authorin
g%20Tool%20v%201.0.rar– http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/scorm (video demos)
– Implementing the SCORM Forum
• Need .net framework 1.1• Automatic installation• User’s manual
Demonstration of Authoring Tool
Video Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Conclusions and Suggestions
• S&N is complicate– Needs Visualization Tool
• Needs S&N Testing Tools• Needs Metadata Generation• Need an Open Interface to Repository
– Standard Representation of Search Specification
– Interface to Federated Repository
MINE SCORM LMSs
A Partner of the Academic ADL Co-Lab
Devices Supported by the LMS
• PC• Hardcopy Textbook with Hyper-Pen• PDAs• Cellular Phones• TV
Reading via Hyper Pen• Using Hyper Pen as Input Device• Reading on Hardcopy Textbooks• Using Audio Messages for Navigation Control • Using Multimedia Clips as References
Hard SCORM Machine (HSM)
• HSM– based on the concept of a finite state
machine (deterministic finite state machine)– a finite state machine, M, is represented as
a 5-tuple: ),,,,( 0 FqQM
finite set of internal states
input alphabeta set of Hard SCORM tags
transition function
a set of final statesF = {f}
initial stateq0=i
Qq 0
QF
States in HSM• Reading:
While an user is reading in a correct range of reading pages, the machine is waiting for a tag to be accessed.
• Behavior and Context (BC) Analysis: Between a tag is used and a correct destination page is confirmed, the machine stays in the BC Analysis state for action analysis. This state is used in two-phase transactions.
• Warning: While a reader is reading in a wrong page (due to an incomplete two-phase transaction), the Warning state will signal audio messages and waiting for the reader to provide a correct navigation.
• Suspending:The reader may suspend the state machine. Counting of learning time is also suspended.
• Quiz Submachine: The submachine is implemented as an assessment system. The system is controlled by ECMA Script of an SCO.
Hard SCORM Machine
Reading Warning
Suspending
BC AnalysisNavigation Tags
Correct Behavior
Incorrect Behavior
Navigation Tags
Pause
Continue
Start
End
Reference TagsLearner Status
Quiz
Start Quiz
End Quiz
Incorrect Behavior
Correct Behavior
i
f
The Quiz Submachine
Start Quiz
End Quiz
Question Identification
Answer Recording
Question Tag
All Acceptable
Answer Tags
Question Tag
Two-phase Transaction
• For Content Navigation– including page index tags and previous/next page
tags, and committed by a page tag.– controlled by the Behavior and Context Analysis State– different sound signal will be used
• For Quiz– When a Start Quiz Tag is triggered, the submachine is
waiting for a Question tag to identify which question an answer will be given
– The second phase checks for a correct answer type associated with its answer value
– controlled by another two-phase transaction, which takes a Start Quiz tag and an End Quiz Tag
One-phase Transaction
• For the Reference Tags and Auxiliary Tags– Reference Tag: Video, Audio…..– Auxiliary Tags: Pause, Status, Continue……
Transition Table of the HSM
Transition Table of the Quiz Submachine
Audio Messages – for Navigation Control
The Hard SCORM LMS• Using Web Service with Different Devices• Encapsulate SCORM APIs by Using Web Service Technology
Learning Management System (LMS)
HTTP Protocol or SOAP Protocol
Server Side
Client Side
Assets
APIInstance
ContentRepository
Launch
SCO
AssetsImsmanifest
ECMAScript
LMSServer
SCORMWeb
ServicesWSG
Sequencing Cache Engine
Pocket PC Smart Phone Hyper Pen Browser
Other Devices
Revised ECMA Script for Web Service
• Extend ECMA Script to Cope with off-line Learning Model• Use Service Queue and Result Queue• Use SOAP to Encapsulate Messages
• Integrated with Pocket SCORM Reader• Consistent Learner Records on PC, PDA, Smart
Phone, TV, and Hyper Pen
Reading on PCs
Demonstration of Hard SCORM LMS
Video Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Demonstration of Hard SCORM LMS on PC
Video Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Pocket SCORM
LinearKnowledge Paced
Auto Re-Flow and Personalized Notes
Before Re-Flow After Re-Flow Adding Notes
Reading on Smart Phone
Login Register Unpack Select
Caching on Mobile Devices
• SCORM LMSs with Mobile Devices– Pocket PC– Smart phone
• Limitation of Storage• Divide a Course into Several Parts
(Clusters)• Preserve the Features of Sequencing• Caching Strategies
– Download Order– Replacement Order
Clusters in an Activity Tree
Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5
Sequencing Control Mode: Flow = true; Choice = false;Rollup Rules: Completed if all completed; Satisfied if all satisfied; Not Satisfied if any Not Satisfied;Exit Rules: Exit if completed
Sequencing Control Mode: Flow = true; Choice = false;Objective Satisfied by Measure = true;Objective Minimum Satisfied Normalized Measure = 0.6;Rollup Rules: Completed if all attempted
Sequencing Control Mode: Flow = true; Choice = false;Rollup Controls: Rollup Objective Satisfied = false
Rollup Controls: Rollup Objective Satisfied = false
Module 2:Enhancing Images
Module 3:Blending Images
Module 1:Basics
Lesson 1:Interface
Lesson 9:Transform
Lesson 8:Selection Tools
Lesson 7:Hue/Saturation
Lesson 6:Brightness/Contrast
Lesson 5:Color Balance
Lesson 4:Layers
Lesson 3:Palettes
Lesson 2:Toolbox
Exam(Assessment)
Introduction
Photoshop Example -- Linear
Question 1
Question 3
Question 2
Question 4
Question 7
Question 6
Question 5
Question 8
Question 9
Cluster1
Cluster Download Order
If Control Mode = Flow or Forward-Only Then Download by Cluster Order (in content aggregation)(bread first search approach)
If Control Mode = Choice or Choice-Exit ThenApply Max Fit Strategy to Clusters (smaller cluster has a higher priority)
(try to load maximum number of clusters)
• Recursive Strategy to Decompose an Activity Tree
• Order Decision Strategy
Cluster 1
Leaf
LeafLeaf
LeafLeaf
Leaf
Leaf Leaf
Leaf Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Leaf
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 4
Cluster 5
Cluster 6 Cluster 7
Cluster 8
Cluster 9
Cluster 10
Sequencing Control Choice = TrueSequencing Control Flow = False
Sequencing Control Choice = FalseSequencing Control Flow = True
Sequencing Control Choice = FalseSequencing Control Flow = True
Download Order: 1, 7, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 9
Sequencing Control Choice = TrueSequencing Control Flow = False
NL: Number of Leafs (representing sizes)
NL=0
NL=2
NL=2NL=1 NL=0
NL=1 NL=2
NL=2
NL=1
NL=2
Cluster Replacement Order
Given a Target Cluster (TC) to be replacedset RBS = 0While RBS <= α{ /* make space available */
C = Max-Distance(TC, Clusters)RBS = RBS + size(C)Release Cluster C}
Let L = Download Order of Activity TreeWhile RBS > 0 { /* reuse the space */
Load the 1st Cluster C in LRemove C from LRBS = RBS - size(C)}
• Distance Factors between Two Clusters– RC: Reference
Count– LDT: Last Download
Time– LAT: Last Access
Time– PL: Path Length (in
the activity tree)– CN: Cluster Number– CS: Cluster Size
• α: Buffer Releasing Threshold
• RBS: Released Buffer Size
Connectivity
• Dynamic Replacement– Used when interaction is low– Can be turn on/off by the users
• Off-line Mode– Store navigation messages– Automatic update when connected
PDAs and Smart Phones Supported
• Running on PDAs – Dopod 700, HP iPAQ 5550, and AnexTEK
SP230 • Running on Cellular Phones
– Dopod 565 and Mio8390
AnexTEK SP230Dopod 700 HP iPAQ 5550
Dopod 565 Mio 8390
Demonstration of Pocket SCORM LMS on PDA
Video Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Demonstration of Pocket SCORM LMS on PDA
Video Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Demonstration of Pocket SCORM LMS on Smart Phone
Video Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Reference URLs• Demonstration by Trans Asia Airline
– Pocket SCORM: the 2005 Brandon Hall Excellence in Learning Awards, Innovative Technology
– http://www.elearn.org.tw/PocketSCORM/
• Other Demonstrations– http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/scorm
• Implementing the SCORM Forum
• Hyper Video• Interactive Lecture• Video Annotation
– Picture– Text– WWW
• Interactive Player• Interactive Video Authoring Tool• Annotate MPEG-2 (User Defined Data)
Interactive Video
Interactive Video
Multistory Video
• User Interaction (i.e., hyper jump)• User Annotation (i.e., picture, text, URL, etc.)
Start point End point
Sequence start point
Sequence end point
Text Annotation
Picture Annotation
Interactive Video Authoring Tool
Story Board
Video Editing Window
Annotation
Editing Functions
Video Sequences
Interactive Video Player
Annotation and Reference
Video Playback and Hyper Tags
Video Control Panel
Hyper Jump TagAnnotation Tag Web Reference
Web Control Panel
Demo of Interactive VideoDemo of Interactive VideoVideo Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Interactive Video Using Gesture and Remote ControlInteractive Video Using Gesture and Remote Control
• How about SCORM on TV?• How about interactivity?• How about standard?
• The DVB Multimedia Home Platform (MHP)– Defined by the DVB consortium– Adopted in many countries
• Italy, Germany, Finland, Singapore, S. Korea, Australia and others• Included in the US OpenCable & ACAP standards
• Can we combine MHP with SCORM?
The Video SCORM ProjectThe Video SCORM Project
What is MHP
• A Platform Definition• A Set of Java APIs• A Set of HTML Document Type Definitions• An Extension to Existing Open Standards DVB,
MPEG, JavaTV
• MHP 1.0.x (1.0.0 – 1.0.3)– The original MHP specification plus updates– The most commonly deployed version of MHP
• MHP 1.1.x – HTML Support, Stored Applications, Internet Client
APIs, Smart Card APIs
The Video SCORM Authoring Tool• Integrated with the Hard SCORM Authoring Tool
Video Tag
Web Tag
Content Aggregation
Properties
Scene
The Video SCORM Authoring Tool
• A video SCORM component is an SCO• Divides scenes into video stream files• Allow users to add metadata and
sequence rules• However, sequence rules among
scenes is our future work
Scene
Actor for video jump
Web link
The Video SCORM Run-time• Integrated with the Hard SCORM LMS (Web-based)• Download video SCORM components (SCOs)
Video Scene
Web Content
Video Control
Demonstration of Video SCORMVideo Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
Interactive Digital TV
• Traditional Cable TV• Interactive TV (Video): interactivity
between the users and broadcasting program, could be PC-based
• Set-top Box and Digital TV– Limited computation power– Limited input device
• Is MHP a solution?
Running an MHP-based Program
• You must have:– Transport stream and object carousel
generator– A playback system– Cable or satellite TV channel
• Expensive? Yes• Alternative resource for research
– Digital TV Simulator
TV SCORM on a Simulator
• Simulator: OSMOSYS SDK 2.1 (MHP 1.1)
• Integrated with our SCORM LMS
TV SCORM on a Simulator• Aggregation Tree (on/off)• Remote Controller for Navigation
Demonstration of TV SCORMVideo Clip Available at http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/SCORM/
General Broadcasting System
Multiplexer
MPEG-2encoder
MPEG-2encoder
Object carousel generator(broadcast file system)
Videocapture
tool
Audiocapture
tool
Content Authoring &preparation
Modulator
Upconverter
Receiver (Set Top Box)
MPEG-2 Elementary stream
Full transport stream(Incl. service information )
Transport stream playout system
For satellite network only
Raw video & audio data Directories containing applications & assets
Status of Video SCORM Project
• PC-based Interactive Video– Video SCORM Authoring Tool– Video SCORM Run-time Environment– Integrated with the Hard SCORM LMS
• Set-top Box and Broadcasting System– TV SCORM on Simulator
• Read SCORM-based contents– Integrated with the Hard SCORM LMS– Interactive Video is not fully implemented
Conclusions and Suggestions
• Web Service and Centralized Delivery• Java-Based LMS• Need detailed definition of learner
records– Activity Tree, Student Records, Transcripts
• What about Web 2.0?• What about Grid?
– Flexible Delivery Paths– Flexible Computation Services
Field Study and Feedbacks
Status and Open Issues• Status of CORDRA• Repository for questions and tests – Q&TI?• Need representation of learner profile – activity
tree, student performance, transcripts
• Intelligent Tutoring – based on assessment outcome and S&N rules
• Simulation and Games• The Integration of Ubiquitous Computing and
Grid Computing
Acknowledgement
• Judy Brown, Director of Academic ADL Co-Lab
• David Wirth, Deputy Director of Academic ADL Co-Lab
• John Toews, Academic ADL Co-Lab• Doug Hamilton, Academic ADL Co-Lab
We will like to thank the following people for their discussion and suggestions:
Thank You
E-Learning Team, MINE Lab, Tamkang University
A Partner of the Academic ADL Co-Lab
Advisors and Doctors Ph. D. Candidates
MS Graduates and MS Students