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How do drugs work??? Nerve cells in the brain are called neurons. These

neurons "talk" to each other by passing chemicals back and forth, just like passing notes in class. The neurons' "notes" are called neurotransmitters, and they are manufactured in vesicles in the nerve cell. Neurotransmitters include serotonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine and about two dozen others.

http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/brain-and-addiction What are some drugs that people take and what are their affects on

the human body?????

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/abuse/

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How do drugs work???

The nerve cells are separated by a small space called a "synapse." When a message moves down the axon of the pre-synaptic neuron, neurotransmitters are released from the vesicle. These chemicals (or notes) cross the synapse to the post-synaptic neuron, where they bind with receptors specifically designed to receive them, much as a key is designed to fit into a specific lock.

http://video.witf.org/video/2365429481/

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How do drugs work??? Many nerve cells have receptors that are

sensitive to various drugs. These drugs operate on the "lock-and-key" principle, where the drug can be thought of as the "key" that either (1) fits into the "lock," causing the nerve cell (neuron) to discharge its chemicals, or (2) "jams" the lock, preventing the nerve cell from discharging.

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How do drugs work??? Ex.) -Narcotics mimic endorphins and lock into

opiate receptor sites. - Hallucinogens mimic serotonin

- Cocaine blocks the re-uptake of neurotransmitters → causing severe depression when coming down. - Methamphetamines cause the release of neurotransmitters in greater amounts - THC mimics anandamide and interferes with the cannabinoid receptor sites.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS(Psychoactive) Stimulants- Drugs that speed up activities of the central

nervous system (CNS) Depressants (Sedatives)- Psychoactive drugs that slow

brain and body reactions. Narcotics (Opiates)- natural or synthetic drugs that

relieve pain and cause drowsiness. Inhalants- Drugs that are inhaled or breathed in through

the nose to produce the desired effect. Hallucinogens- Psychoactive drugs that alter

perception, thought, and mood.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS cont.

Prescription Medicines – cannot be used without the written approval of a licensed physician.

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines – you can buy these without a prescription

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Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs – those designed to alter

a person’s experiences or consciousness. (nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, steroids, LSD, marijuana) Psychoactive drugs cause intoxication

Intoxication – a state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur. A person who is intoxicated may experience a difference

in emotions and judgment.

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What is a Drug?

Drug – any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body.

Many people believe that every problem, no matter how large or small, has or should have chemical solutions.

Examples:For fatigue = caffeine

For insomnia = sleeping pillsFor anxiety or boredom (?) = alcohol/drugsAvoid Problems / Pain

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Health Consequences of Drug Use Physical Consequences- Once a drug enters

the bloodstream, it can harm a user’s brain, heart lungs, and other vital organs.

Mental & Emotional Consequences- drugs cloud reasoning and thinking, and users lose control of their behavior. (lose sight of values)

Social Consequences- substance abuse can have negative effect on relationships with friends and family members. List examples:

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DRUG USE… A HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR!!

Substance abuse is a high risk behavior that includes misusing legal drugs or using illegal drugs or other chemicals

People abuse drugs for a number of reasons, none of them healthful!

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TeenagersTeenagers - the highest percentage of use is with people between the ages of 18-25

Why do teenagers abuse drugs???• A way to be accepted with peers• Influenced by the media• Curious• A way of rebelling• Escape pressures

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What is the difference between drug use and abuse? Misuse

1. Using the drug incorrectly due to ignorance

2. Taking the drug with the wrong food

3. Stopping the drug too soon

Abuse

1. intentionally misusing the drug normally for a desired effect

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Dangers of substance abuse

Side Effects can range from minor to deadly. Illegal drugs can be especially dangerous

because there are no controls or means of monitoring these substances for quality, purity, or strength.

Physical and just as commonly Psychological effects can last a LIFETIME!LIFETIME!

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Dangers of drug abuse Overdose – A strong or fatal

reaction to taking a large amount of drug. Often, overdoses occur when alcohol and other drugs are combined.

When drug abuse involves injecting substances through a needle, hepatitis B or HIV can occur

People who experiment with drugs tend to lose control…can lead to STD’s or pregnancies

Risk to unborn and newborns: 1. Breast milk – can pass from mother to infant. 2. Can cause miscarriage or premature birth 3. Can cause birth defect, mental retardation

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1. STIMULANTS

Drugs which cause the body systems to speed up

Very high doses: irregular heartbeat, tremors, high fever, heart failure

How it enters the body: swallowed, snorted, injected

EFFECTS: -Increased heart rate and breathing-Increased blood pressure-Dilated pupils -Decreased appetite-Dry mouth-Dizziness-Sweating-Headache-Blurred vision-Sleeplessness-Anxiety-Moodiness

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STIMULANTS

AmphetaminesAmphetamines People use them illegally to

stay awake and alert, to improve athletic performance, to lose weight, etc.

Can cause heart and blood vessel damage

Medical use Treats hyperactive children

Treats narcolepsy Used for weight control Examples- Adderall, Ritalin

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Stimulants

Slang names Speed Uppers Crank

CocaineCocaine Powerful stimulant leads to: Depression Edginess Weight loss Physiological dependence Can destroy the nasal septum Can cause heart attacks due to

disturbing electrical impulses of the heart. Can occur on the first use!

Crack - a form of cocaine

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MethamphetamineMethamphetamine Fumes alone can be deadly

“Meth Mouth” Experts believe that meth

ravages teeth by drying up saliva and leaving users with “dry mouths.”

Without saliva, bacteria in the mouth multiply, leading to decay.

Dentists report that healthy teeth can become rotten from even a few months of meth use.

StimulantsIngredients

•Drain cleaner

•Brake Cleaner

•Battery Acid

•Gasoline Additives

•Paint Thinner

•Freon

•Camp Stove Fuel

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Long- Term Effects of Meth Use Hallucinations Disorganized lifestyle Violent and aggressive behavior Permanent psychological problems Behavior resembling paranoid schizophrenia Poor coping abilities Disturbance of personality development Lowered resistance to illnesses Possible brain damage

Bell Ringer April 24th List 4 examples of psychoactive drugs. What is the difference between stimulants

and depressants? How do drugs become addictive? What is

the best method to avoid addiction?

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2. DEPRESSANTS Depresses or slows down the central

nervous system. Medical use: to stop convulsions,

relief of tension and anxiety, to induce sleep

Examples: barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol,

methaqualone

How it enters the body: swallowed Slang names:

yellow jackets, ludes, barbs, downers,

EffectsEffectsSimilar to the effects of alcohol*small dosessmall doses – calmness, relaxed muscles* larger doseslarger doses – slurred speech, impaired judgment, impaired coordination*very large dosesvery large doses – respiratory depression, coma, death

Bell Ringer April 23rd List 3 affects of Stimulants List 5 long term effects of Meth use. What

are some of the ingredients used to create Meth?

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3. NARCOTICS (OPIATES)“To Make Numb”

EXTREMELY ADDICTIVEEXTREMELY ADDICTIVE Drug Comes from the poppy plant or it

is synthetic Ravages the body and becomes

the primary focus of the addict’s life

A break of only one day can bring on severe withdrawal symptoms – aches, chills, sweating, muscle spasms and weakness.

After a break, the usual dose may be an overdose

Effects Effects

•Stimulates a burst of euphoria

•Often followed by drowsiness

•Nausea and vomiting.

•Constipation

•Breathing problems

•Depresses the nervous system and slows breathing and pulse rate

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3. NARCOTICS (OPIATES)

Medical use: pain relief, cough suppressant

Examples: Morphine, Codeine, Vicodin, Percocet, Oxycontin, Oxycodone, Opium, Heroin

How it enters the body: injected, smoked or inhaled

Bell Ringer April 27th List the 5 classifications of drugs What are narcotics? List 2 examples What are hallucinogens? List 2 examples. Drug Classifications: Stimulants, Depressants, Narcotics,

Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Prescription, Over-the Counter. Narcotics: Derived from poppy plant or made synthetically-

used medically to relieve pain. Examples: Oxytocin, Codeine, Opium, Heroin

Hallucinogens: Psychoactive drugs that distort senses and cause hallucinations. Examples: LSD, Mushrooms, Mescaline

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4. HALLUCINOGENS(Psychedelics)

Drugs that distort the senses and cause hallucinations

Examples: LSD (Acid) Psilocybin Mushrooms Mescaline PCP

*Could appear as liquid, capsules, powder, blotter paper, thin gelatin squares, mushrooms

Short Term - Effects Short Term - Effects

•Panic

•Confusion

•Time distorted

•Senses distorted

•Bizarre unpredictable behavior

•Person may sit for hours in a quiet dreamlike state

Long Term - Effects Long Term - Effects

•Flashbacks

•Depression

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4. Hallucinogens

PCP (angel dust) Considered to be one of the most

dangerous of all drugs. The use of PCP as an approved

anesthetic in humans was discontinued in 1965 because patients often became agitated, delusional, and irrational while recovering from its

anesthetic effects.

Mescaline

•Is the psychoactive ingredient of the peyote cactus.

•Can be made synthetically and sold in “Barrels”.

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4.HallucinogensLSD (Acid)

LSD “Acid” is odorless, colorless. Often added to absorbent paper, such as blotter paper, and divided into small decorated squares.

Effects are widely unpredictable…. Some users experience severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control, fear of insanity and death and despair.

Trips are long – 8 hours-multiple days.

Flashbacks

Psilocybin MushroomsPsilocybin Mushrooms

•Obtained from certain types of mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States.

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ANABOLIC STEROIDS Powerful compounds that are

similar to the male sex hormone, testosterone.

Taken to increase strength, speed, power.

Can increase risk of damaging tendons and ligaments

How it enters the body: swallowed, intramuscular injection

Article

Effects Effects May initially increase muscle mass, body strength, and weightPurple or red spots on the body Unpleasant breath odorDepressionIncreased risk of heart attack stroke, liver cancer, acne

MalesMales•Sterility, withered testicles, impotence

FemalesFemales• Irreversible masculine traits, breast reduction, sterility

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Steroids

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INHALANTS

Dangerous fumes are concentrated in a bag, on a cloth, etc. and inhaled

How it enters the body: Vapors are inhaled through the nose or mouth

A person can go into a coma from a single use and be in a vegetable state the rest of his/her life

Effects Effects NauseaSneezingCoughing NosebleedsFatigueLack of coordinationLoss of appetite Decrease in heart rate and breathingImpaired judgment

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MARIJUANA

The dried flowers, leaves, and stems of the cannabis sativa plant.

Main active chemical in marijuana is THC. Marijuana’s effects on the user depend on the strength of the THC

Hashish is the dark brown resin that is collected from the top of this plant.

How it enters the body: Smoked in joints, pipes, bongs, eaten

Cannabis is a hallucinogen and has the effects of both a depressant and a stimulant

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Marijuana EffectsEffects Effects

Increased heart rate Bloodshot eyes Dry mouth and throat Increased appetite Short-term memory loss Altered sense of time Damage to lungs and

circulatory system Alters your senses,

coordination, reaction time, and can interrupt your ability to make rational and healthful decisions

Short term effectsShort term effects•Problems with memory and learning•Distorted perception•Difficulty in thinking and problem solving•Loss of coordination•Increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks.

Effects on the lungsEffects on the lungs Same respiratory problems that tobacco users have. (cancer, etc,)

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CLUB DRUGS Are used by young adults at all-night dance

parties such as “raves” or “trances,” dance clubs, and bars.

Some club drugs are colorless, tasteless, and odorless. They can be added to beverages by individuals to intoxicate or sedate others.

There has been an increase in reports of club drugs used to commit sexual assaults

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Club Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) - mind altering drug with

hallucinogenic properties Health hazards: psychological difficulties,

confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe depression.

Physical problems: muscle tension, nausea, blurred vision, chills, sweating

Long term problems: damage to the parts of the brain critical to thought and memory

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CLUB DRUGS GHB – is odorless and nearly tasteless. Induces a state of

relaxation Can be slipped into someone’s drink without detection. Has been

reportedly used in cases of date rape. Physical problems: nausea, vomiting, respiratory problems,

seizures, coma

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CLUB DRUGS Rohypnol (“roofies”)– people may unknowingly

be given the drug which, when mixed with alcohol, can incapacitate and prevent a victim from resisting sexual assault.

Commonly referred to as the “date rape” drug Physical symptoms: sedative-hypnotic effects

including muscle relaxation and amnesia.

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Club Drugs Ketamine: “special k” is a powerful hallucinogen

that includes visual distortions and a lost sense of time, sense and identity.

Profound physical and mental problems including delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function and potentially fatal problems

Special K is a powder that is usually snorted but is sometimes sprinkled on tobacco or marijuana and smoked.

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Signs and Symptoms of Substance Abuse

Emotionally/ Personality Behaviorally Physically/ Physical Appearance Social Activity/ School Performance

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Emotional / PersonalityEffects of Substance Abuse

Aggression Burnout Anxiety Depression Paranoia Denial Withdraws from

family/ Friends

•Extreme Mood Swings

•Is secretive / Lying

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Behavioral Effects of Substance Abuse Slow reaction time Impaired coordination Slowed Speech Irritability Excessive Talking Inability to sit still Limited attention span Poor motivation Lack of energy

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Physical Effects of Substance Abuse

Weight Loss Sweating Chills Poor Hygiene Interrupted sleep patterns < or > Loss of appetite

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Social Activity Effect Drops old friends and activities Skipping School Loses interest in school work Low Grades Sleeping in class Loses concentration Having trouble remembering things

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Addiction – what friends or family members can do Many families, after recognizing that the problem exists,

will have an intervention. Intervention - the interruption of the addiction

continuum before the addict hits bottom. Meetings take place without the addicted person’s

knowledge. Second step in this process is a surprise meeting with

the addict that forces the addict to face the seriousness of the problem.

If addict refuses to recognize the problem, the addict will be given an ultimatum - Wife will move out, etc.

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Recovery A process that happens over time -. A recovered

person never says “I am cured, but “I am recovering.”

The first step in the recovery process is detoxification – the removal of the drug from the body, usually under medical supervision

This step also includes restoring one’s mental health

Most experts recommend total abstinence Relapse – slips from recovery, or periodic returns

to use can happen

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Treatment options Support group such as AA, narcotics

Anonymous, cocaine anonymous Detoxification Units – a person is under a

Drs. care and may be given some medication to ease the symptoms of withdrawal

Inpatient treatment centers – involves detox and counseling, both individual and group

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Treatment options Outpatient treatment centers –

involves follow up sessions, counseling Halfway houses-

people are admitted to this program generally after they have completed at least a 28 day recovery program where they stay for 6 months to a year where they learn coping and living skills they will need when they return to society.

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Choosing to be Drug Free!

Learn to say “no!” *Give a reason (lie or truth) *Provide alternatives *Use eye contact to say no *Take a definite action Realize that no drug will solve your problem Talk to trusted friend/counselor, etc. Learn to handle the stress in you life and get help

when you need it.

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Refusal Skills

Developing good self-esteem Have good eye contact Respond with a clear and firm "no" that does

not leave the door open to future offers How you say no is as important as what you

say.

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Refusal Skills

Identify the consequences ("We'll get in trouble.") Suggest an alternative Delaying Use humor Just say no

Drugs of Abuse Research Project You will pick a drug of interest to research from the list below. *You may work with a partner on this project.

COCAINE, ECSTASY, GHB, HALLUCINOGENS, HEROIN, INHALANTS, KETAMINE, LSD, MARIJUANA, METH, PSYLOCIBIN MUSHROOMS, ROHYPNOL, SALVIA, STEROIDS,

Once you have your topic, you will use the designated web sources, along with materials provided from your teacher, and or library books to obtain the required information about your topic. You will create a 5-6 slide PowerPoint.

PowerPoint Directions/Slide Breakdown Slide One(4pts.): Name of the Drug (proper and slang) / your name / class period / References-Sources Cited

correctly Slide Two(4pts.): Classification of the drug and general information about the drug Slide Three (4pts.): What are the long term/short term effects of the drug on the body? What are the withdrawal

symptoms? Slide Four(4pts.): Additional pertinent information-(HINT: Statistics , Treatment, Local Resources) Last Slide (4pts.): “Why Not Use?” How do you define yourself? Include personal slogan, pictures, video,

personal goals and highlights Use appropriated contrast between background color and font color and easily read from any point in the

classroom You must have at least two appropriate pictures(you can have more) that are directly related to the topic PowerPoint Saving Directions: Must be created in Google Docs and shared with me (with me as the owner)

when it is complete. ClassPeriod.Last.First.Topic EXAMPLE: 3.Fitchwell.Emily.MarijuanaPresentation

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