1 articulatory phonetics (12 pts) - wordpress.coma1: phonetics and orthography problem set elc 231:...

A1: Phonetics and Orthography Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

1 Articulatory Phonetics (12 pts)

1.1 Place of Articulation (English) (m/6pts)

1. Circle the words that begin with a bilabial consonant.. fairy . mermaid . vampire . werewolf. baby . photo . pen . psychic

2. Circle the words that begin with a labio-dental consonant.. fairy . mermaid . vampire . werewolf. baby . photo . pen . psychic

3. Circle the words that end with a interdental consonant.. teeth . thirteen . bath . earth. healthy . gold . silver . pit

4. Circle the words that begin with an alveolar consonant.. teeth . thirteen . nail . dark. panda . tiger . lion . snake

5. Circle the words that begin with a palatal consonant.. yellow . red . orange . blue. healthy . gold . silver . pit

6. Circle the words that begin with a velar consonant.. crazy . cinema . sugar . memory. science . keep . cat . green

1.2 Manner of Articulation (English) (m/5 pts)

1. Circle the words that begin with an oral stop consonant.. crazy . cinema . sugar . memory. science . keep . cat . green

2. Circle the words that begin with a fricative consonant.. crazy . cinema . sugar . psychic. science . vampire . cat . fairy

3. Circle the words that end with a nasal stop consonant.. crazy . scene . home . memory. science . wand . cat . green

4. Circle the words that begin with an affricate.. crazy . cinema . sugar . chop. science . cheap . cat . green

5. Circle the words that begin with an approximant. lamp . cinema . werewolf . red. yellow . wizard . cat . green

1.3 Laryngeal Articulation (English) (m/1 pts)

1. Circle the words that end with a voiced consonant.. lamp . cinema . werewolf . red. yellow . cheap . cat . green

2 The IPA (12 pts)

1. Circle the word that has a different vowel sound.. meat . steak . weak . theme . green

Provide an IPA transcription for each of the words:

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmm

2. Circle the word that has a different vowel sound.. sane . paid . eight . lace . meat



3. Circle the word that has a different vowel sound.. hoot . good . moon . grew . suit



4. Circle the word that has a different vowel sound.. ton . toast . both . note . toes



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A1: Phonetics and Orthography Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

3 Cree Orthography (12 pts)

The data below is from Plains Cree, a Algonquian language spoken in Canada. TheCree spelling/orthography system is provided in the first column; the IPA pronun-ciation is provided in the second column. Use this data to answer the questionsbelow.

Hint: You may find it useful to make a chart showing all of the sound-orthography correspondences in the writing system before trying to answerthe questions.

Cree IPA Cree IPAð�« pahki ð'�« paahki®'Óó'p niisosaap Î'Óóp noososapô'®s°' taanispii ô'®s° taanispiðsë'Ww paskwaaw ðs«'Ww paskwiiwàóà'p asabaap à�à'p aseebaapà'Wà�w waabameew À'WàÍw woobamowî'�w naabeew Î�w nobeewà' �ô'w aabihtaaw À' �' oobihtii³'³'àk siisiibak '®'Ë iiniiko��ë' eeneekaa À'Î'« oonooki ®Ë' inikoo à'î'� aanaakeeÀÎ«' onokii Ð's poosàîë anaka WÎ«' winokii

1. If Ð's is pronounced poos, how would pos be written? mmmmmmm

2. If onokii is written as ÀÎ«', how would you pronounce ÀWÎK? mmmmmmm

3. How would you write toosiisii? mmmmmmm

4. How would you pronounce Ó's�Ww? mmmmmmm

5. How would you write weedimoop? mmmmmmm

6. If ��ù'¹« is pronounced as heeyaahiki, how would you write hiyoniki?mmmmmmm

7. IfÃ£sëw is pronounced as cociskaw, how would you pronounceã'Ð'k?mmmmmmm

8. Does Cree’s writing system distinguish between [b] and [p]? mmmmmmm

9. How is vowel length represented in this writing system? (2 pts)

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm



10. How are different vowels represented in this writing system? (2 pts)




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A2: Phonology Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

1 Toisan and Guangdong Dialects of Cantonese (8 pts)

Cantonese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in parts of southern China and Hong Kong. The data belowshows the distribution of [ì] and [s] in two different dialects of Cantonese:1

Toisan Dialect

ìaam33

saan33

set22

siak11

ìim33

si33

ìi33

ìein33 saaN33

ìia55

ìein33

siaN33

ì@k55

s@k33

ìin33

ìai33

ìi55

sai33

Guangdong Dialect

saam55

saan55

siit22

sek22

s2m22

sy55

sei22

sin55 saaN55

sE13

sin55

sœN25

sUk55

sUk55

saan55

s2i22

sei35

s2i22

Translation

“three”“closeV”“tongue”“stone”“heart”“book”“four”“Mr/teacher”“writeV”“fresh”“ascendV”“turn sour/rotten/spoilV”“shrink/reduce/shortenV”“new”“small”“dieV”“power/strength”

1. Given the data, do you think that [ì] and [s] are separate phonemes, or allophones of the samephoneme, in Toisan Cantonese?

What evidence do you have for your answer?

2. What is the status of [ì] VS [s] in Guangdong Cantonese?

What evidence do you have for your answer?

1The data from this section were compiled from the following online resources: Cantodict and Taishanese Language Home.

1

http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/

http://www.stephen-li.com/TaishaneseVocabulary/Taishanese.html


2 Plains Cree (data from Cowan & Rakusan 1998) (4 pts)

The data below is from Cree, a Plains Algonquian language spoken in Canada.

(1) a. [pahki] partly b. [ua:bame:u] he sees himc. [ni:sosa:p] twelve d. [na:be:u] namee. [ta:nispi:] when f. [a:bihta:u] halfg. [paskua:u] prairie h. [nibimohta:n] I walki. [asaba:p] thread j. [si:si:bak] ducks

Hint: You may find it useful to make a chart with one column showing where [p] occurs, and anothercolumn showing where [b] occurs.

Are Cree [p] and [b] distinct phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?

Justify your answer (i.e., describe the distribution of [p] and [b] and explain how this is like a phonemicdistribution or an allophonic distribution).

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3 Canadian French (data from Cowan & Rakusan 1998) (4 pts)

The data below is from Canadian French. Look at the distribution of the sounds [i] and [I] and answer thequestions below.

(2) a. [abIm] abyss b. [SIk] chicc. [avi] advice d. [vId] emptye. [katOlIk] Catholic f. [enErZi] energyg. [frasIn] Francine h. [rIS] richi. [kOpri] included j. [dzi] saidk. [vi] life l. [ZIg] shankm. [li] lily n. [lIs] smootho. [pIp] pipe p. [spOrtsif] sportyq. [plozIb] plausible r. [ekIp] teams. [vit] quickly t. [mErsi] thanksu. [reZIm] regime v. [fIl] wire

Hint: You may find it useful to make a chart with one column showing where [i] occurs, and anothercolumn showing where [I] occurs.

Are [i] and [I] distinct phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?

Justify your answer (i.e., describe the distribution of [i] and [I] and explain how this is like a phonemicdistribution or an allophonic distribution).

References

Cowan, W. & J. Rakusan. 1998. Source Book for Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing.

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A3: Morphology Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

1 Koasati (data from Odden 2005) (20 pts)

The data below is from Koasati, a Muskogean language spoken in the southern United States, in parts ofLouisiana and Texas.

(1) a. [apah>tSa] shadow b. [amapah

>tSa] my shadow

c. [asiki>tSi] muscle d. [asiki

>tSi] my shadow

e. [ilkano] right side f. [amilkano] my right sideg. [ifa] dog h. [amifa] my dogi. [a:po] grandmother j. [ama:po] my grandmotherk. [iski] mother l. [amiski] my mother

1. List all of the morphemes you can find in the above data, using the following chart: (7 pts)

Form (IPA) Meaning Distribution (root, prefix, etc.)

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: Allomorph

Morphemes, like phonemes, sometimes appear in different surface forms. This phenomenon,where underlying forms have more than one surface form, is called alternation.

. An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme.

In other words, in the same way that phonemes have allophones, morphemes have allomorphs. Anexample of phonologically-conditioned allomorphy is the English plural morpheme. This morphemehas allomorphs [-s] ∼ [-z] ∼ [-@z] with a distribution as follows:

Form of Allomorph Distribution(i) [-s] after voiceless sounds

(as with cats [kæt-s], lips [lIp-s], socks [sAk-s])(ii) [-z] after voiced sounds

(as with pails [pejl-z], pods [pAd-z], rags [ræg-z])(iii) [-@z] after sibilant fricative sounds

(as with misses [mIs-@z] and lashes [læS-@z])

2. Based the data in (1) and (2), (13 pts)

(i) List the allomorphs of Koasati’s first person possessive morpheme (m/4)

(ii) Indicate the phonological context that each allomorph appears in, and (m/5)

(iii) Illustrate your answer using examples from (1) and (2) (m/4)

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(2) a. [pa>tSokko:ka] chair b. [ampa

>tSokko:ka] my chair

c. [towa] onion d. [antowa] my onione. [kasto] flea f. [aNkasto] my fleag. [baya:na] stomach h. [ambaya:na] my stomachi. [ta:ta] father j. [anta:ta] my fatherk. [

>tSofkoni] bone l. [añ

>tSofkoni] my bone

m. [kitiìka] hair bangs n. [aNkitiìka] my hair bangso. [toni] hip p. [antoni] my hip

Form of Allomorph Distribution(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

2 Latvian Allomorphy (based on data from Cowan & Rakusan 1998) (15 pts)

Latvian is a Baltic language and is the official language of Latvia. The Latvian data below shows examplesof both (i) suffix allomorphy and (ii) root allomorphy.

(3) Infinitive Verb Agentive Nouna. [ma:tsi:t] to teach b. [ma:tsi:ta:js] teacherc. [skuoluot] to educate d. [skuoluota:js] pastore. [braukt] to drive f. [brautse:js] driverg. [tsept] to roast h. [tsepe:js] roasteri. [pirkt] to buy j. [pirtse:js] buyerk. [aust] to weave l. [aude:js] weaverm. [dzieda:t] to sing n. [dzieda:ta:js] singero. [kalt] to forge p. [kale:js] blacksmithq. [iespiest] to print/press r. [iespiede:js] printer/pressman

1. List all of the NON-ALTERNATING morphemes you can find in the above data: (m/6)

Form (IPA) Meaning Distribution (root, prefix, etc.)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

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2. The agentive nominalizer suffix shows allomorphy. List (i) its allomorphs, (ii) the context eachallomorph appears in, and (iii) illustrate with examples from (3): (m/4)

Allomorph Distribution(i)

(ii)

3. Four of the root morphemes in (3) show root allomorphy. List each morpheme’s allomorphs(use ∼ to indicate alternation). (m/2)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

4. If [atrade:js] means “finder,” what’s the infinitive form of the verb “to find”? Explain why. (m/3)

References

Cowan, W. & J. Rakusan. 1998. Source Book for Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing.

Odden, David Arnold. 2005. Introducing Phonology. Cambridge university press.

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A4: MorphoSyntax Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

1 Morphosyntactic Diagnostics (20 pts)

How many lexical categories (eg., N, V, Adj, ...) does Thai have?Provide morphological and syntactic evidence for your answer.

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A4: MorphoSyntax Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

2 SYNTAX: Phrase Structure Rules (40 pts)

2.1 Draw tree structures for the sentences in (1) using only the Phrase Structure Rules in (2) (20 pts)

(1) a. The man in the brown coat fought a man in a bar.

b. The crew stole medicine from a train.

c. The short girl in the jumpsuit fixed the engine.

d. The doctor has a mysterious crate.

(2) Phrase Structure Rules

1. S→ NP (aux) VP

2. NP→ (D) (Adj) N

3. VP→ V (NP) (PP)

4. PP→ P NP

5. NP→ NP PP

2.2 Draw trees for THREE original sentences using only the PSRs in (2) and lexical rules in (3) (15 pts)

(3) Lexical Rules

1. N→ {spaceship, zebra, giraffe, man, woman, tea, house, river, exam}

2. V→ {sell, drink, plan, steal, threaten, run, swim, study, build}

3. Adj→ {fast, medical, tall, stubborn, valuable, cold, difficult}

4. D→ {the, a(n), this, that, those, these}

5. P→ {in, of, from, by}

6. aux→ {be, have, might, can, will, should, must}

2.3 Provide examples of TWO English sentences that the PSRs in (2) CANNOT generate. Explain whythe PSRs cannot generate these sentence. (5 pts)

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A5: Semantics and Pragmatics Problem Set ELC 231: Intoduction to Language and Linguistics

1 Compositional Semantics: Meaning as TRUTH and REFERENCE (20 pts)

For the following questions, assume the following ontology:

1. Truth-Values: T, F

2. Individuals:. ~Voldemort� = a . ~Bellatrix� = b . ~Dumbledore� = c. ~diamonds� = f . ~amethysts� = g . ~dirt� = h

3. Operations: {} set-formation, 〈〉 tuple-formation

You should also assume (i) the compositional rule predication as discussed in lecture(~S�=T iff ~NP�∈~VP�), and (ii) that the copular verb be/is/are has no semantic effect.

Jane is researching the semantics of English and has collected the truth-value judgements in (1) and (2).

(1) a. Dumbledore is kind T

b. Voldemort is kind F

c. Bellatrix is kind F

d. Dumbledore is cruel F

e. Voldemort is cruel T

f. Bellatrix is cruel F

g. Dumbledore is unkind F

h. Voldemort is unkind T

i. Bellatrix is unkind T

(2) a. Diamonds are expensive T

b. Amethysts are expensive F

c. Dirt is expensive F

d. Diamonds are unexpensive F

e. Amethysts are unexpensive T

f. Dirt is unexpensive T

g. Diamonds are cheap F

h. Amethysts are cheap F

i. Dirt is cheap T

1. According to these truth-value judgements, what do the following words refer to? (6 pts)

(3) a. ~kind� = {mmmm}b. ~unkind� = {mmmm}c. ~cruel� = {mmmm}

d. ~expensive� = {mmmm}e. ~unexpensive� = {mmmm}f. ~cheap� = {mmmm}

2. According to the judgements in (2), do cheap and unexpensive mean the same thing?Why/Why not? (3 pts)

3. According to the judgements in (1), do unkind and cruel mean the same thing?Why/Why not? (3 pts)

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4. Jane has proposed the following semantics for un-:. If x is not a member of ~Adj�, then x is a member of ~un-Adj�

Assuming ~afraid� = {a, c}, what predictions does Jane’s hypothesis make about the truth-value ofthe sentences in (4)? (2 pts)

(4) a. Bellatrix is unafraid T/F

b. Diamonds are unafraid T/F

5. Next consider the words in (5). Do you think that the un- in (5) is the same as the un- in (3)?

(5) a. unwrap

b. unfreeze

c. unpack

d. unroll

e. unzip

f. untangle

Provide some morphosyntactic evidence for your answer: (3 pts)

Provide some semantic evidence for your answer: (3 pts)

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2 Pragmatics: Meaning as CONTEXT OF USE (20 pts)

In class, you had a group discussion about the different contexts of use of the following:

(A) คณ /khu:nM/ vs เธอ /th@:M/ to refer to someone you’re speaking to

(B) Sentence-final เลย /l@:jM/ VS ∅

(C) Sentence-final หนอ /nO:R/ VS ∅

Choose one and discuss what you found. What do you think the difference is? Provide somecontext-utterance pragmatic minimal pairs as evidence (either for or against your hypothesis).

NOTE: There is no “right” answer for this question; you will be marked on how scientifically youapproach the problem, clarity, and the quality of your reasoning.

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1 articulatory phonetics (12 pts) - wordpress.coma1: phonetics and orthography problem set elc 231:...

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