1 ba116iu introduction to social sciences semester 2, 2008-2009 school of business administration iu...

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BA116IU

Introduction to Social Sciences Semester 2, 2008-2009

School of Business Administration IU – VNU HCMC

Instructor:

Dr. Truong Thi Kim ChuyenUSSH – VNU HCMC

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• Demography: The Study of Population• World Population Patterns• How Did Communities Originate?• Urbanization• Types of Communities

McGraw-Hill 2006

Chapter 15

POPULATION, COMMUNITIES, & HEALTH

Chapter Outline

• Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness• Social Epidemiology and Health• Social Policy and Population: Financing Health Care

Worldwide

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Demography: The Study of Population

Demography: scientific study of population

Fertility: level of reproduction in a society

Sociologists focus on social factors that influence population rates and trends.

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– Malthus held that world’s population was growing more rapidly than the available food supply

• Argued food supply increases in an arithmetic progression, whereas population expands by geometric progression

– Malthus advocated population control

Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response

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• If society were well ordered, increases should lead to greater wealth, not hunger and misery

• Linked overpopulation to unequal distribution of resources

Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response– Marx saw no special relationship

between world population and the supply of resources

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– Census: enumeration, or counting of a population

– Vital Statistics: records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government

Studying Population Today

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– Death Rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

– Infant Mortality Rate: number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Elements of Demography

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– Life Expectancy: median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions

– Growth Rate: difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants.

Elements of Demography

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World Population Patterns

– Change from high birthrates and death rates to relatively low birth rates and death rates

– Typically viewed as a three-stage process:

Pre-transition stage

Transition stage

Post-transition stage

Demographic Transition

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– Momentum toward growing world population well-established• Developing nations face prospect of

continued population growth, since substantial proportion of their population is approaching child bearing years

Population Pyramid: special type of bar chart that shows distribution of population by gender and age

The Population Explosion

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World Population Patterns Figure 15.1: Demographic Transition

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World Population Patterns Figure 15.2: Population Structure of Afghanistan and the United

States, 2005

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Fertility Patterns in the United States

– The baby boom was not a return to large families, but rather decrease in number of childless marriages and one-child families

– The baby boom represents the most recent period of high fertility in the United States

The Baby Boom

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– Fertility rate of the U.S. remained low over the last two decades

– Still experiencing population growth• Momentum built into our age structure by

the postwar population boom• Continued high rates of immigration

Stable Population Growth

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Stable Population Growth

Zero Population Growth (ZPG): state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants

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Population and Migration

Migration: relatively permanent movement of people with the purpose of changing their place of residence.

Migration usually describes movement over a sizable distance, rather than from one side of a city to another.

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How Did Communities Originate?

– Early communities were very dependent on physical environment for their food supply

– Horticultural societies, where people cultivated food rather than merely gathering fruits and vegetables, led to dramatic changes in human social organization

Early Communities

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– Had only a few thousand people living within their borders

– Characterized by relatively closed class systems and limited mobility

– Status based on ascribed characteristics, and education limited to elite

Preindustrial Cities

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• Reliance on animal power• Modest levels of surplus• Problems in transportation

and storage of food• Hardships of migration to

the city• Dangers of city life

Preindustrial Cities– Remained small due to:

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– Industrial City: Based on very different principles of social organization than preindustrial cities

• More open class system and social mobility

Industrial and Postindustrial Cities

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– Urbanism: relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior

Industrial and Postindustrial Cities– Postindustrial City: Global finance and

electronic flow of information dominate the economy

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Urbanization

– Human Ecology: interrelationships between people and their spatial settings and physical environments

– Urban Ecology: focuses on relationships as they emerge in urban areas

Functionalist View: Urban Ecology

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Urbanization

• Zones illustrate or define growth of urban area over time

Functionalist View: Urban Ecology– Concentric-Zone Theory: center, or

nucleus, of a city is the most highly valued land and each succeeding zone surrounding the center contains other types of land which are valued differently

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Urbanization

• Metropolitan area may have several centers of development reflecting urban need or activity

Functionalist View: Urban Ecology– Multiple-nuclei theory: all urban

growth does not radiate out from a central district

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Urbanization Figure 15.3: Ecological Theories of Urban Growth

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Urbanization

– New urban sociology: considers the interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effects on local space

– World Systems Analysis: certain industrialized nations hold a dominant position at the core of global economic system

Conflict View: New Urban Sociology

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Urbanization

– Peripheral countries tend to be exploited by core nations

Conflict View: New Urban Sociology– Poorer developing countries are on

periphery of global economy

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Urbanization

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Types of Communities

– Urban Dwellers• Gans distinguishes five types of people

found in our cities:– Cosmopolites– Unmarried and

childless people– Ethnic villagers– The deprived– The trapped

Central Cities

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– Issues Facing Cities• Crime• Pollution• Schools• Inadequate transportation

Central Cities– Urban Dwellers

• Defended neighborhood refers to people’s definitions of their community boundaries

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– Leaders, policymakers and advocates first identify community’s strengths and then seek to mobilize those assets

Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD Approach)

Helps communities recognize human resources they might otherwise overlook

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– Any community near a large city

– Three social factors differentiate suburbs from cities:• Less dense than cities• Private space• More exacting building codes

Suburbs

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– Diversity in the suburbs• The suburbs contain significant number of

low-income people from all backgrounds

Suburbs– Suburban Expansion

• Suburbanization most dramatic population trend in the United States during 20th century

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– 21% of U.S. population live in rural areas

– Farm residents now represent less than 1% of U.S. population

– Shift to single, large business also creates problems

Rural Communities

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Culture and Health

Culture can also influence the relative incidence of a disease or disorder.

Culture contributes to differences in medical care as well as how health is defined

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Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness

– State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being• Not merely the absence of disease and

infirmity

– Represents ideal rather than precise condition

Health

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– Being sick must be controlled so that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time

Sick role:Societal expectations about attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill

Physicians function as “gatekeepers” for the sick role.

Functionalist Approach

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– Critical of growing role of medicine as major institution of social control

– Argues that medicine is a regulating mechanism and manifests social control by:• Expanding its domain of expertise• Retaining jurisdiction over many health

care procedures

Conflict Approach

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• Poor areas tend to be underserved• Brain drain: immigration to U.S. and other

industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians desperately needed in home countries

Conflict Approach– Inequities of Health Care

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– Studies the roles played by health care professionals and patients

– Asserts that patients may play an active role in the positive or negative outcomes of their health

Interactionist Approach

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– The designations healthy and ill generally involve social definition by others

– Disagreements continue in the medical community over whether a variety of life experiences are illnesses or not

Labeling Approach

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Culture and Health Figure 15.4: Infant Mortality Rates, 2002

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Social Epidemiology and Health

– Social Epidemiology: study of distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population

– Incidence: number of new cases of specific disorder occurring within given population during stated period of time, usually a year

– Prevalence: total number of cases of specific disorder that exist at given time


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– Clearly associated with differences in morbidity and mortality rates

– Class linked to health by:• Crowded living conditions• Substandard housing• Poor diet• Stress• Lack of health insurance

█Social Class

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– Health profiles of racial and ethnic groups reflect social inequality evident in United States

– Poor economic and environmental conditions manifested in high morbidity and mortality rates for these groups

Race and Ethnicity

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Social Epidemiology and Health Figure 15.5: Percent of People without Health Insurance, 2003

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– When compared with men, women live longer, but as a group appear to be in poorer health than men

– Women live longer due to:• Lower rate of cigarette smoking• Lower consumption of alcohol• Lower rates of employment in certain

occupations

Gender

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– Most older people in the United States have at least one chronic illness

– Older people vulnerable to certain types of mental health problems

– Older people use more health services than younger people

Age

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Social Policy and Health

• In many developing nations, health care issues center on very basic needs of primary care

• Industrialized nations face issues related to the accessibility and affordability of health care

Financing Health Care Worldwide– The Issue

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• The U.S. is only Western industrial democracy that does not treat health care as basic right

• National Health Insurance: general term for legislative proposals that focus on ways to provide the entire population with health care services

Opponents of national health insurance insist it would be costly and lead to significant tax increases.

Financing Health Care Worldwide– The Setting

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• Conflict theorists suggest that health care system resists basic change

– Those who receive substantial wealth and power through the workings of an existing institution have strong incentive to keep things as they are

• The health care system undergoing “corporatization”

Financing Health Care Worldwide– Sociological Insights

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• Major changes occurring• More people enrolled in managed care plans,

which limit patient’s choice of physicians and treatments but cover most medical costs

• There are growing concerns about the quality of health care provided by managed care plans

• Many industrial countries paying greater attention to unequal health care delivery

Financing Health Care Worldwide– Policy Initiatives

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