1 chapter 1 - impact of wwi focuses: what caused world war one to happen? what were the effects of...
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Chapter 1 - Impact of WWI
Focuses: What caused World War One to happen?
What were the effects of World War One?
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Did World War I change the world?
What was the world like before World War I?
What was the world like after World War I?
1. The world before 1914.2. What caused the war.
1. Effects of the war on the world.
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In a Nutshell
When did it happen? 1914–1918
Where did it happen? Europe, Africa and the Middle East
Who fought in the war? 1) Allied Powers (Leading member: Britain)
2) Central Powers (Leading member: Germany)
Who won? The Allied Powers
How many died? Soldiers: 8 million
Civilians or people who were not soldiers: 6 million
World War IWorld War I
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Allied Powers
• Britain• France• Serbia• Russia• Italy (joined after May 1915)
Central Powers
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Turkey
vs
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Significant Individuals 1.
Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army and
navy Aggressive foreign policy Determined to make
Germany a top nation. Distrusted by other powers
“Germany must have its place in the sun”“The world belongs to the strong.”
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Significant Individuals 2
Count Berchtold Austrian Prime
Minister. During the July
Crisis, decided on a very tough ultimatum for Serbia
“Were the Serbs to agree to all the demands, this would not be to my liking”
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Significant Individuals 3
Bethmann Hollweg German Prime Minister Gave very strong support
to Austria during the July crisis while Kaiser was cruising on his yacht
“The Austrian demands are moderate. Any interference by Britain, France and Russia would be followed by incalculable consequences”
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Powerful Powerful countriescountries
Competition Competition for coloniesfor colonies
Arms and Arms and naval racenaval race
Alliances Alliances among the among the
great great powerspowers
Strong Strong feelings of feelings of
nationalismnationalism
AssassinatioAssassination of n of
Archduke of Archduke of Austria-Austria-HungaryHungary
What was the world like before World War I?
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Powerful countries
Britain Largest colonial empire in the world.
Most powerful navy.
France Defeated by Germans in 1871 Franco-Prussian War.
Lost resource-rich Alsace-Lorraine.
Looked for ways to recover it.
Russia Largest empire in Europe.
Largest army.
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Powerful countries
Austria- Large, unstable and divided empire.Hungary Different ethnic groups often attempted to
break away to form own nation-states.
Germany Economy grew rapidly after 1871 reunification. Army best-trained and equipped in Europe. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s ambition.
Ottoman Empire stretched from Europe to the Turkey Middle East and Asia.
Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
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Britain:• Largest colonial
empire in the world.
• Most powerful navy.
Britain:• Largest colonial
empire in the world.
• Most powerful navy.
France:• Resource-rich Alsace-
Lorraine was annexed by Germany in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.
• Looked for ways to recover it.
France:• Resource-rich Alsace-
Lorraine was annexed by Germany in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.
• Looked for ways to recover it.
Germany:• Rapid growth in economy and
power after 1871 reunification.
• Best-trained and equipped army in Europe.
• Huge territorial ambition.
Germany:• Rapid growth in economy and
power after 1871 reunification.
• Best-trained and equipped army in Europe.
• Huge territorial ambition.
Russia:• Largest empire in Europe.
• Largest army.
• Less advanced industrialisation.
Russia:• Largest empire in Europe.
• Largest army.
• Less advanced industrialisation.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey):
• Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.
• Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey):
• Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.
• Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
Austria-Hungary:• Large, unstable and divided
empire.
• Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.
Austria-Hungary:• Large, unstable and divided
empire.
• Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.
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Competition for colonies
Acquire colonies to:
further national security.
enhance national prestige.
obtain raw materials.
gain access to markets for manufactured goods.
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Competition for colonies
Britain and France already in control of most of Africa and Asia.
Very little left for Germany.
Competition for colonies.
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Germany
Austria-Hungary
Arms and naval race
Germany’s ambition to expand army and navy to rival its enemies.
Powerful military as bargaining voice, bragging rights and fulcrum to expansionist policy?
Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph in November 1908
“Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is rapidly expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect that trade. She must be able to fight for her interests in any part of the world. Only those powers that have great navies will be listened to with respect.”
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Britain
Russia
France
Arms and naval race
Britain, France and Russia felt the threat posed by an ambitious Germany.
Also increased army and navy to maintain balance of military power.
The race is on!The race is on!
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Arms and naval race
700,000
403,000 380,000302,000
247,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Russia Germany France Britain Austria-Hungary
Size of great powers' armies
1870
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Arms and naval race
700,000
1,300,000
403,000
812,000
380,000
846,000
302,000381,000
247,000
424,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Russia Germany France Britain Austria-Hungary
Size of great powers' armies
1870
1914
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Alliances among the great powers
1907 1907 (Triple Entente Agreement)(Triple Entente Agreement)
Britain, France and Russia allied to become the Allied Powers.
18821882(Triple Alliance Agreement)(Triple Alliance Agreement)
Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy allied to form the Central Powers.
The Balance of Power: The Balance of Power:
The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter countries from starting a war. This was because such a war would countries from starting a war. This was because such a war would not be easy to win as it would quickly escalate as more countries not be easy to win as it would quickly escalate as more countries joined the fight via the alliances.joined the fight via the alliances.
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Alliances among the great powers Instead, these alliances meant that a war between two countries
would soon involve their allies and become a bigger conflict. Played an important part in causing World War I.
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Alliances among the great powers Because of the Triple Entente, Germany hatched
the Schlieffen Plan. Plan would prevent Germany from having to fight
the Allied Powers on two fronts in the event of war: France and Britain in the west. Russia to the east.
Pivotal action of the Plan was to defeat France with lightning attack through neutral Belgium and take out the Western front.
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Germany risked having to fight the Germany risked having to fight the Allied Powers on both the Allied Powers on both the Eastern front Eastern front and the and the Western frontWestern front..
The Schlieffen Plan called for The Schlieffen Plan called for surprise occupation of neutral surprise occupation of neutral Belgium and lightning attack and Belgium and lightning attack and defeat of France through Belgium.defeat of France through Belgium.
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Strong feelings of nationalism Many Slavs lived in the Balkans, in nation-
states like Bosnia and Serbia. Serbian nationalism inspired plans for
creation of larger Serbian state (Serbia and Bosnia).
Austria-Hungary threatened by prospect of larger Serbian state south of its border.
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Serbian nationalism to Serbian nationalism to the south of Austria-the south of Austria-Hungary’sHungary’s border created border created a threat for Austria-a threat for Austria-Hungary.Hungary.
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Strong feelings of nationalism
1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia. Many Slavs decided to set up secret
societies goal was to force Austria-Hungary out of Bosnia.
Russians were also Slavs protective towards fellow Slavs in the Balkans.
Opposed to Austria-Hungary’s attempts to prevent spread of Serbian nationalism.
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Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
heir apparent to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was shot in Bosnia.
Killer was member of ‘Black Hand’, a secret society based in Serbia.
The perfect excuse for Austria-Hungary to remove Serbian threat once and for all.
accused Serbia of planning the murder.
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Events which led to start of World War I
28 June 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
23 July 1914: Germany offered to back Austria-Hungary against Serbia. Austria-Hungary demanded that Serbia hand over leaders of the ‘Black Hand’ by 25 July.
26 July 1914: Russia joined the fray by supporting Serbia.
28 July 1914: Leaders of ‘Black Hand’ not handed over. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
31 July 1914:Russia mobilised its army in support of Serbia. Germany feared an imminent Russian invasion.
1 August 1914:Germany declared war on Russia; France mobilised its troops to support Russia.
3 August 1914:Germany declared war on France. Schlieffen Plan set in motion, Germans entered neutral Belgium.
3 August 1914:As Belgium was under British protection, Britain sent ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from Belgium.
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Events which led to start of World War I
4 August 1914: Britain declared war on Germany as German troops had not withdrawn.
World War I began!World War I began!
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What really caused World War I?
Powerful countries?Powerful countries?
Competition for Competition for colonies?colonies?
Arms and naval Arms and naval race?race?
Alliances among the Alliances among the great powers?great powers?
Strong feelings of Strong feelings of nationalism?nationalism?
Assassination of Assassination of Archduke of Archduke of
Austria-Hungary?Austria-Hungary?
Critical Thinking
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What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?Which view do you agree with?
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What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?Which view do you agree with?
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What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?Which view do you agree with?
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The Course of the War
Schlieffen Plan did not materialise as planned for the Germans.
By the end of By the end of 1914, both 1914, both sides stuck in a sides stuck in a stalematestalemate of of bloody trench bloody trench warfare.warfare.
Little land Little land gained but gained but heavy heavy casualties.casualties.
It was very difficult to penetrate the formidable defence formed by a line of trenches. Hundreds of thousands of deaths were suffered in bloody trench warfare.
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The Germans’ intended lightning attack of France did not succeed. Instead their advances were The Germans’ intended lightning attack of France did not succeed. Instead their advances were slowed drastically by stiff Allied resistance. slowed drastically by stiff Allied resistance.
Long lines of trenches dug from Belgium to the Swiss border ensured both sides got stuck in a Long lines of trenches dug from Belgium to the Swiss border ensured both sides got stuck in a fruitless yet bloody trench warfare fruitless yet bloody trench warfare
– – a stalemate.a stalemate.
In 1914, the Germans failed to even In 1914, the Germans failed to even reach Paris. The Schlieffen Plan had reach Paris. The Schlieffen Plan had collapsed. They were drawn into a collapsed. They were drawn into a two-front wartwo-front war. .
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The Course of the War
November 1914:The Ottoman Empire entered the war on Germany’s side.
May 1915:Italy joined the war on the side of the Allied Powers. In return, Italy was promised territory which it hoped to gain from Austria-Hungary.
April 1917:The USA declared war against Germany due to outrage over loss of innocent American lives when German submarines sank the Lusitania.
March 1918:Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and exited the war because it had suffered very heavy casualties on the Eastern front. Ceded land and resources to Germany. End of war on the Eastern front.
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The Course of the War
March 1918:With the end of the war on the Eastern front, Germany redeployed its troops there to the Western front and launched a massive offensive there.
June 1918:Large numbers of fresh USA troops started arriving on the war front.
July 1918:Germany could not sustain its offensive on the Western front as its resources were depleted due to the two-front war between 1914 and 1918.
August 1918:Allied forces counter-attacked.
October 1918:The Germans were forced to retreat.
Turkey and Austria-Hungary pulled out of the war, leaving Germany as the lone Central Power in the war. Germany was fighting a losing battle.
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The Course of the War
November 1918: The Kaiser was overthrown in a revolt.
Germany became a republic. Its new leaders asked for an armistice and
was granted that on 11 November 1918. World War I was over.
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Millions of Millions of dead, dead,
wounded or wounded or homeless homeless
peoplepeople
Four Four empires empires broke upbroke up
Self-Self-determination determination
became became popularpopular
New nation-New nation-states were states were
set upset up
New New boundaries boundaries
created created problemsproblems
World World economy economy damageddamaged
What was the world like after World War I?
Changes to Changes to societysociety
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Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Nearly 8 million soldiers killed.
Millions of young men wounded and permanently disabled by gas or exploding shells.
Many others suffered from post-war trauma.
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Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people
Casualty Figures from World War I
57,000750,000
1,800,0001,700,000
1,400,000
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
America
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Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Millions of displaced refugees who had lost
almost everything.
Poor living conditions, lack of food and spread of disease.
Many more killed due to diseases.
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Four empires broke up
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia broke up into smaller countries. Many ethnic groups set up their own nations.
Former colonies of German and Ottoman Empires administered by Allied Powers until they were ready for self-government.
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Self-determination became popular Self-determination and self-government
championed as a principle of peace.
Austro-Hungarian Austro-Hungarian EmpireEmpire
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Self-determination Self-determination
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New nation-states were set up
NationalismNationalism
Yugoslavia
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Poland Hungary
Many new Many new countries were countries were set up because set up because of nationalism.of nationalism.
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New boundaries created problems Although new nation-states were formed,
ethnic groups did not get to form nations of ethnic uniformity.
Many ethnic minorities lived within the borders of newly-created states.
These new borders caused ethnic tension.
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World economy damaged
World trade disrupted. Resources of great powers depleted. Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed
no production. Infrastructure destroyed lengthy restoration. Massive unemployment. Countries cash-strapped, saddled with huge debts.
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Changes to society
Divisions in society were heightened.
The war brought to the fore differences between two opposing camps of society — pacifists and militarists.
The horrors of war tilted some groups more towards pacifismpacifism.
But other groups became even more fiercely inclined towards militarismmilitarism. They felt this was the best way to protect their country against invasion and annexation.
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Changes to society
Disillusionment with existing system.
Segments of society lost faith in the existing system of government.
Looked for alternative social ideologies.
Communism emerged.
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Changes to society
Changes to the position of women. Many males in the families were killed in the war. Women’s responsibilities increased. Women’s expectations about their role in society
also changed equal rights, equal opportunities.
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Changes to society
Changes to the position of workers. Working class given right to vote in recognition of
its contributions to the war expansion of electorate.
Increasing support for government welfare programmes such as state-provided healthcare and education.
Greater expectation for equality with middle class and upper class.
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Millions of Millions of dead, dead,
wounded or wounded or homeless homeless
peoplepeople
Four Four empires empires broke upbroke up
Self-Self-determination determination
became became popularpopular
New nation-New nation-states were states were
set upset up
New New boundaries boundaries
created created problemsproblems
World World economy economy damageddamaged
What was the world like after World War I?
Changes to Changes to societysociety
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Homeless people:There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything.
What does this picture tell you about What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?the impact of World War I?
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Destroyed infrastructure: A lengthy restoration was required and the economy was damaged.
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Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities.
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Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war.
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Summary
World War I
Major countries involved
Causes
Impact
Political
Economic
Social
Central Powers
Allied Powers
• Powerful countries.• Competition for colonies.• Arms and naval race.• Alliance system.• Strong nationalism.• Assassination of Archduke of
Austria-Hungary.
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Summary
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Turkey
• Britain• France• Serbia• Russia (until 1917)• Italy (from May 1915)• USA (fought as an Associated Power from 1917)
Major countries involved
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Back to main summary
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Summary• Old empires broke up.• Creation of new nations and
nation-states.• Ethnic tension due to new
borders.• Self-determination by
countries formerly ruled by empires.
• Farmland and industrial areas destroyed no more production.
• Infrastructure destroyed.• World trade disrupted.• Massive unemployment.• Countries saddled with huge debts.
• Divisions in society heightened.• Emergence of Communism.• Changes to the position of
women and workers.
Impact
Political
Economic
Social
Back to main summary