world war ii. 2 world war ii: war involving nearly all the nations of the world… again 1939-1945...
TRANSCRIPT
World War II
2
World War II:
War involving nearly all the nations of the world… AGAIN
1939-1945
US Involvement 1941-1945
What?
When?
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Why?
Failure of the Treaty of VersaillesWeak League of NationsAggression by totalitarian powers Rearmament Anti-CommunismBelief in Fascism Isolationism
Hitler’s ideology written in Mein Kampf : Anti-Semitism Lebensraum
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Alliances
GermanyItalyJapan
FranceGreat BritainUSSRUnited States
Axis Powers: Allied Powers:
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Where?
Atlantic and Pacific Theatres
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Franklin D. Roosevelt-U.S. President
Joseph Stalin-Soviet dictator
Winston Churchill-British prime minister
Harry Truman-US President after death of Roosevelt
Dwight D. Eisenhower-U.S. general
Douglas MacArthur-U.S. general
George Marshall-U.S. general
Who: Major leaders of the war- the Allies
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Benito Mussolini- Italian Dictator
Adolf Hitler-Nazi dictator of Germany
Hideki Tojo-Japanese general
Hirohito-Emperor of Japan
Who: Major leaders of the war- The Axis
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Events that lead to War: Pre WWII Aggression
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1931: Invade Manchuria
1933: Invade rest of China
1937: ‘Rape of Nanking’
1940: Occupy French Indochina (Vietnam)
1941: Take Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
Dec. 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor
Japanese Aggression
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Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Japanese Aggression
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Why invade Manchuria?
The need for new markets and new sources of raw materials such as coal, oil, bauxite (for aluminum), and iron ore led Japan to invade and annex Manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo.
China protested to the League of Nations, but the League was not able to stop the aggression.
This failure showed the world that the League could not maintain world peace.
Japanese Aggression
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Fascism: ideology or attitude that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism.
Marxist-Leninist Communism version of a classless society in which capitalism is overthrown by a working-class revolution that gives ownership and control of wealth and property to the state
Communism (beginning with Stalin): any system of government in which a single, usually totalitarian, party holds power, and the state controls the economy
Vocabulary
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Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 Centralized all power in himself as the leader. Ultimately in alliance with Hitler's Germany
Pre-War Italy
il duce
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Pre-War: Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Haile Selassie
Italy’s successful war against Ethiopia in 1935-1936 was opposed by the League of Nations, so Mussolini was forced to seek an alliance with Nazi Germany, which had withdrawn from the League in 1933.
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1933-Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. He was convinced the Western powers had no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty of Versailles.
Pre-War Germany
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Francisco Franco Italian troops in Madrid
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Spanish Civil War-Italian Involvement
Italian intervention in 1936-1939 on the side of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War ended any possibility of Italian reconciliation with France and Britain. Italy now had to side with Germany.
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Why did Hitler aid Franco? Geopolitics; he hoped for the establishment of another authoritarian regime on the border of his great enemy, France.
He used Spain as a testing-ground for German military forces, and particularly his Luftwaffe, which in 1937 bombed Guernica, the first time a European city was flattened by area bombing.
Spanish Civil War-German Involvement
Hitler And Franco
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“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso
Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals, particularly innocent civilians.
Spanish Civil War
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Hitler wanted all German-speaking nations in Europe to be a part of Germany. He wanted to reunite Germany with his native homeland, Austria. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Germany and Austria were forbidden to be unified. Hitler also wanted control of the ethnic Germans within an area of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland.
Hitler’s Initial Goal for Lebensraum
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In March 7, 1936, Hitler sent German troops into the Rhineland, which was a demilitarized area.
German Aggression
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Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936
Italian and German Alliance
The “Pact of Steel”
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Anti-Comintern Pact
Agreement between Germany and Japan Nov. 25, 1936 forming an alliance against communism.
Italy joins Nov. 6, 1937
Japanese - German - Italian Alliance
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Hitler pursued a union with Austria, or Anschluss.
12th March 1938:German troops marched into Austria unopposed. Hitler now had control of Austria. A month later, Hitler held a rigged referendum. The results showed that the Austrian people approved of German control of their country.
The Austrian Anschluss
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The world witnessed the horrors of the German destruction in Spain.
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Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third ReichHitler invaded Czechoslovakia, and made a Nazi
puppet state
Czechoslovakia Crisis-1938
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Britain, France, Germany and Italy met to address the Czechoslovakia Crisis.
The goal of the leaders was to avoid war.
Hitler promised that Czechoslovakia would be his “last territorial demand in Europe.”
Sudetenland given to Germany in exchange for this promise.
The Munich Pact-1938
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The Sudetenland
The Sudetenland
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British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace for our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.
The Munich Pact-1938
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After the Munich Conference, Prime Minister Chamberlain of Britain did not issue a strong statement in opposition to Hitler’s actions.
Chamberlain believed Hitler would not violate anymore agreements.
Appeasement: the political strategy of pacifying a potentially hostile nation in the hope of avoiding war, often by granting concessions
Appeasement
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Hitler was afraid of an alliance between the West and the Soviet Union.
In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact.
Germany and USSR promised not to attack each other.
Hitler offered Stalin eastern Poland and the Baltic states.
Hitler knew that eventually he would break the pact.
The Pact enabled him to invade Poland without fear.
Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact
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USSR stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland
Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov
Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact
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Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
The War Begins
Great Britain and France declare war on Germany: September 3, 1939
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The War Begins- Why Poland?
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Blitzkrieg: a form of attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks.
Blitzkrieg: Lightning War
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October 1939-May 10, 1940.
Germany built up forces to invade France
France established defenses behind her Maginot Line: a series of strong fortifications on the French-German Border.
The Maginot Line did not extend beyond that border
The Phony War
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The French had fortified their border with Germany along the Maginot Line, but the Germans surprised them by going around it.
Maginot Line
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Maginot Line
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Germany Invades France
Battle of France May 10 – June 22, 1940. The Germans invaded the Netherlands and Belgium bypassing the Maginot Line. Britain and France moved to counter this attack.
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The Germans trapped the entire British army and French forces on the beaches of Dunkirk.
Germany now controlled western and central Europe.
Only Britain remained undefeated.
Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940
Germany Invades France
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France Surrenders
June 22, 1940France surrenders.
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Hitler and Nazi’s in France
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A Divided France
Vichy France was unoccupied France, governed by authoritarian regime under German control of Henri Petain
Henri Pétain
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French Resistance
The Free French
General Charles DeGaulle
The Free French Forces were French fighters in WWII who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation.
The Cross of Lorraine chosen by de Gaulle as the symbol of the Free French Forces
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Chamberlain to Churchill
May 10,1940 Churchill becomes Prime Minister.Churchill offered no magic bullets, no miracle solutions, and no false hope. May 13,1940 address to Parliament:“I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.”
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Churchill: A Great Leader
48'We shall fight on the beaches ...‘,
Churchill: Speeches
June 4, 1940'... We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender ...'
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Hitler understood that he could not attack Britain by sea unless he first controlled the air.
August 1940: the Luftwaffe- German air force- began a major bombing offensive against military targets in Britain.
Aided by a good radar system, the British fought back but suffered critical losses.
Battle of Britain
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German leaders: destroy the British air force to stop it from sinking ships that would carry German soldiers across the English Channel.
July 10, 1940, the Luftwaffe made their first bomber attack on British ships in the Channel.
August, 1940 the German air force began its mass bomber attacks on British airfields, harbors, aircraft factories and radar stations.
October 31, 1940, ends of the Battle of Britain.
Britain wins.
Battle of Britain
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The “Blitz”: Attack on British Cities
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Heavy and frequent bombing attacks on London and other cities in Britain, especially at night.
Nightly German bombing raids, from September 7, 1940 until May 16, 1941, attacked British cities, ports and industrial areas. Civilians?
One third of London was destroyed.
32,000 civilians were killed and 87,000 were seriously injured.
What was the Blitz?
Bomb shelter in the Tube
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World War II brought suffering and hardship.
The peaceful routine of everyday life was shattered.
Children were sent out of the cities to stay with strangers, away from the bombing.
Families were broken up as men were sent to the front lines to fight, some never to return.
Shops were empty and what was available was often rationed.
What Effect Did the war have on the people?
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The British asked the United States for help.
The United States had a strict policy of isolationism.
A series of neutrality acts passed in the 1930s prevented the United States from involvement in European conflicts.
Though President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced the Germans, the United States did nothing at first.
Where’s the US?
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Lend-Lease Act 1941
President Roosevelt had virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid such as ammunition, tanks, airplanes, trucks, and food to the war effort in Europe without violating the U.S. official position of neutrality.
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Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941.
Solidifies alliance.
Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points.
Calls for League of Nations type organization.
The Atlantic Charter
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The Atlantic Charter United Nations
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June 22, 1941
Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union.
Breaks the Non-Aggression Pact. The U.S. decided to extend Lend-Lease aid to the Soviets as well.
Germany Invades USSR
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Operation Barbarossa
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The attack on the Soviet Union stretched out for 1,800 miles.
German troops moved quickly and captured two million Russian soldiers by November.
The Germans were within 25 miles of Moscow.
Winter came early in 1941 and, combined with fierce Russian resistance, forced the Germans to halt.
This marked the first time in the war that the Germans had been stopped.
Operation Barbarossa
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The Germans were not equipped for the bitter Russian winter.
In December, the Soviet army counterattacked.
A new coalition was formed called the Grand Alliance: Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
The three nations agreed to focus on military operations and ignore political differences.
They agreed in 1943 to fight until the Axis Powers–Germany, Italy, and Japan– surrendered unconditionally.
Operation Barbarossa
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European Theater of Operations
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Pearl Harbor: Background
Japan: Wars of aggression in Asia.
Army, Navy and Air Force undefeated.
Technology and soldiers used the latest strategy.
Signed a pact with Nazi Germany (and Italy) because Germany becoming the preeminent power in the West: The Tripartite Pact, Sept 1940.
Only the United States of America is managing to curb Japan’s ambition by restricting her oil supplies.
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Pearl Harbor: Background
Pearl Harbor
The Pacific ocean showing the proximity of USA and Japan to Hawaii.
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Pearl Harbor: Background
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Pearl Harbor-and more!
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya simultaneously.
Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies and other islands in the Pacific Ocean.
By the spring of 1942, the Japanese controlled almost all of Southeast Asia and much of the western Pacific
USS Arizona
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The Japanese thought that their attacks on the U.S. fleet would destroy the U.S. Navy and lead the Americans to accept Japanese domination in the Pacific.
The attack on Pearl Harbor had the opposite effect.
It united the American people and convinced the nation that it should enter the war against Japan.
Pearl Harbor-Effects
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5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…
(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.
PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – 9:15 a.m.
PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 a.m.
PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9:45 a.m.
Pearl Harbor
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“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
Who said this?
Listen to the entire speech - 7:11
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Pearl Harbor
Hitler thought that the Americans would be too involved in the Pacific to fight in Europe.
Four days after Pearl Harbor, Hitler declared war on the United States.
World War II had become a global war.
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The US enters the war on the Allied side. The tide turns in favor of the Allies.
The US Enters The War
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Pearl Harbor: Today
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Pearl Harbor: Today
USS Arizona Memorial
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U.S. troops surrender to the Japanese in the Philippine Islands, May 6, 1942. A total of 11,500 Americans and Filipinos became POWs.
War in the Pacific
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Italy-The Soft Underbelly of Europe
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Yalta
Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin
Yalta Conference in February 1945
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