1 lincolnshire fire and rescue’s training centre lincolnshire fire & rescue buildings and...

1Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre

LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUELINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE

BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1

Building Types and Components


AIMAIM

To provide students with a To provide students with a basic understanding of basic understanding of building design and the building design and the principal components.principal components.


At the end of the session students will be At the end of the session students will be able to:able to:

• State the commonly used construction State the commonly used construction materials and types.materials and types.

• Identify types of doors and windows Identify types of doors and windows commonly used.commonly used.

• List the principal components of a List the principal components of a staircase.staircase.

• List the types of roof commonly found. List the types of roof commonly found.

LEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES


COMMON BUILDING COMMON BUILDING MATERIALSMATERIALS

• BrickBrick

• BlockBlock

• StoneStone

• ConcreteConcrete

• TimberTimber

• MetalMetal


BUILDING BOARDSBUILDING BOARDS

• FibreFibre

• PlasterPlaster

• AsbestosAsbestos

• PlywoodPlywood

• BlockBlock

• PlasticPlastic


TYPES OF BUILDINGSTYPES OF BUILDINGS

• Solid or ‘traditional’ constructionSolid or ‘traditional’ construction

• Structural steel frame constructionStructural steel frame construction

• Reinforced concrete constructionReinforced concrete construction

• Modular system constructionModular system construction

• Portal frame constructionPortal frame construction

• Composite construction.Composite construction.


SOLID CONSTRUCTIONSOLID CONSTRUCTION

• Solid load bearing wallsSolid load bearing walls

• Set back at upper floorsSet back at upper floors

• Commonly made of brick, concrete Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stoneblocks or stone

• Cast iron columnsCast iron columns

• Cast iron or timber beamsCast iron or timber beams

• Warehouses, mills, factories and Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.offices.


BUILDINGS AND BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES


STRUCTURAL STEELSTRUCTURAL STEEL

• High number of design optionsHigh number of design options

• Skeletal framework often complexSkeletal framework often complex

• Loads carried by beamsLoads carried by beams

• Structure is covered by claddingStructure is covered by cladding

• Large use of glass, polycarbonate and Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plasticplastic

• Large shopping centres, sports centres Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.and multi-storey offices.


STRUCTURAL STEELSTRUCTURAL STEEL

Stanchions

Main beamsRoof spans between main beams

Tie Beam

Floor spans between main beams

Secondary beam


REINFORCED CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE

• Alternative to steel frameAlternative to steel frame

• Columns support beams on which are laid Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sectionsslab flooring sections

• Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structureto form a monolithic structure

• Two common methods of construction.Two common methods of construction.


REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)

Pre cast reinforced concrete framePre cast reinforced concrete frame

• Factory produced frame componentsFactory produced frame components

• Transported for assembly on siteTransported for assembly on site

• Similar techniques to steel frame.Similar techniques to steel frame.


REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)

Composite constructionComposite construction

• Utilises the advantages of modern Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelworklightweight structural steelwork

• ‘‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.concrete columns.


Gable columns

Concrete Spine beam

Steel Spine beam.

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTIONCOMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION


MODULAR STRUCTURESMODULAR STRUCTURES

• Pre fabricated componentsPre fabricated components

• High design flexibilityHigh design flexibility

• Specially designed connectorsSpecially designed connectors

• Encased in concrete to provide a degree Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.of fire and corrosion protection.


MODULAR BUILDINGMODULAR BUILDING


TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTORTYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR


Concrete ribs

R.C. edge beam

Concrete topping

Hollow clay floor blocks

Filler tilesRib reinforcement

Reinforcement

VoidsCeiling finish

HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORINGFLOORING


Typical hollow floor unit details

Internal support

Void

Floor finishCement/sand screed

Grouted jointsFloor finishCement/sand

screed

Typical channel section floor unit details

HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANKHOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK


PRE CAST CONCRETE SLABPRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB


DOORS, WINDOWS AND DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTSROOFLIGHTS

TYPES OF DOORTYPES OF DOOR

• HingedHinged

• SwingSwing

• RevolvingRevolving

• SlidingSliding

• FoldingFolding

• CantileverCantilever

• Roller shutterRoller shutter


HINGED DOORSHINGED DOORS

• Most commonly found typeMost commonly found type

• All close against a rebate on the door All close against a rebate on the door jambjamb

• Four commonly found typesFour commonly found types FlushFlush PanelledPanelled LedgedLedged MetalMetal


SWING DOORSSWING DOORS

• Pin hinges allow door to swing in any Pin hinges allow door to swing in any directiondirection

• Door jamb not fitted with a rebateDoor jamb not fitted with a rebate

• Often partially glazed using wired glass or Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing barscopper glazing bars

• Found in restaurants, department stores and Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels.hotels.


REVOLVING DOORSREVOLVING DOORS

• Present an obstruction to firefighting Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt withoperations unless dealt with

• Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’

• Designed to be collapsed downDesigned to be collapsed down

• Essential they are used in conjunction with Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.a hinged door.


SLIDING DOORSSLIDING DOORS

• Solid or lattice constructionSolid or lattice construction

• Widely used in commercial buildingsWidely used in commercial buildings

• Can slide on one or both sides of an Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recessopening or into a central recess

• Lattice type usually for security or to Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.


FOLDING DOORSFOLDING DOORS

• Usually lightweight constructionUsually lightweight construction

• Similar in design to hinged doorsSimilar in design to hinged doors

• Two or more leaves hinged togetherTwo or more leaves hinged together

• Whole door opens to one side onlyWhole door opens to one side only

• Often used to separate two rooms.Often used to separate two rooms.


CANTILEVER DOORSCANTILEVER DOORS

• Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwardsrises upwards

• Lies horizontal when openLies horizontal when open

• Generally fits flush to the opening when Generally fits flush to the opening when closedclosed

• Usually found on garages.Usually found on garages.


ROLLER SHUTTERSROLLER SHUTTERS

• Nearly always made of steelNearly always made of steel

• Small examples can be raised by handSmall examples can be raised by hand

• Large examples usually operated by Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and means of gearing and handle or chain and blockblock

• Usually found on commercial premises.Usually found on commercial premises.


FIRE DOORSFIRE DOORS

A standard fire door will:A standard fire door will:

• Serve to contain the outbreak of fireServe to contain the outbreak of fire

• Restrict the spread of fire gases into Restrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the buildingotherwise unaffected parts of the building

• A closed door restricts oxygen movement, A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the firethus helping to starve the fire


WINDOWSWINDOWS

• Allow natural light into a buildingAllow natural light into a building

• Serve to provide ventilation to roomsServe to provide ventilation to rooms

• Generally two types, referred to according Generally two types, referred to according to the method of openingto the method of opening

CasementCasement

SashSash


CASEMENT WINDOWSCASEMENT WINDOWS

• The simplest form consists of a The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement rectangular frame with the casement hung on ithung on it

• When more than one casement can be When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.casement.


DEADLIGHT

FRAME

VENTLIGHT

TRANSOM.

CASEMENT


SASH WINDOWSSASH WINDOWS

• Pivoted sash - opening part supported by Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottomwindow or top and bottom

• The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the portion and includes the glass and the surroundsurround

• Partially inside and outside of opening Partially inside and outside of opening when open.when open.


SASH WINDOWSSASH WINDOWS

Sliding sash windows Sliding sash windows

• Slide verticallySlide vertically

• Double hung is the common form of this Double hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the framethe frame

• Another type consists of two sashes, one or Another type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontallyboth of which can be opened horizontally


STAIRS AND STAIRS AND ROOFSROOFS


STAIRSSTAIRS

Common materialsCommon materials

• Wood Wood

• StoneStone

• Pre cast concretePre cast concrete

• SteelSteel

• CompositeComposite


STAIRSSTAIRS

TREAD

RISER

BEARER

NOSING

STRING

CAPPING


PITCH LINE

RUN

GOING

RISE

SPANDREL

NEWEL POST

HEADROOM

BANNISTER

STAIRSSTAIRS


ROOF DESIGNROOF DESIGN

• Flat roofsFlat roofs

• Pitched roofsPitched roofs

– MansardMansard

– TrussedTrussed

– Portal or ridge-framedPortal or ridge-framed


PITCHED ROOFSPITCHED ROOFS


CONFIRMATIONCONFIRMATION

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes• State the most commonly used construction State the most commonly used construction

materials and typesmaterials and types

• Identify types of doors and windows Identify types of doors and windows commonly used commonly used

• List the principal components of a staircaseList the principal components of a staircase

• List the types of roof commonly found. List the types of roof commonly found.

Assessments will be based on this lesson and Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study notethe corresponding study note


THE ENDTHE END

1 lincolnshire fire and rescue’s training centre lincolnshire fire & rescue buildings and...

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