1 living organisms are classified into 3 domains 1.bacteria 2.archaea 3.eukarya 4 kingdoms in this...
TRANSCRIPT
11
Living organisms are classified Living organisms are classified into 3 Domainsinto 3 Domains
1.1. BacteriaBacteria
2.2. ArchaeaArchaea
3.3. EukaryaEukarya
4 Kingdoms in this Domain
22
Domain Eukarya has 4 Domain Eukarya has 4 KingdomsKingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom 3. Kingdom PlantaePlantae
4. Kingdom Animalia4. Kingdom Animalia
33
Characteristics of Characteristics of PlantsPlants
EukaryotesEukaryotes MulticellularMulticellular Can not moveCan not move Autotrophic-can Autotrophic-can
PhotosynthesizePhotosynthesize Thick cell walls made of Thick cell walls made of
cellulosecellulose
44
Adaptations of PlantsAdaptations of Plants
Cuticle to prevent water lossCuticle to prevent water loss Leaves for carrying out photosynthesisLeaves for carrying out photosynthesis Roots to anchor and absorb water and Roots to anchor and absorb water and
mineralsminerals Stems for support and transport of food, water Stems for support and transport of food, water
and mineralsand minerals Vascular tissues for transport in some plantsVascular tissues for transport in some plants Most have seeds for reproductionMost have seeds for reproduction Alternation of generationsAlternation of generations
55
Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution
Plants are divided into vascular and Plants are divided into vascular and nonvascularnonvascular
The Vascular plants are divided into The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plantsseed plants and non seed plants
The Seed Plants are divided into those The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowerswith cones and those with flowers
66
Vascular/NonvascularVascular/NonvascularSeed/SeedlessSeed/Seedless
BryophytesBryophytes are the non vascular are the non vascular plants with focus on the mossplants with focus on the moss
The The PterophytesPterophytes are the ferns and are the ferns and they are vascular and seedlessthey are vascular and seedless
The Seed plants consist of the The Seed plants consist of the GymnospermsGymnosperms with cones and the with cones and the AngiospermsAngiosperms with flowers. with flowers.
77
GinkgophytaGinkgophyta
A division of seed plants that A division of seed plants that
have only have only one living speciesone living species The leaves of the plant are The leaves of the plant are fan shapedfan shaped For centuries it was thought to be For centuries it was thought to be
extinct in the wild, but is now known to extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern grow wild in eastern ChinaChina. The wild . The wild status of ginkgos there is uncertain. status of ginkgos there is uncertain.
99
Alternation of Generations Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and SporophyteGametophyte and Sporophyte
Notice that the more advanced
plants have a dominant
Sporophyte and the less
advanced plants have a
more dominant
Gametophyte
1010
Moss Life CycleMoss Life Cyclehttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.htmlhttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html
Moss Life Cycle
1111
Fern Life CycleFern Life Cyclehttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.htmlhttp://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html
1212
Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations
By definition, all plants alternate
generations
Gametophyte
n=haploid
Sporophyte 2n=diploid
1313
Vascular TissueVascular TissueXylem
specialized cells for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the
roots
The specialized cells found in Xylem are the tracheids
Phloem
cells for carrying food produced in the leaves through photosynthesis
to all parts of the plant
Vascular CambiumThe specialized tissue that gives rise to
new Xylem and Phloem
This is the tissue that brings about the growth of a tree trunk
1414
Leaf StructureLeaf Structurehttp://www.purchon.com/biology/flash/leaf.swfhttp://www.purchon.com/biology/flash/leaf.swf
•The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis•Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade mesophyll•Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and permits gases to move between palisade cells and the outside of the leaf
1515
Root StructureRoot Structure
•Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots•This is an area of active growth•There are also meristems found at the tips of growing stems
1616
Root FunctionsRoot Functions
Anchor plantsAnchor plants Absorb water and minerals Absorb water and minerals May store carbohydrates (carrots, potatoes, May store carbohydrates (carrots, potatoes,
turnips)turnips) May store water for dry periodsMay store water for dry periods Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen
and potassium in LARGE amounts; called and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients macronutrients
Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrientscalled micronutrients
Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plantskill plants
1717
Transport in PlantsTransport in Plants
•Transport in a plant involves movement of water, minerals, macro and micronutrients by vascular cambium•Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots•Phloem transports food from the leaves to all parts of the plant •Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and minerals because it increases the surface area of roots
1818
Structure and Function of Structure and Function of StomataStomata
If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opensthe stomata opens
If water leaves the guard cells, they become If water leaves the guard cells, they become flaccid and the stomata closesflaccid and the stomata closes
1919
Angiosperm or Flowering Plant Angiosperm or Flowering Plant ReproductionReproduction
The Sporophyt
e is the dominant
stage in the life cycle of
the Angiosperm
s
2020
Basic Flower Structure of an Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm Angiosperm
http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=10872300401087230040
•Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage and dryness•The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts insects, bats, and birds•These animals help to transfer the pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other flowers-called pollination
2121
Complete and Incomplete Complete and Incomplete FlowersFlowers
Perfect Flowers: have Perfect Flowers: have both male and female both male and female reproductive structures.reproductive structures.
Imperfect Flowers: have Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female either male or female structuresstructures
Complete flowers:Complete flowers: have have four basic structures: four basic structures: petals, petals, sepals, a stamen and a sepals, a stamen and a pistilpistil
Incomplete flowers:Incomplete flowers: have have one or more of these one or more of these structures lackingstructures lacking
2222
Pollen Tube Growth and Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in AngiospermsFertilization in Angiosperms
•The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube•The pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei of the ovule•The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit of the plant
2323
Plant ResponsesPlant Responses
Example: Sensitivity to pressure or touch
This can be protective for the plant
2424
PhototropismPhototropism
Positive Positive Phototropism: Phototropism: the plant is the plant is bending bending toward the toward the sunlightsunlight
2525
PhototropismPhototropism
PhototropismPhototropism is illustrated by the is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light movement of plants in relation to light source directionsource direction
Light causes the hormone Light causes the hormone auxinauxin to move to move to the shaded sideto the shaded side
The The auxinauxin causes the cells on the shaded causes the cells on the shaded side to elongateside to elongate
As a result, the shoot bends toward the As a result, the shoot bends toward the light and exhibits light and exhibits positive phototropismpositive phototropism
2626
ThigmotropismThigmotropism
Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid objecttouching a solid object
Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object coil when they touch an object
Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis.intercepting light for photosynthesis.
2828
GravitropismGravitropism
GravitropismGravitropism is a plant growth is a plant growth response to gravity response to gravity
A root usually grows downward A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upwardand a stem usually grows upward
RootsRoots are are positively positively gravitropicgravitropic and and stemsstems are are negatively gravitropicnegatively gravitropic
2929
Plant HormonesPlant Hormones
AuxinAuxin-This hormone promotes cell -This hormone promotes cell elongationelongation
Auxin is found in the apical meristems Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plantsof plants
GibberellinsGibberellins help the plants to grow help the plants to grow tallertaller
Gibberellins Gibberellins also increase the rate of also increase the rate of seed germinationseed germination and and bud bud developmentdevelopment
3434
Monocot and Dicot Flower Monocot and Dicot Flower PedalsPedals
MonocotMonocot-pedals in groups of three -pedals in groups of three or multiplesor multiples
DicotsDicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s
3535
Monocot and Dicot StemMonocot and Dicot Stem MonocotsMonocots-vascular tissue scattered-vascular tissue scattered DicotsDicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem-vascular tissue around edge of stem
3636
Examples of Monocots and Examples of Monocots and DicotsDicots
Monocots include: Monocots include: grasses, grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palmsand palms
Dicots include: Dicots include: shrubs, trees shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers and some garden flowersflowers
3737
Monocot and Dicot Seed Monocot and Dicot Seed AnatomyAnatomy Food is stored in Food is stored in
the the cotyledoncotyledon for for the embryothe embryo
The The seed coatseed coat functions as a functions as a physical barrierphysical barrier
EpicotylsEpicotyls becomes becomes the leaves of plantthe leaves of plant
Hypocotyls Hypocotyls becomes the stembecomes the stem
RadicleRadicle becomes becomes the rootthe root
3838
Seed GerminationSeed Germination
Requirements for seed germination include:•Enough water to activate the metabolism of embryo•Sufficient oxygen for respiration•Suitable temperature for growth of that species
3939
Seed DispersalSeed Dispersal
Seeds dispersal is Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, completed by birds, small animals, wind, small animals, wind, and waterand water
The tough, fibrous The tough, fibrous outer covering of a outer covering of a coconut provides coconut provides protection as well as protection as well as a floatation devicea floatation device
4040
Seed GerminationSeed GerminationSeeds are stored food with an Seeds are stored food with an
EmbryoEmbryoSome species need unusual conditions
for Germination: Pass through acidic environment of
an animals digestive system Some require freezing temperatures,
extensive soaking in water (rice), exposure to fire (conifers/pines), or certain day lengths
4141
Genetic Engineering of Genetic Engineering of PlantsPlants
Plants can be genetically engineered Plants can be genetically engineered to: to: Be more Be more toleranttolerant of different of different
climates & soilsclimates & soils Produce Produce more fruitmore fruit Be more Be more nutritiousnutritious Be more resistant to Be more resistant to insectsinsects
and and herbicidesherbicides