1 social capital and community- based water management: a case study in bukidnon mm paunlagui, ac...
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Social Capital and Community-based Water
Management: A Case Study in Bukidnon
MM Paunlagui, AC Rola
and MR Nguyen
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Outline of presentation
• Introduction
• Framework of analysis
• Methodology
• Results of the study
• Conclusions
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Introduction
• Development processes affect environment
• Degradation occurs when Institutions cannot cope with development processes
• Establishment of community organizations can restore harmony to environment-society relations
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Objective
To answer the question:
Can building social capital through policy and other incentives affect the state of the environment?
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Framework of Analysis• Social capital
– connections among individuals, i.e., social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them (Putnam
2000). – interaction that enables people to build
communities, to commit themselves to each other (Kilvington and Horn 2001)
– Forms of social capital: norms, obligations, information potential, and associations
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Framework …2
• Social capital– Membership in association
– density of organizations and household participation, rules, regulations, activities, and effective participation by members in activities and at meetings
– Level of trust
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Framework …3
• Co-management of natural resources
Decentralized governance
Bounded rationality
Co-management (NGOs, Pos, Private Sector)
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Framework …4
• Co-management of natural resources– to build on partnerships and collaboration
from stakeholders, and consider these as learning processes
– Ideally, ensures that the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making (UNESCAP nd)
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Framework …5
Conceptual Framework
Social capital trust membership in
organizations reciprocity collective action
Sustainable water
Management
Co-managementof
Natural resources
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Methodology• Social Capital = Σ(level of trust, membership
in organizations, reciprocity, and collective/community participation– Level of trust - levels of trust or conflict that
exists between a pair of institutional groups in the matrix.
– Membership - the number of organizations that members of household is affiliated with;
– Collective/community participation - participation in group activities like cleaning and planting trees in the area surrounding the barangay plaza and repair of water system.
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Methodology…2
– Reciprocity - exchange of goods, services and other forms of assistance in agricultural, social, religious and economic activities.
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Methodology…3
Question/source of information
Measurement
Level of trust Relational matrix showing the alliances which exist between a pair of organizations
Low = 1
Moderate = 2
High = 3
Associations/ organizations
Membership in association Low = 1
Moderate = 2
High = 3
Reciprocity Freely exchange of goods and services, participation in exchange labor
Never = 1
Sometimes = 2
Always = 3
Collective action Number of times participated in community projects/activities
Never = 1
Sometimes = 2
Always = 3
Measurement of Social capital
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Methodology…4
• Venn Diagram– graphical presentation showing the degree
of importance and relationship among the institutions present in the community
– allows to view the relationship and contribution of different organizations that are significant to community development (Pesimo-Gata 2001)
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Methodology…5
• Sub-watershed degradation (Deutsch et al 2001)
– Alanib may be considered as the most degraded. Alanib sub-water shed contains the highest level of TSS (total suspended solids) and the highest level of e Coli. (coliform concentration).
– Maagnao has a moderate rate of degradation– Tugasan sub watershed has a low rate of
degradation.
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Methodology…6
• Sources of data– Rola et al. 2002 survey data
– Eight Focus Group Discussions
– Secondary Data• Development plans (Municipal,
Provincial)• Deutsch, et al 2001
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Results of the study
Sub-watershed/rate of degradation
Population Area Proportion of Talaandig to total population
High –Alanib
Alanib 3864 4812 15
Balila 2306 536 5
Baclayon 1439 727 60
Moderate - Maagnao
Cawayan 1686 1452 60
Victory 1367 1123 80
Songco 2921 4304 70
Low - Tugasan
Basac 2257 3705 95
Kibanggay 6006 5090 25
Study site
Source: Barangay and Municipal Development Plans
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Social capital index and rate of degradation
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
High Moderate Low
Results …2
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Results …3
Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Social capital index
High –Alanib 2.23
Alanib 2.06
Balila 2.22
Baclayon 2.42
Moderate - Maagnao 1.80
Cawayan 1.72
Victory 1.73
Songco 1.96
Low - Tugasan 2.03
Basac 2.06
Kibanggay 2.00
Social capital index
Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- HighSource of basic data: Rola et al. 2003.
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Results …4
Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Index of trust
High –Alanib 2.46
Alanib 2.20
Balila 2.67
Baclayon 2.50
Moderate - Maagnao 2.06
Cawayan 0.98
Victory 2.78
Songco 2.42
Low - Tugasan 2.12
Basac 2.01
Kibanggay 2.20
Index of trust
Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- HighSource of basic data: Rola et al. 2003.
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Results …5
Type of Organization
Rate of degradation
High Moderate Low
Economic 30.00 42.86 43.75
Social 40.00 35.71 31.25
Environmental 10.00 21.43 18.75
Others 20.00 0.00 6.25
Total 100 100 100
n 20 28 16
Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- High
Percent distribution of organization
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Results …6
Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Index
High –Alanib 2.23
Alanib 2.06
Balila 2.22
Baclayon 2.42
Moderate - Maagnao 1.80
Cawayan 1.72
Victory 1.73
Songco 1.96
Low - Tugasan 2.03
Basac 2.06
Kibanggay 2.00
Index of membership
Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- HighSource of basic data: Rola et al. 2003.
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Results …7
Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Index
High –Alanib 1.92
Alanib 1.96
Balila 1.62
Baclayon 2.36
Moderate - Maagnao 1.56
Cawayan 2.09
Victory 1.29
Songco 1.29
Low - Tugasan 1.87
Basac 2.00
Kibanggay 1.74
Index of reciprocity
Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- HighSource of basic data: Rola et al. 2003.
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Results …8
Sub-watershed/rate of degradation Index
High –Alanib 2.24
Alanib 2.00
Balila 2.22
Baclayon 2.50
Moderate - Maagnao 1.47
Cawayan 1.55
Victory 1.00
Songco 1.86
Low - Tugasan 1.80
Basac 1.78
Kibanggay 1.81
Index of collective participation
Social Capital Index: 1 – Low 2 – Moderate 3- HighSource of basic data: Rola et al. 2003.
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Results …9
• Co-management of natural resources
Does social capital facilitate better co-management of
natural resources?
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Results …10
• Co-management of natural resources– Actors present in the sub-watershed
• National and local government agencies, e.g.,– DA, DENR, DSWD, DECS– Barangay Development Council,
Municipal/provincial government
• Civil society organizations – POs, private companies, other non-governmental organizations
• Internationally funded programs– Sanrem, Icraf, Heifer, Kin
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Results …11Importance and Relationship of
Institutions/agencies/organizations
Barangay Development
CouncilDepartment of Education/
PTA
MKAVI
Land Care-ICRAF
ProvincialGovernment
LGU-Lantapan
CatholicGroup
Barangay AlanibOctober 15, 2002
BIDANI
Dayong
BantayWahig
La Ropa
DOLE
Congresman
Ancheta
Barangay Development
CouncilDepartment of Education/
PTA
MKAVI
Land Care-ICRAF
ProvincialGovernment
LGU-Lantapan
CatholicGroup
Barangay AlanibOctober 15, 2002
BIDANI
Dayong
BantayWahig
La Ropa
DOLE
Congresman
Ancheta
BarangayDevelop-
mentCouncil
ReligiousOrganizations
ProvincialGovernment
RuralImprovement
Club
LandownerAssociation
Baclayon Multi-purpose Cooperative
LGULantapan
Barangay BaclayonOctober 16, 2002
BIDANI
CongressmanAncheta
MKAVI
SeniorCitizen’s
Org.
BarangayDevelop-
mentCouncil
ReligiousOrganizations
ProvincialGovernment
RuralImprovement
Club
LandownerAssociation
Baclayon Multi-purpose Cooperative
LGULantapan
Barangay BaclayonOctober 16, 2002
BIDANI
CongressmanAncheta
MKAVI
SeniorCitizen’s
Org.
Municipal Government
LandCare
Department of Education
Provincial Government
BarangayDeveopment
Council
National Govenmentt
Church
HeiferPhils.Inc.
Barangay BalilaOctober 16, 2002
Ka Pamilya
Municipal Government
LandCare
Department of Education
Provincial Government
BarangayDeveopment
Council
National Govenmentt
Church
HeiferPhils.Inc.
Barangay BalilaOctober 16, 2002
Ka Pamilya
HighRateofdegradation
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Results …12Importance and Relationship of
Institutions/agencies/organizations
ModeraterateofDegradation- Maagnao
Municipal Govt.
ProvincialGovernment
BarangayDeveopment
Council
Barangay CawayanOctober 11, 2002
SniorCitizen’s
Org.
ICRAF –Land Care
Ifugao Org.
DOLE
MILO
AsiaPro
Purok
ReligiousOrg.
Municipal Govt.
ProvincialGovernment
BarangayDeveopment
Council
Barangay CawayanOctober 11, 2002
SniorCitizen’s
Org.
ICRAF –Land Care
Ifugao Org.
DOLE
MILO
AsiaPro
Purok
ReligiousOrg.
Heifer Philippines,
Inc.
Provincial Government
KitangladIntegrated Network
BarangayDevelopment
Council
KitangladVolunteer Guards
Municipal Government
Department of Social Welfare
and Development
Land Care
Vege-table
Growers
Barangay VictoryOctober 11, 2002
Heifer Philippines,
Inc.
Provincial Government
KitangladIntegrated Network
BarangayDevelopment
Council
KitangladVolunteer Guards
Municipal Government
Department of Social Welfare
and Development
Land Care
Vege-table
Growers
Barangay VictoryOctober 11, 2002
DAYONG
Municipal Gov.
MSEC
BarangayDeveopment
Council
DepartmentOf Agriculture
ReligiousOrganiza-
tion
Barangay SongcoOctober 15, 2002
Kitanglad Volunteer
Guard
ATSAL
MapawaTribal Group
Sofamco
TribalMAISFA
NGO (ICRAF, KIN, SANREM –Tigbantay
Wahig, PPAEF)
BUTRICO
PBA
SongcoWomen’s
Assoc.
TribalWomen
Women’sAssoc.
DAYONG
Municipal Gov.
MSEC
BarangayDeveopment
Council
DepartmentOf Agriculture
ReligiousOrganiza-
tion
Barangay SongcoOctober 15, 2002
Kitanglad Volunteer
Guard
ATSAL
MapawaTribal Group
Sofamco
TribalMAISFA
NGO (ICRAF, KIN, SANREM –Tigbantay
Wahig, PPAEF)
BUTRICO
PBA
SongcoWomen’s
Assoc.
TribalWomen
Women’sAssoc.
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Results …13Importance and Relationship of
Institutions/agencies/organizations
LowrateofDegradation- Tugasan
BUFAI
LGU-Lantapan
BarangayDeveopment
Council
Provincial Government
Barangay BasacOctober 14, 2002
PTA
BUFAI-Women
DA
Council of Elders
Tribal
BantayWahig
BIDANI
KGV
ReligiousOrganizat-
ions
DENR/RIMCU/CIFOR
BUFAI
LGU-Lantapan
BarangayDeveopment
Council
Provincial Government
Barangay BasacOctober 14, 2002
PTA
BUFAI-Women
DA
Council of Elders
Tribal
BantayWahig
BIDANI
KGV
ReligiousOrganizat-
ions
DENR/RIMCU/CIFOR
DA/HPI/DOH/DECS/DSWD/PNP
ReligiousOrganizations
BarangayDevelopment
Council
SeniorCitizen
LGU
Women’sOrganizations
GermanDoctors
Barangay KibanggayOctober 14, 2002
Senior Citizen
Organization
Guardian
DA/HPI/DOH/DECS/DSWD/PNP
ReligiousOrganizations
BarangayDevelopment
Council
SeniorCitizen
LGU
Women’sOrganizations
GermanDoctors
Barangay KibanggayOctober 14, 2002
Senior Citizen
Organization
Guardian
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Results …14
• Willingness to pay– Except for Alanib, participants to the
FGDs expressed their willingness to pay for the protection/conservation of water resources
– Alanib participants, however, are willing to work collectively to protect/conserve their water resources
– Payment rate will also depend on the transparency of the government units in the utilization of such fund.
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Conclusions
• social capital and environmental degradation is found to be non-linear in nature.
• If there were good relations between the community and the village governance, people have high propensity to collectively participate in the management of natural resources
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Conclusions…2• Incentives to do sustainable resource (i.e. soil)
management practices vary• Social capital should be seen as giving
policymakers useful insights into the importance of community, the social fabric and social relations at the individual, community and societal levels in natural resource management. Thus,one can elicit a range of new policy levers though this is not a single magic bullet for solving all environmental problems (Aldridge et al 2001).
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Thank you