1 stan graves vice president, science & engineering atk propulsion systems 435-863-4062...
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Stan GravesVice President, Science & EngineeringATK Propulsion [email protected] 23 – 24, 2011
NASA Technology Roadmaps ATK Commentary
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Assessment Guidelines and Assumptions:
Next generation heavy lift vehicles will employ both liquid and solid propulsion elements to optimize reliability, performance and cost.
Assessment evaluated:1.Total propulsion system performance and reliability2.Ground processing timelines3.Launch delays
Conclusion: ATK endorses NASA technology roadmap and provides guidance for priority and emphasis
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All of today’s heavy lift vehicles use a combination of liquids and solids.The majority of tomorrow’s commercial vehicles of all sizes will also
combine solids and liquids
HLV-001
Delta II Delta IV Atlas VAtlas IIAS Titan LV FamilySpace Shuttle
Japanese H-2ESA Ariane V India LV Family Russian Start-1ESA Ariane IV
Heavy Lift Vehicles Use Both Liquids and Solids
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Design Rule:High power lower stages High Isp upper stages
3rd StagePower (T/W)
Economy (Isp)
TotalVehicle
T/W0.7
TotalVehicle
T/W1.5
1st Stage
Power (T/W)Economy (Isp)
2nd StagePower (T/W)
Economy (Isp)
Relative Importance of Power & Economy
Propulsion Theory:
Solids: Best for initial acceleration
Liquids: Best for high velocity operation
Combination best to achieve orbit
0 5000 10000 150000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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Velocity (mi/hr)
Pro
pu
lsiv
e E
ffici
enc
y
SolidLOX H2Optimal Solution
Use Liquids
Range
Alti
tude
Staging
Staging
Rocket Equation Physics
Propulsion Physics
Ideal
The combination of solids and liquids results in the most efficient, cost effective heavy lift solution
Independent Trade Studies:
2-StageConfiguration:1st – 2nd
Solid – SolidLiquid – Liquid (RP-1) (H2).
Solid – Liquid(H2)
Payload (klb) 150 150 150
GLOW (klb) 17,400 5,500 4,600
Total Propellant Volume (ft³)
200,000 112,000 98,000
Failure Rate Estimates 1/483 1/286 1/407
3-Stage Configuration:Boost
1st – 2nd
Liquid Liquid – Liquid
SolidLiquid – Liquid
Payload (mT) 95 97
Relative Cost per Flight 1.08 0.87
Relative DDT&E Cost 1.29 0.96
Reliability; Loss of Mission (PRA) 1/71 1/133
ATK Study
NASAStudy(ESAS)
The Solid/Liquid combination is not just a coincidence– it is a result of the physics, economics, and programmatics of the launch vehicle industry
Solid/Liquid Combination is not a Coincidence
1957-2009 1964-2009 1970-2009 1980-2009 1990-2009 2000-20090
200
400
600
800
Pro
ba
bili
ty o
f S
ucc
ess
(Y
to
1) Propulsion System Historical Reliability Vs. Time (All Stages Considered)
Liquid Propulsion SystemsSolid Propulsion Systems
Impr
oved
Re
liabi
lity
Solid propulsion performance and high reliability increases likelihood of crew survival – optimal designs reduce “lofting” and eliminate “black out” zones
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200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
1
2
3
4
5
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Specific Impulse - Isp (s)
Thr
ust
to W
eigh
t -
T/W
(lb
f/lb
m)
Key Performance Parameters of Available Industry Stages
Solid PropellantLOX/RP LOX/H2
Bo
ost
/1st
Sta
ge
Eff
icie
ncy
Upper Stage Efficiency
Efficient Rocket
Boost/ 1st
Stage
Up
pe
rS
tag
e
Solids optimize first stage performance (density Isp). Liquids optimize Upper stage performance (Isp). Hybrids are somewhere in between.
Solids Optimum for First Stage, Liquids Optimal for Upper Stage
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Investments in both liquid and solid propulsion ground process technologies are prudent since launch
operations timelines are virtually identical
Space Shuttle Ground Processing Timelines
VAB
Stacking Ops(21 days)
SRBIntegratedOps(11 days)
ETIntegrated
Ops(18 days)
MPS/SSME(5.5 days)
ARF
Fwd Skirt
ARF
Aft Skirt
Jay Jay Siding
Receipt, Transfer
RPSF
Offload, Aft Booster
Turn Basin
Offload, Inspect
Checkout Cell
Checkout
Engine Shop
Checkout
OPF
Checkout
Hangar AF
Transfer to ARF
Solid
Pro
puls
ion
Elem
ents
Liqu
id P
ropu
lsio
n El
emen
ts
Pad
RSRM / SRB(6 days)
External Tank(3 days)
MPS / SSME(13 days)
Manufacturing
Launch Ops
35 days
15 days
18days
Utah
Recovery
Launch Operations Timeline
Solid Propulsion: 73 Days
Liquid Propulsion: 72.5 Days
PRF
Parachutes
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Technology investments should address overarching system level issues that contribute to launch delays.
Solid propulsion reliability makes it an attractive element of a highly dependable architecture.
Shuttle Launch Delays
Length of Launch Delays
Cost of Launch Delays*
*NASA estimates that each scrub costs $500,000 in lost fuel, and $700,000 to pay for the extra workforce needed for launch attempts (ref: Space.com). The STS costs about $200M/month operate (ref: Augustine report).
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TA01Composite case damage tolerance detection
Near Term Benefit
TA01Composite case damage tolereance assessment
Near Term Benefit
TA01, TA02Domestic sourcing of SRM materials
Near Term Benefit
TA01Formulation of advanced hybrid fuels
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA01 SRM design and analysis toolsNear Term Benefit
TA13Low loss cryogenic storage and transfer
Near Term Benefit
TA13Corrosion detection / prevention
Near Term Benefit
TA13
autonomous systems and integrated vehicle health management
Near Term Benefit
TA13 Intelligent, self-healing systems
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA13
Multipurpose models enabling distributed control and collaboration
Mid Term Benefit
TA01 Electric TVCMid Term Benefit
TA01Advanced Launch Abort / Range Safety
Near Term Benefit
TA01 Advanced pyrotechnic systemsMid Term Benefit
TA01, TA14, TA03, TA02, TA13
Solar thermal propulsion, solar electric propulsion, air breathing propulsion (SCRAM jets) (high temperature/damage tolerant materials)
Mid Term Benefit
Items in RED are in the roadmaps at a “lesser” level. ATK recommends elevating the priority level of these
items to have equal consideration to the other
items on this list.• Electric TVC• Advanced launch abort and range
safety• Advanced pyrotechnic systems• Solar thermal propulsion, solar
electric propulsion, and air breathing propulsion
Assessment of Ground Processing & Propulsion Technologies
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ATK Assessment of Ground Processing and Vehicle Technologies
TA01Composite case damage tolerance detection
Near Term Benefit
TA01Composite case damage tolereance assessment
Near Term Benefit
TA01, TA02Domestic sourcing of SRM materials
Near Term Benefit
TA01Formulation of advanced hybrid fuels
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA01 SRM design and analysis toolsNear Term Benefit
TA13Low loss cryogenic storage and transfer
Near Term Benefit
TA13Corrosion detection / prevention
Near Term Benefit
TA13
autonomous systems and integrated vehicle health management
Near Term Benefit
TA13 Intelligent, self-healing systems
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA13
Multipurpose models enabling distributed control and collaboration
Mid Term Benefit
TA01 Electric TVCMid Term Benefit
TA01Advanced Launch Abort / Range Safety
Near Term Benefit
TA01 Advanced pyrotechnic systemsMid Term Benefit
TA01, TA14, TA03, TA02, TA13
Solar thermal propulsion, solar electric propulsion, air breathing propulsion (SCRAM jets) (high temperature/damage tolerant materials)
Mid Term Benefit
The majority of the technologies can benefit commercial vehicles or heavy lift.
Many benefit both solids and liquids.
Recommend higher TRL (4-6) focus for these.
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ATK Assessment of Ground Processing and Vehicle Technologies
TA01Composite case damage tolerance detection
Near Term Benefit
TA01Composite case damage tolereance assessment
Near Term Benefit
TA01, TA02Domestic sourcing of SRM materials
Near Term Benefit
TA01Formulation of advanced hybrid fuels
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA01 SRM design and analysis toolsNear Term Benefit
TA13Low loss cryogenic storage and transfer
Near Term Benefit
TA13Corrosion detection / prevention
Near Term Benefit
TA13
autonomous systems and integrated vehicle health management
Near Term Benefit
TA13 Intelligent, self-healing systems
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA13
Multipurpose models enabling distributed control and collaboration
Mid Term Benefit
TA01 Electric TVCMid Term Benefit
TA01Advanced Launch Abort / Range Safety
Near Term Benefit
TA01 Advanced pyrotechnic systemsMid Term Benefit
TA01, TA14, TA03, TA02, TA13
Solar thermal propulsion, solar electric propulsion, air breathing propulsion (SCRAM jets) (high temperature/damage tolerant materials)
Mid Term Benefit
Highlighted technologies are not applicable to commercial vehicles primarily because of technology / implementation readiness levels.
Recommend lower TRL (1-3) focus for these, with focus on heavy lift applications.
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TA01Composite case damage tolerance detection
Near Term Benefit
TA01Composite case damage tolereance assessment
Near Term Benefit
TA01, TA02Domestic sourcing of SRM materials
Near Term Benefit
TA01Formulation of advanced hybrid fuels
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA01 SRM design and analysis toolsNear Term Benefit
TA13Low loss cryogenic storage and transfer
Near Term Benefit
TA13Corrosion detection / prevention
Near Term Benefit
TA13
autonomous systems and integrated vehicle health management
Near Term Benefit
TA13 Intelligent, self-healing systems
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA13
Multipurpose models enabling distributed control and collaboration
Mid Term Benefit
TA01 Electric TVCMid Term Benefit
TA01Advanced Launch Abort / Range Safety
Near Term Benefit
TA01 Advanced pyrotechnic systemsMid Term Benefit
TA01, TA14, TA03, TA02, TA13
Solar thermal propulsion, solar electric propulsion, air breathing propulsion (SCRAM jets) (high temperature/damage tolerant materials)
Mid Term Benefit
Integrated vehicle health management:
More than just the health of the liquid systems:
• Solid rocket motor vehicle health management for composites, for logistics, for propellants , for joints and seals, for pyrotechnics…
Electric TVC• Electric TVC lends itself to a propulsion and
power control type system, and enables launch processing efficiencies / synergies
ATK Assessment of Ground Processing and Vehicle Technologies
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TA01Composite case damage tolerance detection
Near Term Benefit
TA01Composite case damage tolereance assessment
Near Term Benefit
TA01, TA02Domestic sourcing of SRM materials
Near Term Benefit
TA01Formulation of advanced hybrid fuels
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA01 SRM design and analysis toolsNear Term Benefit
TA13Low loss cryogenic storage and transfer
Near Term Benefit
TA13Corrosion detection / prevention
Near Term Benefit
TA13
autonomous systems and integrated vehicle health management
Near Term Benefit
TA13 Intelligent, self-healing systems
Potential Long Term Benefit
TA13
Multipurpose models enabling distributed control and collaboration
Mid Term Benefit
TA01 Electric TVCMid Term Benefit
TA01Advanced Launch Abort / Range Safety
Near Term Benefit
TA01 Advanced pyrotechnic systemsMid Term Benefit
TA01, TA14, TA03, TA02, TA13
Solar thermal propulsion, solar electric propulsion, air breathing propulsion (SCRAM jets) (high temperature/damage tolerant materials)
Mid Term Benefit
Domestic Sourcing of SRM Materials:
These technologies should include manufacturability considerations for the entire motor:
• Advanced robotics suitable for low volume, high precision, propellant and ordnance operations
• Certified tooling or processes that enable certification of key characteristics without redundant inspections
• Automated factory models (anthropomorphic /ergonomic) that include QD and logistics considerations specific to the SRM industry
ATK Assessment of Ground Processing and Vehicle Technologies
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Conclusion
• Application of both liquid and solid propulsion elements are necessary to optimize the overall system– Reliability– Performance– Cost
• The majority of the technologies identified can benefit both commercial vehicles or heavy lift vehicles– Most benefit both solids and liquids
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Questions?
ATK Assessment of Ground Processing and Vehicle Technologies