10 pakistan yusuf

8/8/2019 10 Pakistan Yusuf

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atBrookings Moeed Yusuf

ProsPectsof Youth

radicalization

in PakistanImplications for U.S. Policy

A N A L Y S I S P A P E RNumber 14, October 2008

the Brookings Projecton

u.s. relationsWiththe islaMic World


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M Y

ProsPectsof Youth

radicalization

in Pakistan:Implications for U.S. Policy

atBrookings

the Brookings Projecton

u.s. relationswiththe islamic world

A N A L Y S I S P A P E RNumber 14, October 2008


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Iwl lik t thank Stphn P. Chn r hlp-ing m cncptaliz th ia an mntringth prjct an Ejaz Hair r prviing cntin-

inpt n th mancript. I am al gratl t

Shanza Khan an Dhrva Jaihankar r thir cm-

mnt.

the saBan centerfor middle eas t PolicYat Brookings i i i

acknowledgments


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Moeed Yusu i crrntly a Fllw at thFrrick S. Par Cntr r th Sty th

Lngr-Rang Ftr at Btn Univrity. H ial a Dctral tnt an aching Fllw at th

Univrity Plitical Scinc Dpartmnt. Cn-

crrntly, Mr. Y rv a a Rarch Fllw at

Strategic and Economic Policy Research, Pakitan. H

ha prvily bn at th Brking Intittin a

a Spcial Gt. Mr. Y c n tratgic an

plitical cnmy cncrn rlat t Sth Aia.

Hi rarch intrt incl: yth mgraphic

in Pakitan, prpct r raicalizatin in Pakitan,

Pakitan natinal crity narrativ, civil-militaryrlatin, Pakitan nclar prgram, th tability-

intability parax, tratgic balanc btwn Paki-

tan an Inia, glbal nn-prliratin rgim, th

Kahmir ipt, an Unit Stat tratgic intr-

t in Sth Aia. H writ a wkly clmn in

Te Friday imes, Pakitan.

the saBan centerfo r m iddle eas t PolicYat Brookings v

aBoutthe author


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Intervening in terms of the educational con-

tnt, with mt agna imply rtrning

th txtbk cntnt t th pr-Ilamizatinpri.

Making socio-economic aid conditional upon

Pakitan ability t pra bnt t th

ma inta tying it lly t trrrim.

Revising U.S. visa and immigration policies

r yng Pakitani in rr t prvi thm

with a cntrctiv tlt, prhap thrgh

a rmal prtcl that allw iprprtinal

acc t yng Pakitani citizn blngingt lwr ci-cnmic cla.

Consciously attempting to expose young

Pakitani t U.S. cltr by rpning in-

rmatin an cltral cntr thrght

Pakitan.

Brar mar by th U.S. that bar rlvanc t

yng Pakitani hl incl:

Playing a constructive role in nudging Indiaan Pakitan twar nrmalizatin. Barring

nrmalizatin, Pakitan will b tmpt t

maintain a link with xtrmit, which in trn

will allw th militant nclav t cntin p-

rating an rcriting yng mn rm Paki-

tani city. In nc, th tat pprt t

the saBan centerfor middle eas t PolicYat Brookings vi i

Pakitan xhibit ymptm that pint t highptntial r yth raicalizatin. T ita-tin i mark by a pr catin ytm tratialng ci-cnmic lin an iparat cnmic

pprtniti acr gmnt city. T

warning ignal incra th liklih r yng

mmbr city bing lr twar xtrmit

ca. Mrvr, th prnc an xtrmit inra-

trctr, th impccabl rganizatinal iciplin

an wipra cial ntwrk Pakitan Ilamic

plitical an militant tt, a ailr th m-

rat rc t livr cribl rlt, an mypic

U.S. plici rthr nhanc Ilamit innc.

Whil Pakitan blat yth chrt an a ntic-

abl ir amng yng mn t attain catin

an n rpctabl livlih cl act a an agnt

r pitiv chang in ial circmtanc, a prac-

tiv an mlti-act plicy apprach i rqir

t gnrat irabl tcm. Givn Pakitan

tratgic imprtanc an it ptntial t irpt

Sth Aian pac, th intrnatinal cmmnity

ha a high tak in nring a pitiv trnarn.

Ky plicy intrvntin rqir in th immiat

tr, whil maintaining a brar bjctiv, mtpcically targt th yngr gnratin. Yth

pcic intrvntin by th U.S. hl incl:

Enhancing the quality of Pakistans public

catin rathr than rtaining a iprpr-

tinat c n th maraah ytm.

summarY


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vi i i ProsPectsof Youth radicalizationin Pakistan: imPlicationsfor u.s. PolicY

an imiing bth, th U.S. inavrtntly

pprt clar ial in a cntry whr

an vrwhlming majrity abhr thm. Ti

la t rthr rntmnt againt th U.S.,

which i in trn xplit by xtrmit t

win rcrit.

Exhibiting patience with regard to its Afghan

plicy an nrtaning that any frt t

prc hrt-trm rlt rik a cial im-

plin within Pakitan.

xtrmim will hav t ca br th pctr

yth vilnc can b lai t rt.

U.S. ocials need to be sensitive to the con-

rvativ natr Pakitani city an thir

iplmatic jargn n t b tailr ac-

cringly. T langag wtrn libralim

mt nt b t cmmnicat with Paki-

tani. Fr xampl, by cnating th ntin

cnrvatim an xtrmim (which carry

ntirly ifrnt cnntatin r Pakitani)


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Pakistans Youthas agentsof radicalization

T icr n Pakitan xtrmit prblm i -

nally mving away rm a xatin n th crrnt

wav attack an artch cncrn abt avilnt xtrmit takvr in th cntry. Ntwith-

taning th tmprary trritrial gain by mili-

tant, th ral angra bjctiv analyt ar in-

craingly pinting ti th prpct graal

prmatin th raical mag vr a prlng

pri within th city at larg. In, it will b

th rintatin th yth tw ca rm nw

that will trmin whthr Pakitan i a mrat,

prgriv Ilamic tat with a mim-iz cn-

my, r an ilgically xat cntry that p-

prt a raical viin. Shl th xtrmit managt mtr pprt rm a larg ngh ctin

yng Pakitani, th traitinally cnrvativ, yt

anti-xtrmit tlk amng th ppl may

wll b tranrm int a raical n.

T crrnt mgraphic pattrn th tat mak

th rl th pcming gnratin vital. T iz

the saBan centerfo r middle eas t PolicYat Brookings 1

h pctr a raicaliz Pakitan akin tth aliban Aghanitan i bginning trai ri alarm. T pat yar wa pciallytrbling a pckt Pakitani trritry pri-

ically ll nr militant cntrl. Fr th rt

tim, militant hw th prpnity t mv

wn rm th hitrically lawl tribal blt in

th cntry nrth-wt t captr ttl ara in

th hintrlan an p th tat law nrc-

mnt agnci.1 Evn apart rm ch rganiz

frt, incint xtrmit vilnc hav bn

riing cntantly. In 2007, th nmbr trrrit

attack in Pakitan wa wll vr 1,000.2 rrr-

it incint wr twic a mch a th prviyar whil th nmbr ataliti qarpl a

cmpar t 2006.3 T act that th prptratr

th attack ar almt xclivly yng mal

in thir ppr tn r twnti ha pt Pakitan

yth in th limlight an nrcr th r-

gncy t ar th n thi gmnt -

city.4

1 Militant tk vr a larg part th Swat vally in th Nrth Wt Frntir Prvinc in Nvmbr 2007. An rganiz militant chrt pprt by alcal raical clric manag t ntraliz all paramilitary ritanc an wa nly rivn back thrgh a cncrt military pratin. S Mhtaq Yzaian Ma Khankhl, Mt Swat Unr Military Cntrl, Te News, Dcmbr 1, 2007, .

2 In 2006, 657 attack claim 900 liv. In 2007, th ttal nmbr incint wa vr 1300. Fr a cmplt lit trrrit attack in th cntry, Pakitan imlin- Yar 2007, South Asia errorism Portal, < http://www.atp.rg/atprgtp/cntri/pakitan/timlin/inx.html>.

3 Eric Schmitt, rrrit Attack in Pakitan Riing, U.S. Rprt, International Herald ribune, May 1, 2008, < http://www.iht.cm/articl/2008/05/01/amrica/01trrr.php>.

4 T UN n yth a th chrt btwn ag 15 an 24. I tak chilrn t b all th blw th ag 15. Whil w ar nt cncrn with rtaininga stringent age restriction on our conception of youth, the data presented is based on the ocial denition.


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2 ProsPectsof Youth radicalizationin Pakistan: imPlicationsfo r u.s. PolicY

Pakitan alray xhibit th prnc inicatr-

th warning signals- that ar knwn t incra th

liklih yth raicalizatin. Braly, th all

nr th rbric ci-cnmic privatin. In

aitin, apct that ar ally cnir saety

valves, namly, th pprtnity r migratin r

larg gmnt th pplatin an an nabling

rl th tat, hav actally hampr th it-

atin rthr (w rr t th a exacerbating ac-

tors). Whil pitiv attribt ch a th high

ir r catin an mplymnt amng th

yngr gmnt th pplatin an th largly

anti-xtrmit tlk maintram city ght

nt t b ignr, th itatin rprnt a ticking

tim bmb. T U.S. ha a ky rl t play, bt th

crrnt U.S. plicy c i miplac an n

rrintatin in rr t prc tangibl gain.

Pakitan pplatin btwn ag 15-24 i -

timat at 36 millin. A rthr 58 millin ini-

vial ar blw th ag 15.5 Cpl tgthr,

th accnt r narly 60 prcnt Pakitan

ttal pplatin, a prprtin that i nly cn

t Ymn. Pakitan al ha th rathr rar attribt

having a mal chrt that i largr than it -

mal cntrpart, an imprtant act givn that th

litratr n yth raicalizatin i c almt

lly n mal.6 Mrvr, whil rtility rat in

th cntry hav cra mtly, th crrnt

rat 3.8 birth pr mal i till alarmingly high

an will carry Pakitan yth blg wll byn

2025.7 Evn in 2030, Pakitan pplatin nr

th ag 24 i prjct t b 51.4 prcnt th

ttal.8 With ch a mgraphic trajctry, a mv

by yng Pakitani twar raicalizatin cl al-

lw th ltra-right t gain pprt r it militant

agna rm amng th Pakitani pplac.

Table 1: internationalcomParisonofYouth

(includingchildren) asPercentage

ofoverallPoPulation

Country

Number o

individuals below

24 years

(Thousands)

As %

o total

population Yemen 14,225 67.5

Pakistan 93,715 59.3

Bangladesh 85,093 55.5

Egypt 39,437 54.1

U.S.A. 105,176 35.1

United Kingdom 18,667 31.0

Japan 31,869 24.9

Source: Pplatin Diviin th Dpartmnt Ecnmic an ScialAfair th Unit Natin Scrtariat; Wrl Pplatin Prpct: T2006 Rviin; Wrl Urbanizatin Prpct: T 2005 Rviin,.

5 T Wrl Bank, World Development Indicators 2007, CD-Rm, Wahingtn, D.C., 2007.6 Ocial statistics for 2006 put the male population at approximately 81 million and the female population at 75 million. See Federal Bureau of Statistics,

Gvrnmnt Pakitan, Pakistan Statistical Yearbook 2006(Ilamaba, 2007), p.309.7 Minitry Financ, Gvrnmnt Pakitan, Pakistan Economic Survey 2006-07 (Ilamaba, 2007), p.190.8 Unit Natin, Wrl Pplatin Prpct: T 2006 Rviin, Dpartmnt Ecnmic an Scial Afair, Pplatin Diviin, ; Unit Natin, Wrl Urbanizatin Prpct: T 2005 Rviin, Dpartmnt Ecnmic an Scial Afair, Pplatin Diviin, .


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the warning s ignals


which hav nrgn ignicant imprvmnt,11

bt in th plarizatin th catin ytm. T

catin ctr cnit thr paralll ytmtrati alng ci-cnmic cla. T mara-

ah ytm, argably th mt pbliciz apct

th cntry catin trctr, largly catr t

chilrn rm th prt gmnt city. T

raicalizatin ptntial th maraah b-ctr

ha bn highly xaggrat, an nly mall mi-

nriti tnt ar xp t raical prach-

ing. Hwvr, vn maintram minari rtain a

c n rligi catin an th n p pr-

cing graat with narrw-min cnrvativ

(thgh nt ncarily raical) ilgical ba.12

T Ur-mim pblic catin ytm catr

t vr 60 prcnt chl-ging chilrn, bing

90 prcnt th ttal chil pplatin th cn-

try.13 T majrity pblic chl tnt blng

t th lwr-mil t mil ci-cnmic

Whil thr i n minant, thrtical mlnivrally applicabl, th variabl that in-cra th ptntial r ma raicalizatin yngmn ar wll knwn.9 Ovrwhlming majriti

raicaliz yth ar n t hav a trng n

bing icriminat againt an ar alinat rm

th largr city. Ti in trn i bliv t b a

nctin ci-cnmic privatin. Pr ca-

tin tanar, lack cnmic pprtniti, an

nqal acc t avn r cial an cnmic

mbilizatin ar ally prnt in cntri that n-

rg raicalizatin amng th yng. T prblm

i tn accntat in citi which xhibit cl-

tral plarizatin.10

Unrtnatly, Pakitani cityiplay virtally all th ymptm.

education

Pakitan catinal anmaly li nt in th mac-

r-lvl catin tatitic r acc t catin,

9 Wmn by an larg ar xcl rm th glbal icr n yth raicalizatin, a bia which crtainly hl r Pakitan t at. Pakitani mal havnt bn invlv in militant xtrmim. Whil thr ar nrcrrnt that may lr wmn in th trthi ha alray happn in Iraqmn arlikly t rmain at th cr xtrmit activity in th cntry r th mt part. Ti bli i brn t th cnrvativ cltral traitin in Pakitan that

mak wmn l accibl t xtrmit r activ rcriting an th patriarchal trctr which crtail inpnnt ciin making n thir part.10 Fr a bri vrviw th litratr prnting thi lin argmnt, Hnrik Ural, T Dmgraphic Plitical Vilnc: Yth Blg, Incrityan Cnict in Lal Brainar an Drk Chllt (), oo Poor or Peace? Global Poverty, Confict and Security in the 21st Century(Wahingtn, D.C.: TBrking Intittin, 2007), pp.90-100.

11 Fr a n th trn in Pakitan catinal prrmanc vr th yar, th annally rla Statistical Yearbook.12 Fr a rviinit viw n maraah catin that crrct pat miprcptin th imprtanc thi rm catin, ahir Anrabi t al.,

Rligi Schl Enrllmnt in Pakitan: A Lk at th Data, KSG Wrking Papr N. RWP05-024, Kennedy School o Government, Harvard University;Plicy Rarch Wrking Papr N. 3521 , World Bank, 2005; al , C. Chritin Fair, Ilamic Ecatin in Pakitan, U.S. Institute or Peace, triprprt, .

13 Apprximatly 6.4 millin chilrn chl-ging ag nvr attn chl in Pakitan. 6.463m chilrn nt g t chl in Pakitan, Daily imes,Dcmbr 1, 2006, .


13/38


trata. T qality catin in th pblic ctr

ha trirat harply vr th pat tw ca.

Whil thr ar imprtant prvincial ifrnc

(Pnjab prrmanc ha bn rlativly bttr),

vn th rgin with th bt inicatr cnrm t

th trirating trn. ay, thr i virtally n

qality cntrl r tachr r n tnt larning

tcm.14 Mrvr, Pakitani txtbk wr r-

rint ring Gnral Zia-l-Haq Ilamizatin

ca in th 1980 an crrntly prnt Pakitan

a an inhrntly big tat that i nr thrat

rm a Hin Inia n th n han an an anti-

Ilamic Wt n th thr.15 Whil aplgit cr-

rctly pint t that n matrial in th txt bk

xplicitly glri th vilnt rm jiha, an in-

hrntly parani tlk mak th yngr

gnratin mr cptibl t Ilamit ilgi.

T lit hav all bt abann th pblic -

catin ytm an hav chn t n thir chil-

rn xclivly t [Englih-paking] privat c-

tr chl, which prvi high qality catin.

Whil th chl ar al bn by th tat

t llw imilar yllabi in bjct ch a Paki-

tan Sti, a nmbr thm hav cnirably

altr thir tyl taching an nw ncrag

bjctivity an crativ thinking amng tnt.

14

Fr th mt part, th taching by largly cmpri inivial wh hav bn nabl t cr thr mplymnt an taching a a tmpraryptin lat rrt. Mrvr, inc virtally all pblic chl tachr ar thmlv prct th am ytm, thir wn kill ar circmpct. Fr aicin th apathy th tachr training an capacity biling ramwrk, Acamy r Ecatinal Dvlpmnt, Prrmanc Gap Analyian raining N Amnt achr raining Intittin, Pakistan eacher Education and Proessional Development Program, 2006.

15 Fr a tail accnt th bia in Pakitani catin crricla, A.H. Nayyar an Ahm Salim (), T Sbtl Sbvrin: T Stat Crricla an xt-bk in Pakitan, prjct rprt, Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Pakistan, 2004, pp.9-72.

16 Fr n, th nancial ct privat catin i btantial. In aitin, th majrity th chl hav crning critria whrby th amilybackgrn ach intrviw tnt i carlly ti an chilrn th rlativly pr lm amitt.

17 T viw hav bn rprt by ariq Rhman in hi minal ty n attit yth in Pakitan. S Plralim an lranc in Pakitani Scity:Attit Pakitani Stnt war th Rligi Othr,http://www.tariqrahman.nt/langag/Plralim%20an%20Intlranc%20in%20Pakitani%20Scity.htm Prnt at cnrnc n plralim at th Aga Khan Univrity-Intitt r th Sty Mlim Civilizatin n Octbr 25, 2003.

Unrtnatly, privat chl hav a tringnt

ci-cnmic crning prc which cnn

thir acc nly t th lit.16

T ci-cnmic traticatin inhrnt in thi

tri-partit ytm ha rlt in ignicant ifr-

nc in th tlk tnt acr th pc-

trm. Maraah tnt m t b pr-jiha, an

tlk thy jtiy in thir intrprtatin Ilam.

Stnt Ur-mim chl ar rlativly

mr tlrant an l attn t th ia jiha,

bt till maintain gratr accptanc th ph-

nmna than tnt lit privat chl.

Chilrn th lit, hwvr, ar highly imiiv

thir Ur mim cntrpart an intlrant

yng rral mn, pcially th rm lwr

ci-cnmic backgrn r with maraah

backgrn. A izabl gmnt rm within th

lit chl i attn t th wtrn way li

an cnir itl prir an mr prgriv

than th rt. Ti gmnt ha graally ilat

itl rm th majrity Pakitani yng alt

an rmain cmpltly blivi t th lattr x-

princ.17

Extniv cnvratin with yng mn rm

acr th catinal pctrm rval thir tarkly

Table 2: numBerofstudentsandeducationalinstitutionsBYtYPe

Number o schools Enrollment

Public Private Madrassahs Total Public Private Madrassahs Total

Gross

enrollment151,740 76,040 14,680 242,460 21,258,180 12,121,390 586,600 24,829,380

% by school

type62.5 31.5 6.0 100 62.6 35.7 1.7 100

Source: Fral Bra Statitic, Pakistan National Education Census 2005, .


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the saBan centerfor m iddle eas t PolicYat Brookings 5

economic oPPortunities

On th gratt achivmnt th Mharra

rgim wa a macrcnmic trnarn. Mhar-

ra ha l th cntry rm a tat virtal bank-

rptcy at th trn th cntry t a rbt GDPgrwth ranging btwn 5-7 prcnt vr th pat

vn yar.20 Frm th prpctiv raicalizatin

th yngr gnratin, hwvr, macrcnmic

inicatr rval littl. In, nl itribtin

patterns are ecient and the trickle down eect is

raliz in an cnmy, a mall minrity gain i-

prprtinably rm ch cnmic grwth. Ti i

xactly what ha happn in Pakitan.21

Dpit th rbt GDP grwth, inqality, ar-

gably a mr imprtant inicatr with rgar tyth raicalizatin, ha incra. T rati th

hight t th lwt incm qintil ha jmp

rm 3.76 in 2001 t 4.15 in 2005 an rthr t

4.2 in 2005-06.22 Sinc pr hhl in Paki-

tan tn t hav a highr nmbr chilrn n

avrag, pcially in rral ara, thi impli that

an xcptinally larg nmbr yng mn an

wmn ar bing rc t liv blw r arn th

pvrty lin. Frthrmr, at lat n tnth th

rral cmmniti nt vn hav acc t baic

aciliti.23 T ar th ltra-pr wh chilrnm tin t hav a grim tr. In light th

act that th richt 20 prcnt th pplatin

ar cntining t gain, an p virtally all lx-

ri, th n alinatin amng th pr yng

mn i nt rpriing.

ifrnt rintatin. Maraah tnt ar

mch mr amnabl t Oama Bin Lan viin

an cnir him a hr wh tk n th immral

Wt. Ty tn pint t th aliban Aghanitan

an Iran a ml tat. Stnt rm th pb-

lic chl, wh ar prhap mt rprntativ

maintram city, ializ inivial ch a

Pakitan nr Mhamma Ali Jinnah, am

Pakitani prtmn, an lgnary Mlim hi-

trical gr. On prbing rthr, hwvr, a larg

prprtin invitably mntin amiratin r

gr lik Oama Bin Lan an Saam Hin

r thir anti-Wt tlk. Prct th privat

chl har Jinnah a a ml, bt talk mr n-

ly Hllyw tar, prnaliti in th art an

thatr, intrnatinal prtmn, an th lik.18

Anvrwhlming majrity privat chl-cat

yth m t viw rky a a ml r Pakitan

t rplicat. Rathr intrtingly, harly anyn vr

pint t any Wtrn cntry a wrth mlating.

T ivrgnc in tlk an, mr imprtantly,

th iain amng chilrn th lit twar thir

thr cntrpart ar xtrmly angr, givn

that Ilamic militancy an pr-jiha campaign in

Pakitan rtain a trng lmnt cla cnict.

Rhman (2003) arg that th ia hav vrhav nt i prnt in th jihai prpagana vir-

tally all Ilamit tt.19 Raical yth wh jin

th campaign l a trng n icrimina-

tin r marginalizatin, xacrbat by thir virtal

ilatin rm thr gmnt city.

18 I hav cnct a ri ranm inrmal icin with tnt rm vari backgrn vr th pat tw yar in th city Lahr, Karachi,an Ilamaba, an rral ara in Swat, NWFP. T icin wr nt mant t b rigr an rpnnt wr nt lct thrgh any rmalmthlgy.

19 Rhman, Plralim an Intlranc.20 Rang i calclat rm Stat Bank Pakitan ata n ral GDP which i availabl at .21 Shahi Jav Brki talk abt cnmic malitribtin in Arithmtic icntnt, Dawn, Dcmbr 11, 2007, .22 Minitry Financ, Gvrnmnt Pakitan, Pakistan Economic Survey 2007-08, 2008, p.218.23 Pplatin Cncil, Alcnt an Yth in Pakitan 2001-02: A Natinal Rprntativ Srvy, prjct pnr by UNICEF, 2002, p.130.


15/38


crrir pwr an alray iavantag

t th pr kill t vlp in pblic chl, ar

invariably th rt n t b ni th priz

pitin.

T privat ctr, n th thr han, ha xpan

trmnly in rcnt yar an i rpnibl r

mch th macrcnmic grwth. Pakitan

tlcmmnicatin ctr, r intanc, i n th att grwing in th wrl. rmn in-

vtmnt ha al bn ma in th txtil ctr,

th cntry majr rign xprt arnr. Rathr

irnically, hwvr, th cmbinatin th privat

ctr grwth an a virtal brakwn th pb-

lic ctr act, t incra th inqality in pprt-

niti r graat pblic vr privat chl.

Privat ctr rm licit mply with ivr

xpr, a bra knwlg ba, g langag

Table 3: gini coefficientand consumPtion sharesBY Quintiles

2000-01 2004-05 2005-06

Urban Rural Pakistan Urban Rural Pakistan Urban Rural Pakistan

Gini

Coefcient 0.3227 0.236 0.2752 0.3388 0.2519 0.2976 0.349 0.2462 0.3018

Consumption Share by Quintile

Quintile 1 5.3 12.8 10.1 4.8 12.6 9.5 4.5 13.5 9.6

Quintile 2 8.1 16.9 13.7 7.6 17.1 13.2 8.2 16.8 13.1

Quintile 3 12.1 19.5 16.8 11.6 19.7 16.4 11.1 20.1 16.2

Quintile 4 19.4 22.4 21.3 18.3 23.0 21.4 17.8 23 20.8

Quintile 5 55.1 28.4 38.0 57.7 27.6 39.4 58.4 26.6 40.3

Ratio o

Highest to

Lowest

10.40 2.22 3.76 12.02 2.19 4.15 12.98 1.97 4.2

Source: Minitry Financ, Gvrnmnt Pakitan, Pakitan Ecnmic Srvy 2007-08, 2008.

T riing inqality manit itl in th high

lvl nrmplymnt24 r th yng rm

lwr ci-cnmic cla. Whil th grwing

cnmy ha xpan th labr markt, an th

nmplymnt rat ha clin t an impriv

5.32 prcnt, th imprvmnt i nabl t kp p

with th iz th yth chrt.25 Cnqntly,

th majrity nn-lit yng mn can nly n

rlativly mnial jb.26 Evr inc th nr-riv-n cnmic trctral ajtmnt prgram tk

fct in th 1990, th pblic ctr capacity t

accmmat th yngr gnratin ha bn -

vrly cntrain.27 Frmal ban n rh rcrit-

mnt in majr pblic nctinari hav bcm

cmmnplac. Aitinally, th ytm ha bcm

inhrntly crrpt an th w pning that b-

cm availabl ar rarly awar n mrit. Chil-

rn th pr, with gnrally littl acc t th

24 Unrmplymnt hr i t rr t th prviin r prrming mnial jb with lw rmnratin r inivial thrwi qali t nrtakjb rqiring mch highr kill lvl.

25 Minitry Financ, Economic Survey 2007-08, p.202.26 T CIA Wrl Fact Bk captin n nmplymnt in Pakitan aptly captr th crrnt itatin; it tat Unmplymnt Rat: 6.5 % pl

btantial nrmplymnt (2006 t.).27 Pakitan cnmy nrwnt maiv trctral ajtmnt at th bht th IMF an Wrl Bank. Whil cnmically n, nr cnmic

prrnc cam with ri plitical tra-f. Nt nly i th prgram rc pblic ctr mplymnt, bt thy al imantl th wlarytm that manag t kp inqality an inatin wn thrght th lat-1970 an 1980.


16/38

kill, an rbt analytical ability. T nly yng

alt that t th bill ar prct lit privat chl

r rign cllg (th lattr ar xclivly mmbr

lit hhl). A iprprtinat amnt ntry

lvl pitin th n p ging t th alray rich,

laving thr rm lwr ci-cnmic cla n-

rmply. Fr cat (vn i prly) yng mn,

nrmplymnt n p having jt a mch analinating fct a nmplymnt.

theexPectation-realitYdisconnect

Yth raicalizatin i inhrntly ti t th i

xpctatin th yng mn in a pplatin. E-

catinal attainmnt prnt itl a a bl-g

wr. Whil a lack catin iqali yth rm

attaining cnmic mbility an i th nirabl, a

high lvl catin witht th rqiit tlt t

apply kill rai xpctatin which, i nlll r

lng, can crat an xpctatin-rality icnnct. T

lattr i cnir t b a cmmn vilnc-incing

actr amng yth in a city.

In Pakitan ca, th prnc a vr gap btwn

th apiratin yng mn an th rality thy ar

cnrnt with wa highlight by a rcnt natin-

ally rprntativ rvy cnct by th Pplatin

Cncil (2002). T iappintmnt amng th yng

chrt wa n t b a nctin thir trng -

ir t attain catin an an qally trng rlv

t wrk, bt witht any ralitic pprtnity r th

lattr. Eighty prcnt th rral an rban yth in-

cl in th rvy xpr a ir t b cat at

cnary an trtiary lvl.28 Mrvr, whil trai-

tinally rral amili prrr t invlv thir chilrn

in arm labr, a agricltral prctivity in Pakitan

ha clin, lan ragmntatin ha incra, an

trctral cnmic chang ch a inatin in th ac

tagnant incm r rral amili hav takn plac.

Parntpcially th wh ar litrathav b-

cm kn t n thir chilrn t chl. Ti i tr

vn r pr hhl amng whm it i bcming

incraingly cmmn r parnt t av r tak lan

r thir chil chling. A r th ir t wrk, th

rvy n that mr than 80 prcnt mal irt wrk prvi itabl pprtniti ar availabl.29

Whil yth prvi a ptntial ngin r pitiv

grwth in th lng rn, th abnc a qalitativly

rbt catin ytm that cl prvi marktabl

kill can nly hav an avr impact in th immi-

at tr. With nhanc acc t catin aciliti

an an vr-incraing intrt in catin amng th

pplatin, bth nrllmnt rat an xpctatin ar

likly t ri. I th qality pblic an rral privat

ctr catin rmain pr, an th labr markt

cntin t avr chilrn th lit, th xpctatin-

rality icnnct cl rlt in a igrntlmnt

an in trn, a prpnity t jin xtrmit rank.

Tr i vinc aplnty th cming crii. Incra-

ingly, ranably lqnt, pt-cnary gr hl-

r ar king nancial hlpthat i t ay, bgging

n th trt rban twn in Pakitan. T ar

yng mn vry ifrnt rm th trtypical bggar

that pan th trt Pakitani citi an hav bn

rc t th trt by th labr markt crnch. Dtail

icin with ch inivial rval grat cntmpt

r a tat that cannt prvi pprtniti. Tr i

al nvy an rntmnt againt th lit wh ar b-

liv t hav libratly crat ntry barrir r th

pr, an thr i a n alinatin rm th largr

city. T wr prcily th ignal that prc a

nmbr Arican civil war.

28 Pplatin Cncil, Alcnt an Yth, p.56.29 Ibi., pp.67-68.


17/38


18/38

the safetY valves

qality primary an cnary catin, an a-

itinally prpar th yng thrgh pcializ

training in tchnical, intrial an rvic-rlatkill, thy cl cr vra mplymnt, th

aing th pplatin prr a wll a pning p

nw avn r rign xchang arning. In,

in th pat, th man r kill labr in th Wt

ha attract a larg nmbr Pakitani ctr,

nginr an binmn, whil th mi-kill

r nkill labr rc ha traitinally n m-

plymnt in th Mil Eat.

Opprtniti r kill labr nt ncarily

ait th maintram pplatin inc an vrwhlming majrity wll-train prinal

cm rm lit backgrn. Ti can nly chang

vr tim i th qality Pakitan catinal an

prinal training imprv mltil. Mr-

vr, pprtniti xit r th ci-cnmically

nrprivilg t n nkill jb, bt tr

prpct ar mr ncrtain. Whil glbal mi-

gratin rm th vlping wrl i prjct t

incra, th nw wav rginalim i likly t

cntain migratry pattrn within th cnn

rginal blck. Alray, th Gl Stat, having tal with thir wn yth blg, ar incraingly

rlcating Sth Aian labr back t thir cntri

rigin. Ti trn i likly t cntin. T high


Alarg mal yth chrt living nr cni-tin ci-cnmic iparity pint tvlnrability in any city. Argably hwvr,th cnitin ggt n mr than a possibility

r raicalizatin th yng. Atr all, th ma-

jrity th vlping wrl fr rm kw

ci-cnmic trctr. Yt, nly a mall minr-

ity cntri m t ac th prblm yth

raicalizatin.

Stat that manag t avi a nticabl lvl

yth vilnc pit th prnc warning ig-

nal thrgh th fctiv mitigating

actr- th aty valv. A lk at Pakitan ita-tin hwvr ggt that th cmmnly ic

mitigating actr, ch a yth migratin an th

cnciv rl th tat, ar abnt. T pr-

pct r migratin ar link t ci-cnmic

prrmanc an th cntry intrnatinal imag.

Mrvr, ar rm playing a cnciliatry rl, th

tat ha cntribt t a climat vilnc.

migration

Rnwn Pakitani cnmit Shahi Jav Brki(2001) ha arg that Pakitan blat yth c-

hrt prnt a grat pprtnity t tap th intr-

natinal labr markt.30 I th tat cl impart

30 Shahi Jav Brki, Pplatin a an At, Dawn,Jly 31, 2001.


19/38

10 ProsPectsof Youth radicalizationin Pakistan: imPlicationsfor u.s. PolicY

Pakitan ca i a glaring anmaly. A lly nc-

tinal an ranably trng tat apparat will-

lly pprt th prnc xtrmit car an

inratrctr n it trritry r yar a a ky pillar

it natinal crity plicy. Whil th intnt wa

nvr t raicaliz th tat intrnally, a tlratin

xtrmit activiti ha invitably cmbin with

ci-cnmic itrtin t rthr nhanc th

liklih raicalizatin r th pcming gn-

ratin.

T tat ha ngag th Ilamit nclav at thr

lvl. Firt, vr inc inpnnc, th Pakitani

larhip ha ght t nit th pplac n th

bai rligi ilgy in rr t trancn

th cntry thnic, lingitic, an ctarian alt

lin, bt in th prc it ha crat an xcliv-

it, plarizing, an intlrant icr.33 Scn,

th militaryth prminant intittinal rc

in Pakitanha n th cntry natinal

tlk thrgh a narrwly n crity para-

igm that c primarily n trritrial intgrity.

A ky lmnt th crity tratgy vr th pat

tw an a hal ca ha bn th pritnt

militant xtrmit a th rnt-mn th tat

pprt b-cnvntinal war in Aghanitan

an Inia.

34

Tir, th military ha al Ilamicplitical parti, mt whm maintain m cn-

nctin with n r mr jihai tt, t rthr

it plitical intrt.35 T military ha maintain

trmn innc vr Pakitani plitic an

ha tn intrvn ithr irctly r rm bhin

th cn t nr a plitical ipnatin that i

amnabl t it viin r th cntry. T military

pprt t Ilamic plitical rc rct it ir

cnmic grwth in Sth Eat Aian tat n th

thr han prnt an pning, at lat in th

mim trm.31

Prhap th ingl mt imprtant trminant

rign mplymnt ptin r Pakitani will

b th cntry intrnatinal imag. Pakitan will

hav t ri itl th xtrmit tag at all ct. T

EU an th U.S. hav alray tghn thir via

plici an immigratin rglatin r Pakitani

citizn an ar nlikly t bg nl crity

cncrn rgaring th cntry ar ar. T

itatin i n ifrnt in th Gl an in many

Eat Aian tat. Unl Pakitan prcptin in

th wrl majr capital imprv, th imprt

Pakitani labr will cntin t b cnir ahigh rik prpitin.

enter the state: the islamizationof

Politicaldiscourse

Stat intittin tn act a th lat bfr againt

yth raicalizatin. Evn whn tat ar nabl t

mt ci-cnmic n an hav cnqntly

alinat a larg gmnt th yng pplatin,

thy manag t kp th li n yth igrntl-

mnt thrgh tl ch a tmprary mplymnt

cratin, chm t ritribt walth, law n-

rcmnt, r vn thrgh ngativ intrvntin

invlving crcin. T nly mpirical ca whr

th tat ha bn nabl t prrm thi rl hav

invlv cntri in which th tat apparat ha

all bt cllap, th rnring it ability t thwart

th prpct yth raicalizatin infctal.32

31

Pakitan an Malayia ign a Mmranm Unrtaning r labr xprt in 2003. Ti allw Pakitan t n a many a 200,000 nkill anmi-kill labrr in th rt yar th arrangmnt. S Hma Nawaz Sy, Pakitan an Malayia: Ecnmic an ra Rlatin, Institute oStrategic Studies, Islamabad, 2007, .

32 Mt litratr n th bjct that i itat in th Arican cntxt pint t wakn tat a a ky ran r yth vilnc. Fr an xcllnticin th linkag btwn wakn (braly n) tat an vilnc, San E. Ric, Pvrty Br Incrity in Brainar an Chllt(), Global Poverty, Confict, and Security in the 21st Century(Wahingtn, D.C.: Brking Intittin Pr, 2007), pp.33-38.

33 Najam Sthi, Natin, Stat an Rligi Intity, Te Friday imes,Agt 17-23, 2007.34 Fr an vrviw th linkag btwn th Pakitani tat an militant Ilam, Zahi Hain, Frontline Pakistan: Te Struggle with Militant Islam (Nw

Yrk: Clmbia Univrity Pr, 2007).35 Fr intanc, Lahkar--ayabba ha cl ti with Dawaat-l-Irhaa, Al-Bar an Hizbl Mjahn an link t Jamaat-i-Ilami, an Harkat-l-

Mjahn i an fht Jamiat Ulma-i-Ilam (JUI). JUI wa al th principal pprtr th aliban.


20/38

the saBan centerfo r m iddle eas t PolicYat Brookings 11

hg againt any pibility thir tright pr-

minanc. Pakitani city at larg, whil inhr-

ntly cnrvativ in natr, trat rligi cnr-

vatim a cmpltly itinct rm xtrmim; th

rmr ha t with pity whil th lattr carri

ignicant plitical vrtn.38 T tablihmnt

ha rinrc thi itinctin an ha th kpt th

maintram pplatin at with militant agn-

a. Pakitani vting pattrn ar rctiv thi

ntimnt.39

T xtrmit nclav, r it part, raliz that it

lack pplar pprt an cl nt afr t

challng th tat agna by trying t crat -

r within Pakitani city. In any ca, thy ha

sucient foreign inow of personnel and funds nott l any prat n t rcrit rm main-

tram Pakitani city.

the counter-currents: the militarY

remains comPlacent

T abv-mntin ramwrk rmain intact

a lng a th intrt th military an th x-

trmit nclav cntin t cmplmnt ach th-

r. Hwvr, th Sptmbr 11, 2001 attack jlt

th military-militant allianc nxpctly an b-

qntly pitt th tw parti in pping camp.

Snly, th vry attribt th ltra-right that

wr arlir viw pitivly nw p a majr

thrat t Pakitani city, an mr pcically th

yngr chrt.

t nrct th mrat rc, which thrwi

cmman vrwhlming pprt th ma an

th, nlik th plitically irrlvant ltra-right,

thratn t ntraliz military prminanc.36

T military i nt want t raicaliz Pakitan it-

l. Nav a it may n, th military prat

nr a highly implitic plan that ght t mini-

miz th mtic allt rm th military-militant

allianc whil cntining t th xtrmit ag-

grivly r b-cnvntinal war in Inian Kah-

mir. T military nr that xtrmit innc

rmain limit largly t pckt in Pakitan

Nrth-Wt tribal ara, a rgin hting a larg

nmbr yng Aghan rg an m rign

militant. Whil th nlaght ctarian vilnc

in th Pakitani hartlan ring th 1990 wa a

ntabl xcptin, th majrity Ilamit tt

cntin t lk twar. T military al i-

play matrl tact in cntining t icrit it

xtrmit partnr intrnally. T Pakitani plitical

lit a wll a th military ha alway pkn x-

trmim in a ngativ light, an apt th ntin

plaibl niability t itanc itl rm vnt

in Kahmir an Aghanitan ring th 1990.

T ky tat intittinth military an th

bracracyar cncrn rmt with inti-

ttinal intgrity an hav nvr allw thm-

lv t b prmat by Ilamit tnnci t any

ntabl gr.37 T civilian plitical nclav ha

al cntin t b l by mrat rc, a th

military, whil ing th ltra-right, ha catily

36 Whil mt cntn that th military i prip t wrking with Ilamic tt t it wn Ilam t maintain intittinal intgrity, a wlla a qi pr q r pprt t it b-cnvntinal war tratgy, in rality th military ha bn wary accring th mllah a r han. Dpit

allying with right wing plitical tt, th military ha nvr allw thm t rl th cntry.37 Whil rcnt militant attack n military intrt hav prvn th prnc aliban ympathizr within military rank, th rprnt xcptin t thnrm. Fr a thrgh analyi th th th Pakitani army an a n th itinctin btwn cnrvatim an xtrmim within army rank, Stphn Chn, Te Idea o Pakistan (Wahingtn, D.C.: T Brking Intittin, 2004), Chaptr 3.

38 On bvi xcptin t thi itinctin i th prntly prvalnt ntimnt in th tr ibal blt, whr th tw ntin m t hav mh. Hwvr, vnthat wa nt traitinally , an ha t b n in th particlar cntxt a trblnt rgin whr a jihai agna ha bgn t b rgar a mrallyprir. Ti i qit th ppit what th tat wa attmpting in th cntry hintrlan.

39 N Ilamic party in Pakitan vr rciv mr than 5 prcnt pplar vt br th 2002 lctin. Evn in 2002, th 11 prcnt vt that thrligi parti captr wa a rlt th pling th cntr--right vt, which wa nly natral givn that th rligi tt wr cnttingnr a nit bannr. T trn ha rvrt a in th Fbrary 2008 lctin, th rligi parti manag t win l than 2 prcnt th at in thnatinal lgilatr in aitin t ling baly in bth prvinc whr thy hl a calitin gvrnmnt nr th prvi rgim.


21/38


Frthrmr, th Ilamit ca i ait by th

pritnt ailr mrat plitical lar t -

livr ci-cnmic bnt t th ma an th

qally abymal plitical prrmanc by military

rlr. Whil Pakitan lit-rivn plitical ytm

ha crat a bfr againt tright prmacy r

th mllah, it ha al blck any avn r th

yngr chrt t xpr thir plitical pinin.

With a lingring al hl, wak mcratic

nrm, an a phny lctral ytm, Pakitan p-

litical prc hav rmain highly lctiv. T

avrag citizn ha all bt lt trt in th tat, a

act that i manit by th inhrntly pimitic

an antagnitic tlk th ma vi--vi th

tat.41 Alray, th ltra-right prtray th inability

th mrat rling lit t prrm fctivly a

vinc th ailr clarim. T ltra-right

cnrvativ prnt th lack pity, an nt in-

tittinal ailr a th principal prblm. Ti, in

thir viw, can nly b rcti by Ilamic rl.

An qally angr vlpmnt i kpticim

abt th prinalim th army. A army pr-

nnl tk th ptlight in vari rl ring th

Mharra rgim, th myth an incrrptibl an

pright army ha bn hattr. Similarly, th ar-

my manactr imag a a avir th Pakitanippl ha fr, crty th nging military

pratin in th tribal blt, which ha l ppl t

viw th military a a prxy rc r th U.S.

9/11, u.s. PolicY,

andthe threatof Polarization

T intrplay btwn Pakitan U-trn vi--

vi th xtrmit, U.S. intrt in Aghanitan,

an th Ilamit tanc rv pcial attntin.

Dvlpmnt inc 9/11 hav argably prnt- th gravt thrat raicalizatin t Pakitani

Ovr th pat tw ca, an invitabl nrcr-

rnt allw th ltra-right a ignicant, yt larg-

ly bnign prnc in city. Ti wa achiv

thrgh th vr praing wlar, catinal,

an miinary ntwrk th Ilamic plitical an

militant tt. Tir nhanc viibility bcam

highly prblmatic in th pt-9/11 cnari r

vral ran. Fr n, th prnc th ltra-

right in nivriti, mq, yth rganizatin,

halth an wlar rganizatin, an thr cial

cltr i nt xit in larg nmbr. Al, thy

ha crtainly nt bn gar twar bringing

abt a trctral hit in th city at larg. Ty

ar in a pitin t rally yth, pcially th i-

grntl t lack ci-cnmic pprt-

niti.40 Mrvr, th ltra-right plitical parti

ar al th nly tt that ar nt litit in thir

cntittin an in act ncrag ntrprnrial

yth t rthr thir gal nhancing trach.

I th ci-cnmic wg win, an mr an

mr yng citizn n thmlv alinat rm

th ytm, th crrntly vrwhlming pprt t

mrat grp may b ilt.

Nxt, th military th xtrmit car im-

pli that th tat ha t tlrat th prnc

an xtrmit inratrctr, incling bth prach-ing cntr a wll a jihai training camp. A mn-

tin, whil th military wa abl t kp a cl

watch n th activiti an mticlly pr-

vnt th mnac rm praing t th Pakitani

hartlan in th pr-9/11 pri, th inratrc-

tr ma raicalim mr accibl t th yng.

Mrvr, th inw ntrack rign an lcal

n allw th grp t attain nancial l-

suciency. Today, the availability of funds means

that militant grp can tain a larg, wll-knit

cial ntwrk, a ha-tart r any plan t tartrcriting rm amng Pakitani yth.

40 T grwing incinc xtrmit invlvmnt yng mal rm mil cla- itl a rctin rc pprtnity ct t in th ac rtrict cnmic pprtniti- rthr nhanc th pntratin th grp. Mil cla inivial ar ally part maintram city anth rmain mr apprachabl r mmbr thir cmmnity. Ti i mch ifrnt rm maraah car wh hav littl in cmmn withmaintram city.

41 S M Y, Why Citizn Dnt Back th Stat, Te Friday imes,Jly 13-19, 2007.


22/38


primary targt Ilamit prpagana, bt al b-ca nlik th lr gnratin, thy hav grwnp amit a prvailing anti-Amrican ntimnt.

T angr plarizatin manat rm th act

that th clar gmnt amng th Pakitani litagrwing chrtrmain arl th mnac vilnc within Pakitan. Pt-9/11, a icrn xtrmit vilnc ha bcm mh with thprnc th rl maraah in raicalizingpr yng mn, chilrn th clar lit havharn thir ngativ prcptin abt th nt wll-f cnrvativ yth. Ty hav tn t r-trat rthr rm maintram city, th laving awir vacm r th Ilamit car t ll.

In th nal tcm, th cltrally cntrit claan vrwhlming majrity that maintain a claritinctin btwn cnrvatim an xtrmimi incraingly bing wg btwn th c-lar lit an th ltra-right. T angr i that iph againt th wall, th cltral cnrvativmay l th n t align with n r th thri. A ir t avi cnrntatin with th rai-cal, thir iamtrically pp cltral val vi--vi th clar lit, an rntmnt againt thlit r having crat barrir t cnmic an

plitical grwth r th maintram pplatinmak th raical nclav a mr prbabl partnrr th cntrit. A Dnx pt it: whn n -c n thir namntal cnvictin, thir mtchrih val, an th kin city an pliti-cal rr thy apir t crat, mrat hav armr in cmmn with raical than thy withWtrn-tyl mcraci (which i what th c-lar lit ntially prmt).44

T incra prpnity Pakitani t vi-

lnc a lgitimat nr xcptinal circmtanc

city, pcially th yth wh invitably bcm

th principal targt r militant rcritmnt.

Anti-U.S. ntimnt in Pakitan g back t th

Aghan Jiha pri whn th U.S. xit Aghani-

tan, laving Pakitan with vr 3 millin Aghan

rg, than maraah, an a Kalah-

nikv cltr that plag th city t thi ay.42

Mrvr, whil anti-cmmnim align U.S. an

pan-Ilamit intrt ring th 1980, th n

th Cl War brght abt a ciiv hit in

icr. Sinc 9/11, Wahingtn prpnity t

qat namntalit Ilamargably an inhr-

ntly pacl ntinwith xtrmim ha n

p playing t th avantag th Ilamit.

T Unit Stat crrnt Pakitan plicy mpha-

iz clarizatin, a trm lan with ngativ

cnntatin in that it i prciv t b th Wt

antit t cnrvativ rligi val. T nw

thrt, partly bght by th Mharra rgim,

blr th itinctin btwn maintram cnr-

vativ an xtrmit, k t mply mar t

clariz catin crricla, an tacitly pprt

Wtrn libral val. Whil prctly lgitimat

rm a Wtrn viwpint, ch a rapi chang wa

r t b prciv ngativly in a cntry likPakitan, which rmain cltrally cnrvativ t

it cr. It ha n p prviing an pprtnity

t Ilamit t blw th anti-clar trmpt with

gratr vigr.43 By ing th Ilamic xtrmim tag,

Amrica ha allw th Pakitani Ilamit t cr-

at th claic vr thm paraigm. T U.S.

i nw prnt a an invaing inl. A jiha

againt th U.S. appar vn mr attractiv nr

cnitin whr warning ign ar alray in play.

T rlativly pr yng Pakitani ar likly t

b mt afct, nt nly bca thy rmain th

42 Dnni Kx, Te U.S. and Pakistan 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies(Wahingtn, D.C.: Wrw Wiln Cntr Pr, 2001), pp.253, 324.43 A mar thir cc i that Pakitan ha cntin t atr a n th mt anti-U.S. cntri in trm prcptin it pplatin in th

rcnt pat. T mt rcnt pll pt Pakitan a th thir mt anti-Amrican natin bhin rky an Paltin. Umit Enginy, rky MtAnti-U.S. Cntry in Wrl, Pll Sya, urkish Daily News,Jn 29, 2007, . Al ,Anti-U.S. ling high in Pakitan, Daily imes, Fbrary 20, 2005, .

44 Gilain Dnx, T Frgttn Swamp: Navigating Plitical Ilam, Middle East Policy Council Journal, Vlm IX, Nmbr 2, Jn 2002, p.73.


23/38


Ilam nmi.45 Whil pprt r ch actin

ha rpp ignicantly vr inc, i ch a nti-

mnt bcm wipra in th city at larg,

yng mmbr city will b incraingly lr

twar xtrmit ca an cnqntly, ilgi-

cal pprt r th Ilamit will incra.

hw th ppitin th cntrit. Immi-

atly atr 9/11, pll inicat that Pakitani

vrwhlmingly nnc th 9/11 attack an

trm thm nthical an cntrary t Ilamic t-

nt. By 2004 hwvr, a many a 41 prcnt

Pakitani wr willing t ggt that vilnc wa

tn r mtim jti a a n againt

45 Spprt r vilnc ha rpp in th lat w mnth, prhap a a rlt rqnt ici attack within Pakitan hintrlan. Hwvr, th vrallntimnt twar th U.S. pratin rmain highly ngativ. Richar Wik, Pakitani Incraingly Rjct rrrim..an th U.S., Pew ResearchCenter, Agt 8, 2007, .


24/38

correctingthe PolicY focus :a roleforthe u.s.

the saBan centerfor middle east PolicYat Brookings 15

yth. Sggtin rgaring catin, cnmic

i, an migratin ar pcic t th pcming

gnratin. T cn t rcmmnatinth prtaining t th rl th Pakitani tat an

U.S. plicy twar Pakitan in gnralg b-

yn th i yth pr , bt wl ltimatly

minimiz th ptntial r yng Pakitani t b

invlv in xtrmit vilnc. Ty mt thrr

rm part th vrall plicy packag.

education

e current U.S. policy has remained focused

n maraah catin r th mt part.

Whil th rl th raical maraah may

b imprtant r th crrnt Aghan war, it i

th pblic catin ctr that hl th ky

t trmining th rintatin yng Paki-

tani in th mim t lng trm. In,

Wahingtn i cgnizant thi act. Alray,

Unit Stat Agncy r Intrnatinal Dvl-

pmnt (USAID) ha a larg aitanc prgram

r pblic catin in Pakitan an ha bn

ngag in vlping tachr training ram-

wrk an rvi crricla.46 Whil th ar

th ky ara that n attntin, littl prgr

ha bn ma th ar n th grn. Tr i

an rgnt n t analyz USAID an thr

imilar prgram t trmin th ran r

An intrting cnari mrg rm th abvicin. Whil Pakitan crrnt nvirn-mnt i cnciv t yth raicalizatin, i xac-rbating actr wr crrct, th prnc ablat yng chrt, a high ir r catinan mplymnt, an th city prpnity tmaintain a itinctin btwn cnrvatim anxtrmim wl act a agnt r pitiv chang.

Ftr plicy will hav t b mlti-prng, i-mltanly aring all actr w hav lablwarning ignal an xacrbating actr. T ntirintrnatinal cmmnity ha an intrt in arrt-

ing Pakitan clin, an n cl in makth ca r alli cpratin amng tat withcl ti t Pakitan t nr th cntry prg-r. Argably hwvr, th Unit Stat tak arth hight givn it intrt in crbing trrrim,Pakitan g-tratgic lcatin an it ptntial tact a an intrmiary an ml r U.S. intrtin th Ilamic wrl, an it intrinic rl in SthAian crity, which ha takn a nw maning atra qantm hit in In-U.S. rlatin. Mrvr,th U.S. i crrntly th ingl mt imprtantrc bilatral ai r Pakitan, an i th wllplac t innc th ai mny.

T llwing rcmmnatin can b itingih

accring t thir pcicity with rgar t Pakitan

46 Fr a bri vrviw USAID catinal prgram r Pakitan, USAID Pakitan, U.S. Dpartmnt Stat, .


25/38


vlvmnt nn-gvrnmntal rganizatin.

T intrt civil city in ch chm i

wll-tablih.48 U.S. pprt cl allviat

th rrc cntraint crrntly afcting ch

ntrpri.

Areas that need attention across the education

pctrm incl th vlpmnt qalita-

tiv bnchmark r tnt larning, tanar

r tachr rcritmnt, an th rglatin

privat ctr catin in gnral. Whil th

Pakitani tat i cgnizant th n t im-

prv th apct th catin ytm an

ha tat in rcnt plicy cmnt, thr

i a arth capacity within th pblic ctr

t carry plicy viin thrgh. T U.S. cl

play a cntrctiv rl in prviing tchnical

aitanc t Pakitani catin ctr manag-

r t nr prgr n thi rnt.

In order to counter the dearth of qualied

tachr in Pakitan, n avn t xplr

cl b t t p a prgram t bring in a ig-

nicant nmbr rign tachr, pcially

th train t tach Englih langag an

baic mathmatic an cinc. T tachr

cl b plac acr th vari lvl pb-lic chling thrght th cntry.49 A pr-

gram t nr ch inw tachr cl b

ngtiat btwn USAID an th Pakitani

Minitry Ecatin.

e lack of vocational and other specialized

training intitt i a cncrn link t th

Pakitani labr rc ability t migrat abra.

Crrntly, whil thr ar m vcatinal train-

ing intitt in th rban ara, th rral part

th lack tangibl gain. Onc inti, th

ky bttlnck n t b ar.

e USAID program should also focus on the

lit privat ctr chl, prviing thm

with n r n-ba chlarhip r

talnt tnt wh cl nt thrwi a-

r t attn. Hwvr, thi wl rqir

privat chl t mv away rm th practic

crning tnt ba n thir ci-c-

nmic backgrn.

With regard to public sector education syllabi,

th mphai hl b n prmpting Pakitan-

i t rvi txtbk with th aim rvrting

t th cntnt prir t Zia Ilamizatin

ring th 1980. Ti i mr achivabl at th

mmnt than cmpltly liminating cnrva-

tiv an anti-Inia bia rm th txt. In act,

cmplt clarizatin i nt vn irabl in

Pakitan cnrvativ cntxt.

e recent mushrooming of highly aord-

abl privat chl in rral ara, pcially in

Pnjab an Sinh, ha bn a hartning -

vlpmnt.47 Hwvr, at prnt, th fr

rm rrc an capacity cntraint an havn p plling tachr rm narby pblic

chl. Mrvr, thy rmain cmpltly n-

rglat. Nnthl, th prnc th pri-

vat ctr in rral ara prvi U.S. plicy

makr with an bvi ntry pint. USAID

prgram hl ait th privat chl

in nhancing thir qality, crat ml pri-

vat chl in th ltra-pr itrict, t p

rml pblic ctr chl an prmt

th apt-a-chl ml t ncrag th in-

47 Btwn 1994-95, 2,500 nw privat chl wr tablih. In 1998, th gr rach 6,000 an in 1999, it wa 8,000. T trn ha cntin vrinc. A larg prprtin th chl ar bing t p in rral ara. By 2010, Pnjab, th mt ppl prvinc, i likly t hav a privat chl inat lat 50 prcnt it rral villag. T intittin ct nly $1 pr mnth pr chil n avrag. Anrabi, t al., Rligi Schl.

48 A nmbr apt-a-chl chm ar crrntly pratinal acr Pakitan. S Pblic Privat Partnrhip in th Ecatin Sctr: Ecatin SctrRrm Actin Plan 2001-2005: Plicy, Optin, Incntiv Packag an Rcmmnatin, Minitry Ecatin, Gvrnmnt Pakitan, 2004.

49 A mall nmbr vlntary wrkr i cm in atr th 2005 arthqak t fr taching rvic in arthqak afct ara an a w cntin ttrickl in vn nw.


26/38


al b taght, bt nlik th crrnt ytm

whr th imam acqaint tnt with th

bjct, pcialit in ach l hl b r-

crit t prrm thi tak. Alray, a nmbr

high qality Ilamic chl in rban twn

hav bn tablih bca th ngativ

cnntatin attach t th maraah an th

high man r qality Ilamic catin r

chilrn. Hwvr, th chl ar tn nt

afrabl r pr Pakitani.

economic oPPortunities

A persistent criticism of American economic aid

t Pakitan vr th yar ha bn it nprict-

abl natr, rathr vag cnitinaliti, an abia twar military ai. All thr cncrn ar

prnt in th crrnt rlatinhip. Amrican

gvrnmnt in th pat hav trat ai a a

cmprhniv whl, an a wntrn in rla-

tin ha n th withrawal bth military

a wll a ci-cnmic ai.

Unr th crrnt itatin, thr i a n t

grgat military an cnmic ai. Whil mil-

itary ai may b ti t Pakitan prrmanc

n th trrrim rnt, th w cnmic aihl b garant vr th lng rn. Evn

i ch aitanc i t b ma cnitinal, it

hl b cntingnt nt pn Pakitan tr-

rrim-rlat prrmanc, bt pn nring

that tangibl ci-cnmic bnt th a-

itanc rach th ma. at, Pakitani

hav viw U.S. ai a a man t appa th

Pakitani lit an, i anything, it ha rthr

ncrag anti-U.S. ntimnt amng cm-

mn Pakitani. Prhap th U.S. cl k

th aitanc thr majr bilatral nr,Japan, EU an Sai Arabia t intitt a jint

ai-mnitring prgram.

th cntry ar vi th aciliti.

Evn whr thy ar prnt, thy nt m

t hav bn intitt nr any chrnt pl-

icy ramwrk. Mrvr, th qality train-

ing i inaqat an th nmbr chl i

insucient. Again, in its latest ve-year policy

plan, th Gvrnmnt Pakitan ha ma v-

catinal training a pririty. Hwvr, th i

m t b n capacity, an ara whr U.S.

catin pcialit may b abl t ait.

As for the madrassahs, U.S. programs are at-

tmpting t ng lcal athriti t clar-

iz th rligi crricla. In aitin, th U.S.

ha bn a trng prpnnt maraah rg-

itratin. Sch attmpt ar largly viw a a

U.S. plt t nrmin cnrvativ rligi

training in Pakitan. T rmr antagniz

th pacl maraah, whil laving th rai-

cal nwhich n lngr by th writ th

tatnafct. Mrvr, th i natr

th maraah an thir ability t witht

an labrat phyical inratrctr al rnr

th chanc cc any rgitratin riv

minimal.

American policymakers must realize that thechic r amili i nt ncarily btwn

rligi an maintram catin. Rligi

catin i rpct in it wn right. A mch

a 11.7 prcnt th maraah nrllmnt i

ma p by chilrn rm th richt Pakitani

hhl.50 Prhap th mt prnt plicy

cr will b t t p paralll maraah rn

ithr by th pblic r privat ctr.51 T ylla-

bi hl b allw t rtain thir cnrvativ

natr, bt th tachr inct in minar-

i hl b prprly train in thlgy chthat thy ar abl t prnt thir tnt with

a balanc pictr. Mrn bjct hl

50 C. Chritin Fair, Militant Rcritmnt in Pakitan: A Nw Lk at th Militancy-Maraah Cnnctin,Asia Policy, Nmbr 4, Jly 2007, p.114.51 Ti rcmmnatin ha prvily bn ma by Ptr W. Singr in Pakitan Maraah: Enring a Sytm Ecatin nt Jiha, Analyi Papr #

14, Brookings Institution, Nvmbr 2001.


27/38


a rlt lakag in th ytm. Spcic pr-

gram r tchnical aitanc cl b a ptn-

tial avn r U.S. invlvmnt. In aitin,

grant pcically ign t allw th vl-

pmnt pvrty-targting mchanim cl

b ti t tangibl tcm in trm tram-

lin mthlgi r all prgram within th

cntry.

migration

e link between migration and education and

pcializ training ha alray bn highlight-

. T rpnibility r achiving pitiv

tcmthi impli nring availability

kill labrn thi rnt largly li nPakitani athriti. Hwvr, th U.S. cl

ptntially play a majr rl by pning p av-

n r migratin r yngr Pakitani (bth

kill an nkill).

T U.S. wl b wll avi t rviit it

via an immigratin plicy r Pakitani na-

tinal. Wary th xtrmit tag, Amrica ha

mv t virtally ht wn prvily attrac-

tiv avn r Pakitani t ty an/r n

attractiv livlih in th U.S. Mrvr, thcrrnt icriminatry attit at airprt an

mbai i caing rntmnt amngt main-

tram Pakitani. Pakitani ar incraingly

challnging th ichtmy pprting th

U.S. a a rntlin ally in th War n rrr an

bing ingl t, prt r r via in

larg nmbr. Ti bia n t b crrct

immiatly.

Over the long run, the U.S. should consider an

arrangmnt with Pakitani athriti t allwtnt an yng mplymnt kr wh

With regard to specic avenues for improve-

mnt, pvrty an inqitabl itribtin

walth tan t a th mt prminnt i.

T Mharra gvrnmnt pt rmarkabl

mphai n nring pvrty allviatin an

qality itribtin. Sbtantial rrc

wr channl t thi ca. Tat gain hav

nt bn narly a high a wr initially prjct-

inqality ha actally rin i a rlt

vr intittinal bttlnck an gvrnanc

cntraint rathr than a lack will n th part

th gvrnmnt. Efrt ar thrr n

t ar th intittinal hrtcming that

cntin t nrmin anti-pvrty prgram.

High crrptin lvl an th abnc mri-

tcracy ar bvi avn that rqir attn-

tin. Hwvr, thr m t b n hrt-trm

ltin t thi prblm, an in th mim

trm th ytm will cntin t icriminat

againt th nn-inntial gmnt city.

e governments anti-poverty programs are

critical. T U.S. cl n anti-pvrty

prgram ign t prvi mplymnt t

yng Pakitani. An immiat pprtnity

i t ait with th plann xpanin th

Rozgar Pakistan chm that aim t prvilimit amnt n t mall-cal ntr-

prnr willing t ngag in pr-ignat ac-

tiviti r th rcntly initiat Bnazir Bhtt

Incm Spprt Prgram.52

Related to anti-poverty programs is the issue of

pvrty targting. An in-pth lk int pvrty

allviatin chm ggt that whil th r-

civing aitanc bnt, a larg prprtin

th actal rcipint ar th nn-pr, n

wh ar nt pp t b targt by thprgram.53 Ti prvr targting tcm i

52 e Rozgar Pakistan scheme has been launched by the National Bank of Pakistan. Visit National Bank of Pakistans ocial website r inrmatin n th prgram.

53 Fr a tail icin Pakitan pvrty targting apprach an hrtcming, M Y, A Pvrty argting Stratgy r Pakitan,wrking papr, A 4277,Asian Development Bank, 2007, pp.15-28.


28/38


Whil th Unit Stat i crrct t rmain

ntral in th In-Pakitani cnict, it hl

nt tach itl rm th cnict. T U.S.

mt cntin t acilitat th prc an cn-

vinc Inia t rpn avrably t Pakitani

vrtr n Kahmir. It hl al ph bth

i t ngag a brar t mtic tak-

hlr in a qt t crat ma cntitnci

r pac. Amrica hl al nt hitat t

invlv thr tat with a tak, namly China,

Sai Arabia, an vn Ria t activly ng

th tw parti twar prmannt pac in bi-

latral rlatin.54

u.s. aPProachto Pakistan

A mntin, th Unit Stat prcptin in

Pakitan ha a irct baring n th rcptivity

th xtrmit mag amng yng Pakitani.

Trr, any plici that k t rmv th cr-

rnt ngativ tlk rmain prtinnt t th vr-

arching bjctiv rcing th prpnity th

yng t jin xtrmit car.

Presently, the U.S. emphasis on secularization

ha crat a cmmnicatin gap. It nnc-

arily prvk Pakitani wh chrih cnrva-tiv val an attach a ngativ cnntatin

t a mv twar clar ilgy. Amrica

i nt thratn by Mlim cnrvatim in

Pakitan (r r that mattr acr th Mlim

world). While such a formulation is dicult to

cmprhn r th Wt, maintram Paki-

tani abhr bth clarim an xtrmim at

th am tim. By braning th plicy a n

that i ign t clariz pblic chl

an maraah crricla an prmt wtrn

libral mcracy, by viwing trtypical at-tribt ch a an incra in bar mn r

vil wmn a a ign incraing xtrmit

hav bn crn an clar thrgh a jint

mchanim t ntr it trritry. T prtcl

cl vn b ign t iprprtinatly

avr applicant rm lwr ci-cnmic

cla. O cr, thi rcmmnatin pr-

pp th ability th Pakitani tat t im-

prv th kill t it yth chrt.

Apart from students and workers seeking to

rlcat t th U.S. r a ignicant pri

tim, th U.S. an Pakitan cl al k t

arrang hrt viit by Pakitani yth lga-

tin with rprntatin rm acr th ci-

cnmic trata. T Flbright Prgram cl

parha thi initiativ. It may b prtinnt t

allw tranlatr t accmpany ch a lga-

tin t avi th ngativ cnqnc that

a cltral hck may hav, pcially r th

rm th lwr ci-cnmic trata.

theroleofthestate

e states engagement with extremists will ar-

gably b th mt imprtant trminant

Pakitan tr irctin. Until an nl th

tat ciivly brak rank with xtrmit ca-

r an abann it b-cnvntinal warartratgy nc an r all, xtrmit will cn-

tin t rcrit rm amng th yngr pp-

latin an thy will al rmain attractiv t

igrntl an vlnrabl mmbr city.

Whil th ralizatin that xtrmit ar n ln-

gr managabl ha t in, th military, pit

having bn rc t pt it b-cnvntinal

war tratgy vi--vi Inia in cl trag r

nw, till rlih what it cnir a tactically

brilliant ptin. Sch an intrt i likly t b

rinrc i Inian cnvntinal military -pririty bcm ablt r i Inia rmain

inifrnt n th Kahmir qtin.

54 Stphn P. Chn an M Y, Opning th Dr t Pac in Sth Aia, Te Brookings Institution, Octbr 8, 2007.


29/38


trmn cllatral amag a l attribt-

abl t th U.S. agna.55 T rcnt tring

nilatral trik pit call rm th Pakitani

gvrnmnt t rthink th tratgy hav crat

a rh pblic tir. T trik ar bginning t

play int th han th ltra-right. A mr

prnt apprach wl b t tn wn ag-

griv cmmnicatin an actin in th pb-

lic phr, inta cnning crciv iplmacy

t bhin-th-cn ngtiatin r cnct-

ing crinat tactical actin.

A related concern is how U.S. policy in Afghan-

itan impact cial chin within Pakitan.

Ntwithtaning th nralitic cmmitmnt

th Pakitani larhip, th tat i in n p-

itin t cnct an all-t military campaign

witht acing a vr militant backlah an

prhap vn a cial implin. Any attmpt t

n a hrt-trm ltin, r crc lar in

Ilamaba t implmnt th U.S. cript cl

allw th Ilamit t gain prminnc an m-

biliz mr yng mn t jin xtrmit rank.

T rltant Ilamit prpagana, pcially

i th U.S. ch t intr pn Pakitani

vrignty, cl pra th crrnt acr -

city.

Bth th U.S. an Pakitan wl wll t

larn ln rm Inia cntrinrgncy x-

princ in Kahmir. T Inian, at lat atr

thy ha gn thrgh thir prtract larn-

ing crv, apt a mlti-act apprach

that wa minat by a ci-cnmic an

pliticalbt nt a militaryapprach.56 Ap-

plying ln rm th Inian xprinc will

rly rc cllatral amag an with it, an-

ti-U.S. rntmnt amng Pakitani yth, btit will al rc th campaign t b trtch

tnnci, an by braning th mllah a th

ncary htil actr, th U.S. ha nt nly

alinat th maintram pplatin, bt ha

al allw Ilamit t rai th lvl thir

rhtric.

U.S. intrt wl b rv jt a wll by

allwing Pakitani city t rtain it cnrva-

tiv lmnt. In act, pprting maintram

cnrvatim i likly t prc gratr gain

than attmpting t bring abt a trctral

hit twar clarim. Ky in thi rgar i t

pay carl attntin t th kin mag i-

rct at Pakitan, vn rgically vtting thir

wring an th by langag t rlay

thm. Sch an apprach wl ignicantly r-

c th pprtnity r th ltra-right t paint

an anti-Ilamic pictr th U.S. Ovr th

lng rn, a pitiv innc n th thinking

th pcming gnratin can b xpct.

Another similar concern specic to the U.S.

ght againt xtrmim i Wahingtn prpn-

ity t bran th crrnt mnac trrrim a

Ilamic xtrmim. Sch cntrprctiv

icr hl b abann an th i-

tinctin btwn U.S. tlk twar Ilaman trrrim hl b mr clarly tat in

langag that can b nrt by th avrag

Pakitani citizn.

T high prl natr th War n rrr ha

led U.S. ocials to occasionally make provoca-

tiv tatmnt criticizing th Pakitani gv-

rnmnt inability t tam xtrmit. Whil

largly mant t atiy mtic plitical in-

trt, ch allgatin crat rthr rnt-

mnt amng Pakitani wh pint twar vr1,500 military an paramilitary caalti an

55 T act rntmnt twar th U.S. agna i vint in th grwing anti-U.S. ntimnt in Pakitan. A alray mntin, Pakitan i crrntly ththir mt anti-Amrican natin in th wrl.

56 S M Y an Anit Mkhrj, Cntrinrgncy in Pakitan: Larning rm Inia, Natinal Scrity Otlk,American Enterprise Institute orPublic Policy Research, Sptmbr 2007.


30/38


th Inian prnc in Kabl mt b crtail

t paciy Pakitani ar Inian ncirclmnt.

At a broader level, the U.S. cannot aord to

rpat th mitak withrawing cmpltly

rm Pakitan a it i atr th Aghanitan

jiha in th 1980. T U.S. hl wrk t

intill cnnc in th prmanncy U.S.-

Pakitan cpratin an it hl mv n a

mlti-act track rathr than bing narrwly

c n th trrrim agna. T ltimat

bjctiv n bth i hl b t gnrat

mtally bncial intrt, with Pakitan

gaining rm U.S. cnmic an military ai,

an Amrica ning a tabl, rliabl partnr in

a mrat Pakitan.

e U.S. should also increase its own presence to

prtray a avrabl imag it cltr t Paki-

tani. Whil Amrican inrmatin librari

an cltral cntr prat in Pakitan prir

t th brakwn in rlatin in 1990th r-

nwn Lincln librari in a hanl majr

nivriti ar prtinnt xamplth majr-

ity yth in Pakitan hav ha n xpr

t Amrican cltr whatvr.57 A prgram t

pn pblic librari an inrmatin cntracr Pakitan hl b intitt. T cn-

tr hl b ncrag t rach t nt nly

t th lit, bt al t th rinary yth.

vr a nmbr yar. bgin with, th U.S.

wl hav t cm t trm with th act

that immiat gain ar nlikly. I achiv,

Wahingtn hl c n nging Pakitan

t apply th minimal rc principl an

mphaiz th plitic-cnmic agna t

bring cntrctiv livlih pprtniti t

yng tribmn.

ere is still skepticism among U.S. policy mak-

r with rgar t Pakitan incrity in ghting

xtrmit n it trritry. T cncrn i nt

nn. Fr a cntry that cnir itl

a mim-iz nclar pwr, it i abr t

imagin it alling in lin with th U.S. agna

at th ct it wn rginal tratgic intrt.

T act i that U.S. ptin ar highly cn-

train givn that Pakitan pprt i impra-

tiv r it Aghan campaign. Wahingtn will

hav t raliz that Pakitan i nlikly t ac-

cpt a htil Aghan gvrnmnt n it brr.

An nhanc Inian prnc in Aghanitan i

likly t rthr accntat Pakitani wrri.

Failing t cmrt Pakitan in th vlpmnt

in Kabl will nt cmpltly liminat it a a

takhlr an will prmpt Ilamaba t rtain

ti with th aliban. Again, thi atmaticallyimpli th tlratin an xtrmit prnc

an a prptal thrat th mnac praing

acr Pakitan yth chrt. At th vry lat,

57 S M Y an Anit Mkhrj, Cntrinrgncy in Pakitan: Larning rm Inia, Natinal Scrity Otlk,American Enterprise Institute orPublic Policy Research, Sptmbr 2007.


31/38


32/38

conclusion

the saBan centerfor middle east PolicYat Brookings 23

Mliman nt t mntin, nclar wapn,

Pakitan clin cl b catatrphic.

Rcnt vlpmnt in th Pakitan-U.S. rlatin-

hip nt b wll r a prmannt mltiact

partnrhip. T trn U.S. iplmatic ignal in r-

pn t pac vrtr by th nwly lct m-

cratic gvrnmnt in Pakitan an nw nilatral

cr-brr trik rm Aghanitan ar crating

a bilatral rit. Bth i n t b carl nt t

allw cncrn n th War n rrr rnt t hijack

thir brar rlatinhip. In, th nrlying

prmi thi papr i that th ral wrry rm

Pakitan i nt immiat; inta, it i th graalmv th yth twar raicalizatin vr th

lng rn that n t b chck. Shl attn-

tin b limit t th hr an nw an wr th

U.S. t hl it largr intrt htag t Pakitan

rl in th cntr-inrgncy frt, th ltimat

tcm may wll b cntrprctiv nt nly

r th tw principal takhlr, bt vn r th

wrl at larg.

Pakitan li twar raicalizatin i nt argn cnclin. In act, a pitiv changin th crrnt nvirnmnt cl prc a c-nari highly amnabl t prgr. Tat ai, pr-

activ an wll-plac plicy rpn ar rqir

t nrmin th prnt rik p by pr -

catinal qality, th trati natr th ca-

tin ytm, an iparat cnmic pprtniti,

an rthr xacrbat by cntrict migratin

ptin, a ngativ rl th tat, an miplac

U.S. plici.

T U.S. i mt itably plac t pprt pi-

tiv vlpmnt in Pakitan. b r, nr-ing Pakitan mv in thi irctin i n lngr an

ptin; it i a ncity. With 160 millin ppl, a

ggraphical lcatin that will rmain pivtal t U.S.

anti-trrrim intrt r th rabl tr, a

ignicant, albit th ar nrtiliz, rl Paki-

tan a an pning t bth Iran an th Snni blc

th n r ch a partnr ha incra mltil

givn Wahingtn plmmting pplarity amng


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Project on u.s. relations withthe islamic world

vlp a bttr nrtaning hw art ancltral lar an rganizatin can incra

nrtaning btwn th Unit Stat an

th glbal Mlim cmmnity;

A Scinc an chnlgy Initiativ, which x-

amin th rl cprativ cinc an tchnl-

gy prgram invlving th Unit Stat an

th Mlim wrl can play in rpning t

rginal vlpmnt an catin n, a

wll a tring pitiv rlatin;

A Briging th Divi Initiativ which x-

plr th rl Mlim cmmniti in th

Wt;

A Brking Intittin Pr Bk Sri,

which aim t ynthiz th prjct ning

r pblic iminatin.

T nrlying gal th Prjct i t cntin th

Brking Intittin riginal manat t rv a

a brig btwn chlarhip an pblic plicy. Itk t bring nw knwlg t th attntin -

ciin-makr an pinin-lar, a wll a afr

chlar, analyt, an th pblic a bttr inight

int plicy i. T Prjct i pprt thrgh

th gnrity a rang pnr incling th

Gvrnmnt th Stat Qatar, T Fr Fn-

atin, T Dri Dk Charitabl Fnatin,

Lawrnc Livrmr Natinal Labratri, an

th Intitt r Scial Plicy Unrtaning. Part-

nr incl Amrican Univrity, th USC Cntr

r Pblic Diplmacy, Unity Prctin Fna-tin, Amrican r Inrm Dmcracy, Amrica

Abra Mia, an T Gallp Organizatin.

the Projecton u.s. relationswiththe is-lamic worldi a majr rarch prgram h

within th Saban Cntr r Mil Eat Plicy at

th Brking Intittin. T prjct cnct

high-qality pblic plicy rarch, an cnvn

plicy makr an pinin lar n th majr i-

rrning th rlatinhip btwn th Unit-

Stat an th Mlim wrl. T Prjct k

t ngag an inrm plicymakr, practitinr,

an th brar pblic n vlpmnt in Mlim

cntri an cmmniti, an th natr thir

rlatinhip with th Unit Stat. gthr withthe aliated Brookings Doha Center in Qatar, it

pnr a rang vnt, initiativ, rarch prj-

ct, an pblicatin ign t cat, ncr-

ag rank ialg, an bil pitiv partnrhip

btwn th Unit Stat an th Mlim wrl.

T Prjct ha vral intrlcking cmpnnt:

T U.S.-Ilamic Wrl Frm, which bring

tgthr ky lar in th l plitic, bi-

n, mia, acamia, an civil city rm

acr th Mlim wrl an th Unit Stat,r mch n icin an ialg;

A Viiting Fllw prgram, r chlar an

jrnalit rm th Mlim wrl t pn

tim rarching an writing at Brking in r-

r t inrm U.S. plicy makr n ky i

acing Mlim tat an cmmniti;

A ri Brking Analyi Papr an

Mngraph that prvi n analyi th

vital i jint cncrn btwn th Unit

Stat an th Mlim wrl;

An Art an Cltr Initiativ, which k t


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the saBan center for middle east PolicY

wa tablih n May 13, 2002 with an inagral

ar by Hi Majty King Abllah II Jr-

an. T cratin th Saban Cntr rct th

Brking Intittin cmmitmnt t xpan ra-

matically it rarch an analyi Mil Eat

plicy i at a tim whn th rgin ha cm t

minat th U.S. rign plicy agna.

T Saban Cntr prvi Wahingtn plicymak-r with balanc, bjctiv, in-pth an timly

rarch an plicy analyi rm xprinc an

knwlgabl chlar wh can bring rh pr-

pctiv t bar n th critical prblm th

Mil Eat. T cntr phl th Brking

traitin bing pn t a bra rang viw.

T Saban Cntr cntral bjctiv i t avanc

nrtaning vlpmnt in th Mil Eat

thrgh plicy-rlvant chlarhip an bat.

T cntr natin wa ma pibl by a

gnr grant rm Haim an Chryl Saban

L Angl. Ambaar Martin S. Inyk, Snir

Fllw in Frign Plicy Sti, i th Dirctr

th Saban Cntr. Knnth M. Pllack i th cn-

tr Dirctr Rarch. Jining thm i a cr

grp Mil Eat xprt wh cnct riginal

rarch an vlp innvativ prgram t pr-

mt a bttr nrtaning th plicy chic

acing Amrican ciin makr in th Mil

Eat. Ty incl amara Cman Witt, a p

the saBan centerfor m iddle east PolicY

cialit n plitical rrm in th Arab wrl wh

irct th Prjct n Mil Eat Dmcracy an

Dvlpmnt; Brc Ril, wh rv a a nir

avir t thr Print n th Mil Eat an

Sth Aia at th Natinal Scrity Cncil ring

a twnty-nin yar carr in th CIA, a pcialit n

cntrtrrrim; Szann Malny, a rmr -

nior State Department ocial who focuses on Iran

an cnmic vlpmnt; Stphn R. Gran,

Fllw an Dirctr th Prjct n U.S. Rla-tin with th Ilamic Wrl; Hay Amr, Fllw

an Dirctr th Brking Dha Cntr; Shib-

ly lhami, wh hl th Saat Chair at th Uni-

vrity Marylan; an Danil Byman, a Mil

Eat trrrim xprt rm Grgtwn Univrity.

T cntr i lcat in th Frign Plicy Sti

Prgram at Brking, l by Brking Vic Pri-

nt Carl Pacal.

T Saban Cntr i nrtaking path braking

rarch in v ara: th implicatin rgimchang in Iraq, incling pt-war natin-biling

an Prian Gl crity; th ynamic Iranian

mtic plitic an th thrat nclar prli-

ratin; mchanim an rqirmnt r a tw-

tat ltin t th Irali-Paltinian cnict;

plicy r th war againt trrrim, incling th

cntining challng tat-pnrhip tr-

rrim; an plitical an cnmic chang in th

Arab wrl, an th mth rqir t prmt

mcratizatin.


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t B i

10 pakistan yusuf

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