7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

1/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Chapter 11 Introduction to

Organic Chemistry: Alkanes

11.5

Functional Groups

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

2/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Elements in Organic Compounds

In organic molecules, C atoms form bonds

mostly with H and other C atoms

sometimes with atoms of O, S, N, P, and halogens F,

Cl, and Br

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

3/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Functional groups

are a characteristic feature of organic molecules

that behave in a predictable way

are composed of an atom or group of atoms

are groups that replace a H in the corresponding

alkane

provide a way to classify families of organic

compounds

Functional Groups

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

4/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Some Functional Groups

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

5/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes contain a double bond

between adjacent carbon atoms.

Alkynes contain a triple bond.

Aromatic compounds contain a

benzene ring.

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

6/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Alcohols and Ethers

An alcohol contains the

hydroxyl (OH) functional

group.

In an ether, an oxygen atom

is bonded to two carbonatoms (COC).

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

7/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Thiols

In a thiol, the functional group

SH is bonded to a carbon

atom.

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

8/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Aldehydes and Ketones

An aldehyde contains a

carbonyl group (C=O), which

is a carbon atom with a double

bond to an oxygen atom,

attached to at least one

hydrogen.

In a ketone,the carbon of the

carbonyl group is attached totwo other carbon atoms.

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

9/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Carboxylic acids contain the

carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl

group attached to a hydroxyl group.

An estercontains the carboxyl

group between carbon atoms.

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

10/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

10

Amines and Amides

In an amine, the functional

group is a nitrogen atom.

In an amide, the hydroxyl

group of a carboxylic acid is

replaced by a nitrogen group.

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

11/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Learning Check

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether,aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.

7/28/2019 11.5 Functional Groups

12/12

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Solution

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether,

aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.