11920150950454763054_dma ad lighting handbook 1sted elec_ver part 2

8/18/2019 11920150950454763054_DMA AD Lighting Handbook 1stEd Elec_Ver Part 2

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Abu Dhabi Public Realm & StreetLighting Handbook 251

Abu DhabiPublic Realm & StreetLightingHandbook

Class Q 0 Description Method ofReflectance

R1 0.10 Concrete road surface or asphalt with minimum 12% of theaggregates composed of artificial brightener aggregates.

Mostly diffuse

R2 0.07 Asphalt road surface with an aggregate composed of aminimum 60% gravel (size greater than 1cm).

Asphalt road surface with 10% to 15% artificial brightenerin aggregate mix.

Mixed(diffuse and specular)

R3 0.07 Asphalt road surface (regular and carpet seal) with darkaggregates (e.g. trap rock, blast furnace slag); rough texture aftersome month of usage (typical highways)

Slightly specular

R4 0.08 Asphalt road surface with very smooth texture. Mostly specularTable 40Road reflectance materials table of RP-8-00 (r-Table).

NOTE 1 DMA recommends using Q0 of 0.07, clients requirements to be considered, factor finally

used to be approved by the client. Please see current applicable DMA Lighting Specifications for

more detailed information.

Figure 210 Angles upon which the luminance coefficient is dependent.

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In principle, the relevant angles for characterising the reflection propertiesof the road surface are:

= Angle of observation from the horizontal.= Angle between the vertical planes of incidence and observation.= Angle of incidence from the upward vertical.= Angle between the vertical plane of observation and the road axis.

NOTE 1 In practice, for lighting of traffic routes, it is assumed that has a fixed value of 1 degree corresponding

to a viewing distance of about 60 m and is irrelevant because the reflection properties of road surfaces are

isotropic.

Although different road materials have different reflection properties, and those properties change over time andwith wear, there is only one of the r-Tables commonly used in the Abu Dhabi, for asphalt-based roads and forconcrete roads. This r-Table is called the representative road surface table.

r-Tables are characterised by two parameters, one concerned with lightness and one concerned with specularity. The parameter for lightness is the average luminance coefficient, Q0; this is highly correlated to the averageluminance produced on the road surface.

The parameter for specularity is

S1 = r (0, 2) / r (0, 0) where:r (0, 2) is the reduced luminance coefficient for = 0 degrees and

tan = 2 r (0, 0) is the reduced luminance coefficient for = 0 degrees

and tan = 0

NOTE 1 The representative British, European and US road surface for asphalt road surface is characterised as

Q0 (R2 or R3 in US/RP-8-00) = 0.07 (commonly used in Abu Dhabi) and S1 = 0.97. For concrete road surfaces

the corresponding values are Q0 (R1 in US/RP-8-00) = 0.10 and S1 = 0.24.


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Figure 211Sample of modern Abu Dhabi LED street lighting design after installation.

3.8.3 Calculation of Design Spacing

The design of road lighting for traffic routes to meet the selected criteria uses information on theluminous intensity distribution of the luminaire, the layout of the luminaires relative to the carriagewayand the reflection properties of the road surface.

The luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire is supplied by the manufacturer.

The layout of the luminaires for two-way roads is usually single-sided, staggered or opposite. In a singlesided installation all the luminaires are located on one side of the carriageway. The single-sided layout isused when the width of the carriageway is equal to or less than the mounting height of the luminaires.

The luminance of the lane on the far side of the carriageway is usually less than that on the near side.In a staggered layout, alternate luminaires are arranged on opposite sides of the carriageway. Staggeredlayouts are typically used where the width of the carriageway is between 1 to 1.5 times the mountingheights of the luminaires. With this layout, care should be taken that the luminance uniformity criteria aremet. In the opposite layout, pairs of luminaires are located opposite each other. This layout is typicallyused when the width of the carriageway is more than 1.5 times the mounting height of the luminaires.

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NOTE 1 Spacing and indications given above are of theoretical character therefore they are to be selected by the

lighting consultant and approved by the client in relation to the specifications given.

Figure 212Sample of well-designed modern LED street lighting in Abu Dhabi after installation

The S/P ratio is with 1.6 in a good range see Chapter F / Figure 153.

The layout of luminaires for dual carriageways andmotorways is usually central twin, central twin andopposite. In a central twin layout, pairs of luminairesare located on a single column in the centralreservation. This layout can be considered as a

singlesided layout for the two carriageways. Wherethe overall width of the road is wider, either becausethe central reservation is wider or there are morelanes, the central twin and opposite layout can beused.


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Figure 213Sample of modern LED street lighting with central twin and opposite layout.

The S/P ratio in front (white light LED) is with approx. 1.6 in a good range, the old lighting

(monochromatic yellow) in the back is with poor S/P ratio of approx. 0.4, see Chapter F / Figure 153.

With an r-Table matched to the pavement material, the luminous intensity distribution for theluminaire and the layout of the luminaires relative to the carriageway, the luminance produced bya single luminaire at any point P on the road surface can be calculated using the equation:

where: L = Luminance at the point P produced by the luminaire (cd/m2)

I = Luminous intensity in the direction from the luminaire to the point P (cd)r = Reduced luminance coefficient at point Ph = Mounting height of luminaire (m)

L = 2h

l r

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This process can then be repeated for adjacent luminaires and the contributions from all luminaires summed toget the luminance at that point for the whole lighting installation. This process can then be repeated over an arrayof points on the road so as to get the luminance metrics used to characterise the road lighting for traffic routes.

Although this process can be done manually, for straight roads (means ‘standard road calculations’ in maintainedaverage given in cd/m2), it is almost always done using software.

For all other roads and conflict zones the software will show results in maintained average lux (lx) levels. This allows the designer to access the photometric file for the selected luminaire and then to manipulate themounting height, clearance, set-back, tilt and layout of the luminaires necessary to determine the spacingrequired to meet the appropriate lighting criteria. All of these variables, clearance and set-back have limits.

To allow safe passage, the clearance of all parts of the lighting equipment above the carriageway should beat least 5.7m to 6.0m.

NOTE 1 Clearance above road surface is subject to specifications given by DMA or the client.

To reduce the risk of death or injury caused by collision with a lighting column, the minimum set-back of thelighting column from the edge of the carriageway is related to the design speed of the road, and given as aguideline by the client:

• Avenue / Boulevard set-back approximately 2.5m• Road / street set-back approximately 2.0m

NOTE 1 Please refer to current Municipal standards in recent version for more details.

Minimum set-back of lighting columns from the edge of the carriageway Bends in the road with a radius greaterthan 300 m can be considered as straight as far as lighting is concerned. For bends with smaller radii, the layoutof the luminaires should be designed to ensure the necessary road surface luminance and good visual guidance.

NOTE 1 Please refer to current Municipal standards in recent version for more information.


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For all smaller types of carriageways, the placement of the luminaires should be arranged in a singlesided plan, where ever possible, the bend will follow the placement of the straight parts to allowclear orientation.

For wider roads, an opposite layout or placement in the median should be used. A staggered layoutshould not be used on bends at all, as it gives poor visual guidance. The spacing of luminaires on abend is less than on a straight road.

For comparison of examples refer to Table 32 and 33.

Straight run off street spacing is calculated with 52m (100%), curvy road (street) spacing iscalculated with between 33m (approx. 65%) and 40m (approx.. 80%).

To check that the road surface luminance criteria are met for bends, an isoluminance template canbe used. This consists of a contour on the road where the luminance in cd/m² from a singleluminaire is at 12.5% and 25% of the maximum road surface luminance. Given a layout of luminairepositions, the luminance templates of the individual luminaires can be superimposed on the plan of the road to determine the luminance uniformity Emin /Eav.

Conflict areas have different shapes and use illuminance (lx) as a criterion rather than luminance

(cd/m²). The illuminance produced at a point P from a single luminaire is given by the formula:

where: = illuminance at the point P from the luminaire (lx)= luminous intensity in the direction from the luminaire to the point P (cd)= angle of the direction of I from the downward vertical (degrees)= mounting height of luminaire (m)

This process can be repeated for adjacent luminaires and the contributions from all luminairessummed to get the illuminance at that point for the whole lighting installation. This process can thenbe repeated over an array of points on the road so as to get the illuminance metrics used for thelighting of conflict areas.

E =2

3cos

h

I

E I

h


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Today manufacturers must provide an isolux diagram (File versions like; ‘*.ldt’, ‘*.uld’, ‘*.ies’) these files can beused in common lighting calculation software like DIALux- or Relux program. This being the illuminance patternprovided on the road surface by a single luminaire relative to the maximum illuminance and plotted in terms of mounting height, tilt, etc., for more information refer to sample calculations provided under Chapter G / 3.3 andfollowing.

Given a layout of luminaires around a conflict area, the mounting height and information about the maximumilluminance, the overall illuminance pattern can be generated. Some suggested luminaire layouts for commonlyoccurring conflict areas, e.g. roundabouts, are given in this handbook as is advice for special locations, suchas bends, conflict zones, pedestrian crosswalks. Bridges and elevated roads and around airfields to be calculatedin same way as if they are on ground level. Special requirements for avoiding glare to approaching airplanes are tobe considered in case they are required by air-traffic control authorities. Guidance on the lighting of tunnels is aspecial topic; detailed description will follow in Chapter G / 7.0.

The above design guide is only to understand how luminaires are to be placed and, in any cases detailed lightingcalculations are to be made for each standard street layout, showing designed luminance levels in cd/m2

(straight parts), in illuminance levels (lx) for bends and conflict zones, to allow check and approval with currentlocal standards.

All such calculations are the basic input to measurements after finalisation and implementation of the project.

For all intersections, roundabouts, pedestrian crosswalks, bends and other conflictor ‘higher’, ‘low’ or ‘medium’risk areas the calculations are to be done showing designed levels illuminance in lux (lx).

3.8.4 Plotting of Luminaire Positions

Having determined the ideal spacing, the luminaire positions are identified, starting with the conflict areas. After these are settled, the luminaire positions for the traffic routes and adjacent areas are identified.


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4.0 Lighting for Subsidiary Roads

4.1 Lighting Recommendations for Subsidiary Roads

Subsidiary roads consist of access roads and residential roads and associated pedestrian areas,footpaths and cycle tracks. The main function of lighting of subsidiary roads and the areasassociated with them is to enable pedestrians and cyclists to orientate themselves and to detectvehicular movements and other hazards, and in order to discourage crime against people andproperty. The lighting in such areas can provide some help to drivers but it is unlikely to be sufficientfor revealing objects on the road without the use of headlamps. The main purpose of lightingfootpaths and cycle tracks separated from roads is to show the direction the route takes, in orderto enable cyclists and pedestrians to orientate themselves and, to detect the presence of othercyclists, pedestrians and hazards, and including discouraging crime against people and property.

Illuminance on the horizontal is used as the lighting criterion for subsidiary roads and associatedareas. The illuminances associated with each lighting class are given in the local specifications andguidelines. The lighting class to be used is determined by the traffic flow, the environmental zone,and the colour rendering of the light source used, see Chapter F / Tables 23, 24, 25.

Low traffic flow refers to areas where traffic is typical of a residential road and solely associated withadjoining properties. Normal traffic flow refers to areas where traffic flow is equivalent to a housing

estate access road. High traffic flow refers to areas where traffic usage is high and can beassociated with local amenities such as mosques, office centres, shopping facilities and pubichouses.

The environmental zones (E2 to E4) are as defined in Chapter F / Table 23. The divide in CIE generalcolour rendering index (CRI) at 60 means that the use of low pressure sodium or high pressuresodium light sources calls for a higher illuminance than fluorescent and metal halide light sources.

These days the CRI should commonly stay close to 80 and with light levels to be applied as perlocal standards requirements, see Chapter G / Tables 26, 27, 28. The S-class may be increased

one step where there are traffic calming measures.

NOTE 1 Lighting classes for subsidiary roads and associated areas, footpaths and cycle tracks are

to be chosen as per local DMA Lighting Specifications in recent version.


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The area over which these illuminances should be applied varies with the application. When considering roadswith associated areas, it is recommended that a single lighting class be applied to the carriageway and anyadjacent footway and verge, from boundary to boundary. If a road is a shared surface residential road, therelevant area is the shared surface only. When considering footpaths and cycle tracks separated from roads,consideration should be given to extending the lit area beyond the width of the footpath or cycle track so as togive a wider field of view.

Glare from luminaires should be controlled. To limit disability glare, where luminaires have clear bowls or reflectors,these should conform to at least class G1 of Chapter G / 3.2 / Table 28. For discomfort glare, the simplestapproach is to select a luminaire where the light source is not visible, either directly or as an image, from anyrelevant direction. If a more quantitative approach is desired, glare index can be used. This is calculated from theequation:

Glare index = I • A-0. 5

where: I = maximum luminous intensity at 85° from the downward vertical, in any direction (cd) A = apparent area of the luminous parts of the luminaire on a plane perpendicular to the direction of I (m2).

NOTE 1 The manufacturer to provide Glare Index along with data sheet of luminaire.

Figure 214Sample of modern LED street lighting with good S/P ratio and low glare.


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4.2.2 Collection of Preliminary Data

The following data is required before calculation can start:

• Mounting height• Luminaire type and optic setting• Lamp type• Initial luminous flux of lamp• IP rating of luminaire• Cleaning interval planned for luminaire• Pollution category for location• Luminaire maintenance factor• Lamp replacement interval• Lamp lumen maintenance factor at replacement interval• Maintenance factor, Luminaire tilt• Width of relevant area• Luminaire transverse position relative to the calculation grid• Luminaire arrangement• Glare index of luminaire• Client specific data

4.2.3 Calculation of Design Spacing: The calculation procedure for subsidiary roads and associated areas, footpaths and cycle tracks is to be selectedas per local DMA Lighting Specifications in recent version.

4.2.4 Plotting of Luminaire Positions:

Having determined the ideal spacing, the luminaire positions are identified, starting with T-junctions, areas of trafficcalming measures, and severe bends. After these are settled, the luminaire positions for the straight sections of the roads, paths or tracks are fitted to match. Finally, a check is made to determine if the luminaire positions arecompatible with possible column positions.

NOTE 1 Please refer to the sample calculations shown in Chapter G / 3.3 and following


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5.0 Lighting for Urban Centres and Public Amenity Areas

Urban centres and public amenity areas are used by pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. In suchplaces, the lighting of the road surface for traffic movement is neither the main consideration, nor theonly consideration, bearing-in-mind that the functions of lighting in urban centres, and publicamenity areas are concerned with optimizing for public safety and security, whilst also providingan attractive night time environment.

To fulfil these functions, a master plan should be produced to meet some or all of the followingobjectives:

• To provide safety for pedestrians from moving vehicles.• To deter anti-social behaviour.• To ensure the safe movement of vehicles and cyclists.• To match the lighting design and lighting equipment to the architecture and environment.• To control illuminated advertisements and integrate floodlighting, both permanent and temporary.• To illuminate road and directional signs.• To blend light from private and public sources.• To limit light pollution.• To maintain lighting installations and protect them from vandalism.• To facilitate CCTV surveillance.• To apply client specific requirements.

This battery of objectives and the individual nature of each site ensure that there is no standardmethod of lighting urban centres and public amenity areas, nor any universally applicablerecommendations. What can be given are some general recommendations for the illuminances tobe used in city and town centres, although even these may need to be adjusted for a particular site,depending on the ambient environment, street parking etc. Chapter G / Table 26 and 27 lists thelighting classes recommended for city and town centres, based on the type of traffic, the trafficflow,and the environmental zone (see Chapter F / Tables 23, 24 and 25). The minimum maintained

illuminances associated with each lighting class are given in Chapter G / Table 27.

NOTE 1 All lighting design to be undertaken in line with local standards and clients specifications.

In any case the local masterplan for lighting is mandatory to be followed.


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Figure 217 Lighting of modern town centre with LED and good S/P ratio during night.

Figure 216Lighting of modern town centre with LED sources daytime look.


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6.0 Pedestrian Underpasses in Public Realm Areas

Pedestrian underpasses in public realm areas are frequently used access ways to cross streets intotal safety. All such underpasses in Abu Dhabi are fitted with CCTV surveillance.

For pedestrians it is very important not to walk into ‘black holes’ and to have clear view to theopposite end of the underpass, this will allow safe feeling.

Most of the pedestrian underpasses do not allow for any daylight, they are to be illuminated onlythrough artificial light. The entrances and exits are to be lit as per adjacent areas lighting in general.Stairs and/or ramps should have lighting to allow safe use for all residents.

Recommended light levels for indoor corridors should be applied. The recommended levels forcorridors (underpasses), stairs, circulation areas, lifts, elevators, escalators, travelator and rampsused by pedestrians or cyclists are set with 100 lux maintained average illumination. A uniformityration of U0 with 0.4 is to be achieved. The UGRL factor is given with 25 to 28. Calculations can bemade in DIALux or Relux for indoor areas to show above results. Such calculations should be madefor all typical areas including landings of stairs and/or ramps. It is recommended to use luminairesproviding an UGRL rating below 25, or to hide the luminaires in architectural pockets.

NOTE 1 The UGR L (Unified Glare Rating)factor is to be provided by the manufacturers of luminaires.

NOTE 2 Above lux levels are representing the ‘common’ practice for such indoor passage ways for

pedestrians only. In any case local Municipal standards are to be used.


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Figure 219Ramp within pedestrian underpass with wall integrated lighting.

Figure 218Stairs and landings with wall mounted lighting as part of pedestrian underpass in Abu Dhabi.


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Figure 221Portal and exit of pedestrian underpass with reduced daylight controlled internal lighting during daylight.

Figure 220View of pedestrian underpass as lit with wall integrated lighting as part of the overall street lighting, to achieve appropriate il lumination.

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Figure 222Portal and exit of pedestrian underpass with maximum light level during night.

NOTE 1 In both situations (day and night) the entrance and the exit of the pedestrian underpass are with

acceptable illumination which will allow for safe ingress and egress through.


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7.0 Tunnel Lighting

A tunnel can be defined as being a part of road which is not exposed to the sky. Tunnels shorterthan 25 m would not need lighting. Tunnels longer than 200 m will need lighting by day and night.

Tunnels between 25 and 200 m in length may need lighting by day and night. The nature of lightingprovided will based on CIE 88-2004 and BS EN 5489-2:2003 and/or recently issued versions of these or of the local standards and by the tunnel classification as given. The tunnel classes rangingfrom 1 to 4 depending on the traffic density and traffic mix.

Tunnel classification:Class I The passage of HGV and flammable vehicle carrying goods is restricted.

In the view of the fire spread, there is a small risk. Typical urban tunnelsare for cars and buses only.

Class II The uni-directional tunnels that are within 8 minutes time distance fromthe fire brigade stations or where fixed fire suppression systems likesprinklers are installed. All types of fire may be controlled either by firebrigade or by fixed fire suppression systems. Typical urban tunnels withhigh fire load.

Class III The uni-directional tunnels. The fire brigade may be able to extinguishslow-burning fires. Typical urban street tunnels with no restriction for any

goods transported.Class IV Tunnels are congested or bi-directional. The possibilities of theoccurrence of a single fire or collision fires and fire spreads are to beexpected and are related significantly high. Bi-directional tunnels, longstreet tunnels on higher road network.

Table 41Tunnel Classification

NOTE 1 The descriptions in this part of the handbook are based on ‘common place’ practice and it

is mandatory to use local Municipal standards and/or specifications.

NOTE 2 All details and pictures provided within this part are from different tunnels in the Abu Dhabi

area, and the information is for illustration purposes only.

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Figure 224Driver experiencing a ‘black hole effect’ during daytime by entering a short street tunnel having daylight controlled street lighting support.

Figure 223Modern tunnel lighting, LED based, installed in Sheikh Zayed Street tunnel, and taken shortly before opening.

The purpose of tunnel lighting is to enable drivers to see vehicles and obstructions within the tunnel. The lighting of tunnels has to address two different problems:

• The first is the black-hole effect experienced by a driver approaching a tunnel.• The second is the black-out effect caused by a lag in adaptation as experienced upon entering the tunnel.


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Figure 226Driver experiencing a ‘black

hole effect’ at the entranceto an underground parkingfacility, internal lighting is on,

but at the entrance not as strong as it should be.

Figure 225Driver experiencing a ‘black hole effect’ by entering a long street tunnel having daylight controlled street lighting support

and where the exit is not visible.

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Figure 227 Typical ‘black-out’ effect after entering the tunnel, the lighting is switched on to daylight level, but due to the

much higher light levels outside the eye needs some time for adaptation to the lower light level inside the tunnel.

Neither of these problems occurs at night, because the average road surface luminance inside the tunnelis recommended to be at least with same brightness as the street lighting guiding towards the tunnel entrance.

NOTE 1 The light level inside the tunnel has to follow the light level of the street lighting in front of the tunnel and after the exit of the tunnel. This means a value similar to if not greater than that of the road surface outside the

tunnel should be provided.

NOTE 2 Especially tunnel lighting is very important to guarantee drivers safety! Therefore all the explanations and

information given within this handbook are to explain the different topics of tunnel lighting design and to help in

developing the required tunnel lighting. It is mandatory to strictly follow strictly the local Municipal guidelines and

specifications in this matter.

NOTE 3 Pictures and lighting calculation samples are based on local projects recently built, but each new tunnel

lighting design shall follow its confirmed design parameters.


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By day, the luminances around the tunnel portal will be much higher than those inside the tunnel,so both the black-hole effect and the black-out effect may be experienced and driver safety maysuffer. See Figures 225, 226 and 227.

The black-hole effect refers to the perception that from the distance at which a driver needs to beable to see vehicles and obstructions in the entrance to the tunnel, that the entrance is seen as ablack hole. The major cause of the black-hole effect is the reduction in luminance contrasts of theretinal images of vehicles and obstructions in the tunnel entrance caused by light scattered in theeye. There are two design approaches that can be used to alleviate the black-hole effect.

• The first is to reduce the luminance of the surroundings to the tunnel. This can be done byensuring that the tunnel portal is of low reflectance, by shading the tunnel portal and the roadclose to the tunnel entrance with louvers designed to exclude direct sunlight, where less onlydiffuse daylight may pass through, also by using low reflectance road surface materials outsidethe tunnel and by landscaping to shield the view of high-luminance sources, such as the sky.

• The second is to increase the luminance contrast of vehicles and obstacles inside the tunnelentrance. This can be done by the choice of materials used in the tunnel entrance.

The road surface inside the tunnel entrance should be of higher reflectance than that immediately

outside and including the walls of the tunnel up to a height of 2 meters, against which vehicles insidethe tunnel are usually seen. Such internal tunnel walls shall have a luminance within the range of60 to 100 of the average road surface luminance. The actual minimum luminance must also dependupon the particular tunnel design standard and the tunnel classification, as selected.

The black-out effect occurs because although the approach to the tunnel starts the process ofvisual adaptation there is no guarantee that this process will be complete by the time the tunnelentrance is reached. The approach used to diminish the blackout effect is to gradually decrease theroad surface luminance from a threshold zone, starting at the tunnel portal, through a transition

zone, and into the interior zone.

The length of these zones is determined by the stopping distance (SD), this being the distancerequired to bring a vehicle travelling at the maximum allowed speed to a complete halt. The lengthof the threshold zone is one SD (stopping distance). The average road surface luminance of thethreshold zone is determined by the access zone luminance.


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The access zone is the part of the road approaching the tunnel within one SD of the entrance portal. The accesszone luminance is the average luminance of a conical field of view subtending 20 degrees at the eye of a driver,as located at the start of the access zone and looking at the entrance portal.

The threshold luminance ranges from 3% to 10% (in some cases up to 100%) of the access zone luminancedepending on the tunnel design, the tunnel class and the speed limit. The length of the transition zone isdetermined by the assumed vehicle speed, the distance being set so as to allow about 18 seconds foradaptation. The road surface luminance of the interior zone in daytime depends on the speed and density oftraffic in the tunnel and covers a range of 0.5 to 10 cd/m2, the higher the speed limit, the higher the traffic densityand the more mixed the traffic, the higher the average road surface luminance recommended in the interior zone.

The minimum overall uniformity ratio along each lane of the tunnel should be 0.4 and the minimum longitudinaluniformity ratio is in the range 0.6 to 0.7 depending on the tunnel class. Disability glare from lighting in the tunnelis controlled by limiting the threshold increment to less than 15 percent.

At the end of the interior zone is an exit zone where drivers leave the tunnel. The length of the exit zone in metresis numerically equal to the speed limit in kilometres/hour. The road surface luminance of the exit zone should befive times the average road surface luminance of the interior zone. Detailed guidance on the lightingof tunnels can be obtained from BS 5489-2: 2003.

Figure 228Typical lighting set-up for street tunnels.


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Figure 229Tunnel lighting (luminance) developed for a specific tunnel class II with approx.160m length.

CIE Curve luminance evolution along the tunnel:

Figure 230Comparison of luminance as required by CIE and the designed luminance for this specific tunnel, daytime scene.

CIE luminanceDesigned luminance


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As for the type of lighting used to provide theluminances in the tunnel, the light source mostcommonly used is one of the discharge sources,because of their high luminous efficacy, long life androbustness. Today more and more LED is used toprovide proper tunnel lighting. It is recommendedto check the operating temperature of the powersupply units and the drivers, due to higher tempera-tures inside tunnels during daytime. The luminairesused in tunnels have to be of rugged constructionto deal with vibration, dirt, chemical corrosion andwashing with pressure jets.

Three types of light distribution are used, symmetri-cal, counter-beam and pro-beam lighting. Symmetri-cal light distributions produce uniform luminance

lighting throughout the tunnel so vehicles of differentreflectances will have either positive or negativeluminance contrasts with the road. Counter-beamlight distributions are those where the light is directedpredominantly against the traffic flow. This gives ahigh pavement luminance so that vehicles tend to beseen in negative contrast, but there is some risk of the driver experiencing discomfort and disabilityglare. Pro-beam light distributions are those wherethe light is directed predominately in the direction of the traffic flow. This gives a low road surface lumi-nance but high luminances for vehicles so the vehi-cles tend to be seen in positive contrast. Variousclaims have been made about the benefits of thesedifferent systems but no consensus about the bestsystem has been reached.

Figure 231Different typical systems of light distribution used for tunnel lighting.


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Finally, it is necessary to consider the potentialfor flicker and the consequent discomfort anddistraction to the driver. When tunnel lighting isprovided by a series of regularly-spaced,discrete luminaires, there is always a possibi-lity of flicker being perceived. It is recommen-ded that care be taken to avoid spacingindividual luminaires so that drivers moving atrepresentative speeds in the tunnel are notexposed to flicker in the range 2.5-15 Hz.

Of course, flicker is only a consideration if thelighting is provided by discrete luminaires.

An alternative system based on a continuouslinear luminaire through the tunnel avoids anyflicker problem and provides good visualguidance for the tunnel, a feature that is parti-cularly valuable where the tunnel curves.

Anyhow by designing the distances betweenthe luminaires carefully flicker can be reducedto nearly zero.

Figure 232Spacing diagram of luminaires for a specific tunnel.


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Figure 233Car Park entrance during night with glare free security lighting.

8.0 Entrances or Underpasses, Underground Car Park Facilities

Access to a public realm parks are usually controlled by security personnel whose duty is to stop and inspectpeople entering and leaving the site. At most exposed locations, a gatehouse will be provided. Such entrances orexits should be equipped with multiple luminaires so the loss of any one luminaire will not seriously degrade thelighting available to the guard on duty.

Care should be taken at entrances of underpasses to provide good vertical illuminance so as to allow for facialidentification by CCTV.

Figure 234Entrance to pedestrian underpass, where the underpass is well lit, but the area in front looks dark becauseof the glare produced by the street light pole to the rear.


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9.0 Car Parks (above Ground)

The recommended minimum maintained mean illuminance for car parks depends onthe level of traffic and the areas they are placed:

• Low Risk (5LUX) Areas for which parking is familiar for people and have a low density of pedestrian activity around.Such as in residential neighbourhoods. Also offices, or private commercial premises. Generallywhere parking activity is predominantly evening and not all night through to dawn hours.

• Medium Risk (10LUX) Areas that might be both familiar to people using them, but have a high density of pedestrianactivity. Such as sports venues, schools, hospitals and universities.

• High Risk (15LUX) Areas where people might be both unfamiliar and have a high density of pedestrian activity. Suchas shopping malls. Areas around disabled parking facilities/bays. Or any areas which are likely tobe used through both the evening and night-time. Also if there are any increased likely hood forlone women using the parking facilities in more remote locations.

Where traffic is light and the risk of crime is low, a minimum maintained average (mean) illuminance

of 5 lx is adequate. More traffic or greater crime risk implies higher illuminances for security lighting.Car parks are usually lit by pole-mounted luminaires arranged around and within the car park.

The following sample lighting calculations are provided to inform about possibilities and how tocalculate public realm car park lighting in-line with the DMA Lighting Specifications requirements.



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Figure 2363D false-colour rendering of a typical low-risk parking lighting layout,

including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.

9.1 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Low-Risk Car Park next to Streets

Figure 2353D Rendering of atypical low-risk parking

lighting layout.


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Table 42Table of results for a typical low-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,

results provided by DIALux in lx.



9.2 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Medium-Risk Car Park next to Streets

Figure 237 3D Rendering of a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout.

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Figure 2383D false-colour rendering of a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout,


Table 43Table of results for a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements, results provided by DIALux in lx.


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9.3 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Medium-Risk Car Park

Figure 2393D Rendering of a typical car park with medium-risk lighting layout.


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Figure 2403D false-colour rendering of a typical medium-risk car park lighting layout,



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Table 44Table of results for a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,


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Figure 2413D Rendering of a typical car park with high risk lighting layout.

9.4 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical High-Risk Car Park


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Figure 2423D false-colour rendering of a typical high risk car park lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels

shown by different colours.


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Table 45Table of results for a typical high risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,


Underground car parks (treated as indoor areas) should provide clean and safe lighting without disabilityglare or direct glare to allow safe driving and car parking. Luminaires should be placed to give a uniformityof at least 0.4. The glare index should be with maximum UGRL 25. Average maintained illumination levelas per Table 48 below:


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Type of area E m(lx)

UGR L U0 RA Specific requirements

In/out ramps(during day)

300 25 0.40 40 1. Illuminances at floor level.2. Safety colours should be recognisable

In/out ramps(during night)


Internal trafficlanes


Parking areas 75 n.a. 0.40 40 1. Illuminances at floor level.2. Safety colours should be recognisable3. A high vertical illuminance increases

recognition of people’s faces andtherefore the feeling of safety.

Ticket office 300 19 0.40 80 1. Reflections in the windows shallbe avoided

2. Glare from outside shall beprevented.

Table 46Places of public assembly - public car parks (indoor – underground).

NOTE 1 All indoor car park facilities shall be designed as required by latest standards of local

guidelines, above information is to be seen as a sample taken out of international standards.

Figure 243Typical, one direction glare controlled,

non-efficient car park lighting.

Glare reduction lamellacutting glare from drivers view

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Figure 244Typical underground car park facility with non-efficient luminaires.

10.0 Service Stations and Mini-marts:

These locations are often round-the-clock operations. A minimum maintained average (mean) illuminance of50 lx on the ground is recommended for all parking and customer use areas, including petrol pumps and islands,and air and water stations. Surrounding areas should be illuminated to a minimum maintained average (mean)illuminance of 30 lx. A minimum vertical illuminance of 10 lx at 1.5 m above ground level should be provided forlighting faces.

Figure 245High-way petrol station during daytime with modern post-top LED lighting.


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Figure 246High-way petrol station during night time, average illumination level provided by the high-way

lighting on left hand side, ground mounted lights are helping in orientation, station area iswell lit with good S/P ratio.


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Chapter H

ExteriorWorkplaceLighting


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1.0 Functions of Lighting

in Exterior Workplaces

Exterior workplaces occur in many different forms. There are those that involve the movement of people,such as airports, street refurbishment works; thosethat involve the storage and movement of goods,such as container terminals; those that involvethe operation of large plant, such as an oil refinery;and those that exist temporarily as happens duringthe construction of a building, of public realm areasor of roads, pedestrian walkways or cycle tracks.Regardless of the purpose of the site, the lightingsystems of exterior workplaces have common aims.In all exterior workplaces, the lighting is designed toensure the safety of people working on the site andto enable the work to be done quickly and easily,without discomfort.

2.0 Factors to be Considered

When designing lighting for exterior workplaces, there

are a number of factors that need to be considered.

2.1 Scale

The scale and type of the equipment to be usedon the site is important in determining the lightingapproach. The equipment used to illuminateconstruction of buildings or public realm works mustbe placed in locations to avoid generally glare. The

equipment must have proper shields to allow exactaiming without causing problems for neighbouringsites or car drivers passing next to or far away theconstruction site.

2.2 Nature of Work

The nature of the work in exterior workplaces canvary widely. All exterior workplaces require lighting forsafe movement but beyond that the need for finevisual discrimination and where it is needed isuncertain and may vary from day to day. In thesecircumstances, consideration should be given tousing localised lighting where fine visual discrimina-tion is always needed and mobile lighting for placeswhere fine visual discrimination may be needed indifferent locations at different times. Some lighting willalso be required where working at night exposes theworkers to danger.

2.3 Need for Good Colour Vision

Where colour is used to convey information, lightingwith good colour rendering properties is required.For example, in works on public realm surfaces,it is common to use colour to identify the differentmaterials and colours of surfaces to be provided.For such applications, a light source with a CIEgeneral colour rendering index of at least 80 isrecommended.


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2.4 Obstruction

Many exterior public realm workplaces con-tain obstructions, e.g. trees, small buildings,scaffolding, temporary walls, etc. Obstructionstend to produce shadows.

Shadows can be minimised by:

• Using high mounted floodlights with a widelight distribution so that light reaches everypoint from more than one direction.

• Having high-reflectance surfaces such asconcrete rather than tarmac hard Standing.

• Providing local lighting of the shadowedareas.

2.5 Interference with

Complementary Activities

Some common exterior workplaces are inter-faces between one mode of transport and

another, e.g. railway yards, airports and docks,street works, public realm works. Care shouldbe taken to ensure that all drivers, cyclists andpedestrians approaching the facility can seeand understand all the relevant signals andsafety measurements. They may experiencedifficulty in doing this either because of lowvisibility caused by disability glare or because

of confusion caused by similarity betweensignal lights and the workplace lighting.

2.6 Hours of Operation

Not all exterior workplaces operate throughoutthe night. If this is the case, considerationshould be given to switching to securitylighting after the end of work. Even when thesite is active throughout the night, it is oftenthe case that the number of staff involved issmall. If this is the situation, considerationshould be given to a switching system whichallows different parts of the site to be lit or unlitaccording to the needs of the work.

2.7 Impact on the Surrounding Area

Exterior workplace lighting should be limitedto the site. Stray light from a site may beconsidered to be light trespass by neighboursand a source of skyglow by others.

2.8 Atmospheric Conditions

Some exterior workplaces are difficult environ-ments for lighting equipment. Chemical plantsor seaside construction may produce a corro-sive atmosphere. Oil refineries have a flamma-ble environment. Coastal container terminalswill expose luminaires to a high level of salt.


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3.0 Lighting Recommendations

3.1 Illuminance and Illuminance Uniformity

The recommendations for exterior workplace lighting involve maintained mean illuminance, illuminance uniformity,glare control and light source colour properties. The maintained mean illuminances listed in different standards(primarily the DMA Lighting Specifications) are minima on the relevant plane (for outdoor it is mostly theground level). The illuminance uniformity is measured over the relevant area which can range from the whole siteto a small part of the site. Exterior working activities are very diverse.

Activity Averagemaintained

Illuminance (lx)

Illuminanceuniformity

(min. average)

Typical application

Safe pedestrianmovement inlow risk areas

5 0.15 Pedestrian areas ingeneral

Safemovements of slow vehicles

10 0.25 Cycle and pedestrianmovement in general

Safe movementin medium risk areas

20 0.25 Pedestrian movementmixed with slow trafficmovement

Very rough

work

20 0.25 Construction sites in

generalTable 47 Illuminances for outdoor work areas, general guideline gives some lighting

recommendations for generic activities.

3.2 Glare Control

Glare control for outdoor lighting is quantified by the glare rating. Glare rating (GR) isgiven by the formula

where: Lv = equivalent veiling luminance produced by the luminaires at the eye (cd/m2) Le = equivalent veiling luminance produced by the environment at the eye (cd/m2)

GR = 27 + 24 ln 9.0eV

L L


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See Chapter B / 2.10 and following, for more information on the calculation of equivalent veiling luminance.For many applications, Le is approximated by the formula Le = 0.035 E p/n where p is thereflectance of the surface, e.g. a sports field, and E is the illuminance on the field (lx).For grass sports fields, a reflectance in the range 0.15 to 0.25 is appropriate.

The higher the glare rating, the greater is the visual discomfort. It is necessary to calculate glarerating for all critical viewing directions.

Figure 247 Luminaire seen from 2.5m below which will cause glare, because of position, aiming

and type. Pedestrians have direct view into the reflector and source. The glare protection implemented (black lamella) will not work in this case.

Anti-glare lamella


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3.3 Light Source Colour Properties

Light source colour properties are not only important for naming colours, e.g. at public realm play grounds colourrendering is very important to avoid injuries during playing. The ability to name colours accurately and confidentlyis determined by the light source spectral power distribution and the illuminance. Any light source with a CIEgeneral colour rendering index near to or higher 80 will allow accurate and confident colour naming at theilluminances recommended for public spaces at night. High pressure sodium lamps allow accurate but lessconfident colour naming at the higher illuminances recommended for public spaces but both the accuracy andconfidence decline at lower illuminances. Low pressure sodium lamps do not allow accurate colour naming underany illuminance and any confidence felt about being able to name colours is misplaced. It is recommended to usemetal halide or LED sources in new installations or if refurbishment of existing areas is planned.

Figure 248Playground with very good colour rendering.


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Figure 249Playground where local pole luminaires are fittedwith good quality of colour rendering, but because of

light distributed from street lighting with poor colour rendering index, the possibility of confident colour naming is not existent.

NOTE 1 (Figures 248, 249) A monitored playground can be considered a workplace in some situations.

3.4 Localised Lighting

In many exterior workplaces, the places where detailed visual work is carried out are limited.In this situation, there is little point in lighting the whole site to the level necessary for the detailedwork. A better approach is to light the whole site to the level necessary for safe movement and touse localised lighting for the work areas. This localised lighting may be permanent, for a fixed

working area, or temporary, for a construction site..


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Chapter I

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1.0 Functions of Security Lighting

Security lighting is installed to help protect peopleand property from criminal acts. Other forms of lighting, such as outdoor display lighting, decorativefloodlighting, shop window lighting and park lighting,can contribute to this goal, but they are designedwith additional criteria in mind.

Lighting can help to protect people and propertyfrom criminal activities because of its effect on vision.In public realm spaces, good security lighting isdesigned to help everyone see clearly all around.

This means that people approaching can be easilyidentified and that other people’s activities can beseen from a distance. This has the effect of shiftingthe odds in favour of the law-abiding and against thecriminal. The law-abiding are unlikely to be taken bysurprise, while criminals are more uncertain aboutwhether their activities have been witnessed or theyhave been recognised. In secure spaces to which the

public does not have access, it is possible to uselighting to enhance the vision of guards whilehindering the vision of potential intruders. Lighting isonly one part of a security system. The completesystem usually includes a physical element, such asfences, gates and locks; a detection element,involving guards patrolling or remote surveillance byCCTV; and a response element, which determineswhat is to be done after detection occurs. Unless

security lighting is integrated into the complete

system, it is unlikely to be successful. For example,good lighting in a storage area that nobody iswatching, and hence in which there is no possibilityof a response, will simply help intruders do what theywant to do, more quickly.

1.1 Factors to be Considered

The characteristics of the lighting to be used as partof the security system will be determined by variousfeatures of the site. The factors that always need tobe considered are the following.

1.2 Type of Site

Sites can be conveniently classified by the extentto which people have access to the site and thepresence or absence of physical defences such asfences. Broadly, there are three types of site.

• Secure areas, where there are physical defences

and to which access is controlled, such as a publicpark.

• Public areas, where people may be present at anytime and which have no physical defences, such asa shopping centre car park or cornice parks, openpublic realm areas and play grounds.

• Private areas, where there are no physical defencesbut where the general public is not expected to bepresent during night, such as official buildings

within their open landscape.


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Figure 250 A business yard lit by high power floodlights. The combination of a medium beam flood light distribution,obstruction and low surface reflectances results in hard contrasts with strong shadows.Such lighting installations will not help to improve security.

1.3 Site Features

One feature of a site that can have a major influence on the type of security lighting adopted is theextent to which the site is obstructed. Where a single building occupies a significant part of the siteand visually contains the only items of value, it may be more effective to floodlight the building ratherthan to light the whole site. Where there are multiple obstructions, as in an open public park havingsome small buildings or pavilions, the whole site should be lit in a way that minimises shadows.

Another important feature is the average reflectance of the surfaces within the site. High reflectancesurfaces increase the amount of inter-reflected light and this both shadows and glare.


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1.4 Ambient Light Levels

The illuminances produced by the security lightingneed to at least match or preferably exceed theilluminances of the surrounding area. Unless, this isdone, the area covered by the security lighting willlook dimly lit. See Figure 250, only a small part of the area is clearly visible, rest is covered by shadows.

1.5 Crime Risk

The frequency and nature of crimes occurring indifferent locations can vary widely. The level of risk will already be built into the level of defences used onsecure sites but this is not possible in public areas.In public areas, increasing risk of crime is associatedwith increasing illuminances used for security lighting.

1.6 CCTV Surveillance

CCTV cameras are widely used for remote surveil-lance of large areas. The amount of light required foreffective operation of CCTV cameras can vary

dramatically from starlight to high level securitylighting. Manufacturers specify a minimum illuminanceneeded for their cameras to produce a clear picture.

These values usually assume an incandescent lamp.Higher illuminances may be required for other lightsources with different spectral power distributions.Further, if moving objects are to be easily seen,

illuminances above the minimum will be required,whatever the light source. The manufacturer of CCTV cameras should be consulted before selecting thelight source, to be used, if there is any doubt aboutthe sensitivity of the camera.

The other aspect of cameras that needs care istheir rather limited dynamic range. A high level ofilluminance uniformity is necessary if dark areasin the CCTV image are to be avoided. Further,care should be taken to mount CCTV cameras inpositions where they do not receive any light directlyfrom the luminaires as such light will sometimescause a ‘white-out’ of that part of the image.

1.7 Impact on the Surrounding Area

Security lighting should be limited to the protectedarea. Stray light from a security lighting installationmay be considered to be light trespass by

neighbours and a source of skyglow by others (seeChapter F / Tables 23, 24, 25). Furthermore, wheresignal lights are used to control traffic on roads andrailways, care should be taken to avoid confusioncaused by either disability glare to the observer,veiling reflections on the signals, or the identificationof the security lighting itself as a signal.


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Table 48Maximum obtrusive light permitted for exterior lighting installations* Allowed from public road lighting installations only

** Where the site boundary lies adjacent to a Lighting Zone of a lower category, the requirements of the lower category must be met at and beyond that boundary

2.0 Lighting Recommendations

2.1 Illuminance and Illuminance Uniformity

The recommendations for security lighting involve maintained average (mean) illuminance,illuminance uniformity, glare control and light source colour properties. The maintained average(mean) illuminance and illuminance uniformity recommendations are given for secure areas and

public areas separately. The recommendations for glare control and light source colour propertiesare applicable to both. The maintained average (mean) illuminances listed are to be seen asminimum demand. It may be necessary to increase these illuminances where the ambient lightlevels and the risks of crime are high.

NOTE 1 All illuminances given within this handbook are to be seen a general guideline

only, and local, clients and operator’s standards shall prevail.


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Application Minimummaintainedaverage (mean)Illuminance (lx)

Illuminanceuniformity (minimum average)

Notes

Large open areas,e.g. public grounds,parks, cycle racks,pedestrian walkways, etc.

5 0.1 The illuminance ismeasured on thehorizontal surfaceof the area.

Fences(public/private)

5 0.1 The illuminance ismeasured on the ground levelon either side of the fence.

Entrances / Gates 100 n.a. The illuminance is measuredon the ground level.In addition, a verticalilluminance of 25 lx should beprovided at the level of thevehicle driver.

Table 49Illuminance recommendations for security lighting of secure areas.

Application Minimummaintained

average (mean)Illuminance (lx)

Illuminanceuniformity

(minimum average)

Notes

Light traffic and lowcrime risk car parks

5 0.1 The illuminance is measuredon the ground.

Medium risk ormedium crime risk car parks

10 0.1 The illuminance is measuredon the ground.

Public parks 10 n.a. The illuminance is measuredon the ground of thepathways.

Table 50Illuminance recommendations for security lighting of public areas.

NOTE 1 Above light levels are to be taken as guidance only, actual requirements to be

obtained from the client and/or from the DMA Lighting Specifications.


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2.2 Glare Control

Glare control for outdoor lighting is quantified by the glare rating. The glare rating is calculatedby the manufacturers of the luminaires, for more information about glare rating see ChapterG / 3.2 / Table 28. The glare rating will vary with viewing direction. For altitude, it is usuallyassumed that the observer is looking 2 degrees below the horizontal. For azimuth, calculationsare done in 45 degree steps around the observation point.

It is important when designing security lighting to be clear about the value of glare.Where clear visibility at a distance is important to those guarding a secure area or those usinga public area, glare needs to be carefully controlled. A glare rating of 30 or less is recommended.

This can usually be achieved by eliminating any direct view of the light source for all luminairesmounted below 5 m. Where the security lighting is to be used to make it difficult for potentialintruders to see into a site, glare is a positive so a direct view of the light source and a lowmounting height are encouraged. For such applications, a glare rating of 70 or greater isrecommended.

2.3 Light Source Colour Properties

Light source colour properties are important for naming colours, an element in many witnessstatements. The ability to name colours accurately and confidently is determined by the lightsource spectral power distribution and the illuminance. Any light source with a CIE general colour

rendering index higher than 80 will allow accurate and confident colour naming at the illuminancesused in public realm spaces at night. High pressure sodium lamps allow accurate but less confidentcolour naming at the higher illuminances used for public realm spaces and both the accuracy andconfidence decline at lower illuminances. Low pressure sodium lamps do not allow accurate colournaming under any illuminance and any confidence felt about being able to name colours ismisplaced.


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3.0 Approaches to Security Lighting

3.1 Secure Areas

The first question to consider is whether to light the space at all. It can be argued that lighting a secure areaadvertises the presence of something worth taking and hence attracts criminals, so keeping the area dark is abetter approach. However, if the criminal already knows the area contains valuable materials, then the absence of lighting makes the secure area more difficult to defend. Thus, the choice of whether to light or not, depend on theowner’s assessment of risk. If the risk of criminal activity is high, lighting is desirable. If the risk of criminal activity islow, then providing lighting may be counterproductive.

3.1.1 Area Lighting

Area lighting is commonly used in large open areas such as storage yards and container terminals, parking lots,etc. Typically, these sites are lighted uniformly by floodlighting or roadway luminaires on poles 10 m or more inheight. For typical roadway and floodlighting luminaires mounted singly on poles, the desired illuminanceuniformity can be achieved mostly by spacing the luminaires at six times their mounting height. The actualspacing will depend on the luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire.

If the area is unobstructed by trees, for structures like car sheds or site topography, the most economicinstallation will be one very tall pole carrying many high-wattage lamps. However, this solution is a false economyas it also produces the poorest illuminance uniformity, the harshest shadows, and the greatest amount of light

trespass. If the area contains obstructions, like small buildings or sheds, a lighting design utilising multiple sourcelocations will reduce shadowing.

This is especially true if the luminaires are positioned within the site, between obstructions, and with overlappinglight patterns. Reflectance of site materials can also be used to advantage. If the owner uses façade materialsthat are painted a highly reflective colour, or paves the area with concrete rather than asphalt, light diffuselyreflected from these surfaces will diminish the depth of shadows.


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Chapter J

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1.0 Public Realm Definition

UPC PRDM Defines public realm as follows:

"The public realm includes all exterior places, linkages and built form elements that are physically and/or visually

accessible regardless of ownership. These elements can include, but are not limited to, streetscapes, pedestrian

ways, bikeways, bridges, plazas, nodes, squares, transportation hubs, gateways, parks, waterfronts, natural

features, view corridors, landmarks and building interfaces."

UPC PRDM further organises public realm into four categories as follows:

• ParksPublic open spaces within a community for recreational use.Parks may include natural areas such as mountain ridges and wadi systems.

• Streetscapes The visual elements of a street including the road, sidewalk, street furniture,trees and open spaces that combine to form the street’s character.

• Waterfront Areas All land areas along the water’s edge.

• Public Places All open areas within a community visible to the public or for public gathering or assembly.

UPC PRDM also defines the Public Realm Hierarchy by setting out the criteria for Level of Service for eachpublic realm category as well as providing Design Guidance for public realm projects to inform the design teamthat may include landscape architects, urban designers, architects, lighting designers amongst others to developintegrated design solutions for the public realm.

UPC PRDM and all other documents referred to within this Chapter can be found listed underChapter P – References.

NOTE 1 It is important to understand that there is a fundamental difference between lighting for public realm spaces and, say, lighting private gardens or private-sector commercial landscaping. There are many more issues

to consider for public realm which may or may not be relevant to other areas of ‘landscape lighting’.

NOTE 2 This Handbook primarily sets out guidance for the former and describes all the issues

associated with areas accessed and used by the public. Therefore subjects such as lighting for


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public safety/wellbeing, fixture mounting requirements and recommended lighting levels etc. whilst

statutory for public realm might not necessarily be applicable for private areas.

However it is recommended this Chapter and the DMA Lighting Specifications references shouldstill be considered on all landscape lighting projects even those falling outside the statutory

jurisdiction of Municipal public realm, because these are generally aligned with international bestpractice. As such any references to applicable standards in this Chapter are made primarily toDMA Municipal and/or client’s requirements.

1.1 Guiding Principles for Public Realm Lighting

The Handbook takes the “people-first” approach that is fundamental to the establishment ofa world-class public realm. The primary focus is how the public realm meets the needs of theresidents and visitors of the Emirate. In this respect the nighttime lighting for public realm areasneeds to be designed to ensure the physical ‘daytime’ design of spaces is not lost after dark andwhere possible lighting is used to visually enhance spaces, rather than just to illuminate surfacesor activities.

When designing lighting schemes for the public realm it is important to work collaboratively withother design disciplines such as the landscape architects / urban designers / architects to agree onthe desired night time ambiance as well as the intended usage patterns and functions of a space.

There are key principles in undertaking lighting design for public realm:

• Function Task, levels, safety and security, environmental considerations, efficiency

• AestheticLook, feel, colour, texture, equipment, mounting and locations

• BalanceHolistic design approach, hierarchy, transitions, surrounds

In this Chapter J, the Handbook provides details on how to approach and developlighting design for public realm under these key principles.

Refer to UPC PRDM for additional information on the design of the public realm andother public realm/landscape documentation prepared by Municipalities and/or clients.


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1.2 Design Considerations for Public Realm Lighting

The ultimate aim of the lighting of public realm is to create attractive spaces which are inviting and safe and henceencourage and facilitate their use at night.

Lighting designs should treat spaces three-dimensionally and should consider how the space will look and feel ateye level rather than focusing/relying on two-dimensional plans. This Handbook will provide some detailed adviceon the main factors to consider for the overall successful solution to be found, but also shows some selectedlighting elements/treatments most typically found in public realm spaces. These examples are not intended to becomprehensive nor, critically, is any one lighting approach a solution on its own as multiple elements/treatmentswill almost always be present in public realm.

Therefore the lighting of individual elements will need to consider the other lighting and landscaping elementswithin its surround as it may be possible to combine or in some cases omit lighting. For example, if one is lightinga pathway through an area with adjacent trees or an adjacent wall, then illuminating the wall or some of the treesthemselves may well provide sufficient path illumination without the need for a row of separate pathwayluminaires. Conversely, if you prefer to design a system of lighting primarily for the pathway, then that systemin itself may adequately highlight some adjacent trees or wall perfectly well without need for additional lightingfixtures. Alternatively multiple lighting elements can be placed on a single fixture to do more than one task.

Referring to elements such as trees and walls, one should not feel pressured to illuminate both sides of every

element in a space. The sun hits objects in the daytime only ever from one side, with objects positioned behindothers shaded from view due to this natural directionality and resulting in very obvious differences in highlightingmaterial textures caused by this ever-present light/shadow effect. Therefore artificially lighting exterior objects atnight from all sides can lose this natural visual impression and objects, textures and materials can becomeflattened visually. A more random or prioritised selection is far more interesting and cost effective.

Single sided treatments can actually aid effects such as shadow patterns, silhouetting, increase in visual contrastand thus improvement in visual depth. Therefore what needs to be lit and what does not? Showing restraint andbeing selective is fundamental to a successful and interesting nightime visual environment.

Any lighting design has to consider all landscape elements in an integrated manner so as to create a functional,balanced, selective, aesthetically appropriate design. The lighting design should be modelled, checked,equipment chosen and positioned with all landscape elements in mind from the on-set.


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The first step for initiating a public realm lighting design is to understand the space to be designedor refurbished and any conceptual approach or theme with the client and design team. Thereafterthe lighting designer should develop an initial lighting strategy considering all factors that may haveimpact on lighting and the final scheme design. In turn these factors will lead to the setting of keylighting parameters which can be simply illustrated as shown below in Figure 251 for discussion andassessment with the client and design team. The technical background information associated withall these parameters is described in Chapters A to F of this Handbook.

Figure 251Sample graphic illustrating lighting parameter selection

Brightness (effects)Colour (light)Uniformity (on surfaces)Control (movement)

Technique (light distribution)

From this initial establishment of the lighting strategy and parameters, the lighting designer shouldcreate a more detailed palate of lighting solutions required and decide how they connect and workholistically addressing the key principles.

This should be done through implementing the following considerations for the specific public realm space.

1.2.1 Visual Hierarchy

Define the balance of brightnesses between the various public realm elements. Adjusting thebrightness of public realm lighting establishes a visual hierarchy which can assist with the legibilityof a space and assist users to navigate through it.

For example secondary pathways should have a lower lighting level than main pathways.

Landmarks, gateways and key focal elements within a space can be accentuated through theuse of higher lighting levels. Establish with the landscape architect/urban designer/architect wherelandmarks and focal points are and which pathways, are considered primary/main transitional routesand use this to form the basis of hierarchy for the lighting design.

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Visualisations from sketching or simple 2D graphic software through to complex 3D modellingsoftware, combined with information from sample lighting calculations, is another essentialtechnique for looking at public realm spaces.

Most of the issues highlighted in this Chapter can be brought together using basic visualisation toolsto agree principles and convey the proposal to the design team and/or clients. Figure 252 belowshows how a simple computer software visualisation can be used to define lighting treatments toa playground area establishing the balance, hierarchy, colour and theme of the lighting, which in thisexample sets out to avoid the use of any column or bollard fixtures, with surfaces and levelsaddressed with integrated and recessed fixtures and area lighting using the shade-structures.Perspectives viewed from eye level would be a next step to refine a proposal further.

Figure 252Computer visualisation of a playground lighting concept; an important technique to agree and convey the overall lightingdesign early in the project design stages. Later stages should refine this down to eye-level perspectives.


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Figure 253Lighting of entire public realm with lighting equipment having the same CCT of lamp sources.It demonstrates how flat and uninteresting visually the same CCT can be and especially when adjacent to roads

and parking areas also having a similar CCT.

1.2.3 Colour

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