11th & 12th lecture, air pollution_mavromatidis
TRANSCRIPT
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[email protected], [email protected]
. 70, 176 71
2008
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(0.04 %)(0.04 %) Carbon
Dioxide CO2(0.035 %) eon Ne (0.0018 %)
Helium He (0.00052 %)
Methane CH4 (0.00015%)
Krypton Kr (0.00010 %) Hydrogen H2(0.00005
%)
itrousOxide - N2O (0.00005 %)
zone O3(0.000007 %)
O2(20.95 %)
N2 (78.08 %)
Ar (0.93 %)
( 0% 4%).
H2O
.
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(())
,
.
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(1)(1)
Carbon monoxide
(CO): .
.
.
Nitrogen oxide (NO):
, .
Sulphur dioxide (SO2):
.
( , )
, .
15 %
(CO)
48%
16%
16%
()
5%
:
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Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs):
.
.
Particulate Matter
(PM):
, .
.
(2)(2)
3
Ammonia(NH3),
.
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,
.
.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): 95%
.
.
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4):
.
.
Ozone (O3): , .
.
:
: 2, x
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:
:
.
:
.
()
.
(1)(1)
:
:
: .
, ,
.
(.. ):
: , , .
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,
, ,
, , CO
, , COSO2, SO3 H2SO4
CO, NOx, VOCs,
,
(, ), (SO2, CO
2)
, (CO2, NOx, )
(),
(2)(2)
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:
.
.
:
.
(1)(1)
____________________________________________
(Concentration)=
_________________________________________
(mixing ratio)=
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(2)(2)
ppmv =______Vi
Vtotal
x106 x106mi
mtotal
ppmm =_______
(ppmv) (ppmm).
. -
parts per million (ppm) -parts per billion (ppb).
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(Residence time)
.
(3)(3)
_________________________________________________________
=
.
.
:
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, NOx VOCs.
(1)(1)
( )
:
,
(- )
.
O3
.
,
, , CO
SO2.
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.
- .
:
,
.
:
(..
).
(.. ).
: Los
Angeles, Mexico City, , Tokyo, Johannesburg .
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O3
( .. NOx ,
VOCs)
PM10
PM2.5
NO2
SO2
CO
Hydrocarbons (.. CH4, .)
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O3
.
33
.
Altitude(kilometers)
Ozone concentration (ppm)
Altitude(miles)
Stratospheric ozone
Stratosphere
Troposphere
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
00 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
Photochemical ozone
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, Montsouris 1876
1910
(Arkona) 1956 1983.
O3
30-40 ppb 10-15 ppb .
.
NOx
.
From Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts Jr.
(1997), Tropospheric Air Pollution:
Ozone, airborne toxics, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles.
Science, 276, 1045-1051.
33
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O3
NOx
400
Tg/yr 210 Tg/yr .
.
33
15000 ppb
490 ppb O3 (Los Angeles, Mexico City)
120-200 ppb O3
80-100 ppb
20-40 ppb (
)
10-20 ppb (pre-industrial)
3
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BOUND RY L YER
: ( )
.
,
: NOx VOCs.
33
&
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O2 + h 2 O (1)
O + O2 + M O3 + M (2)
O3 UV
(290 nm < < 330 nm)
O2:
O3 + h O2 + O (3)
O + O3
2 O2 (4)
33
O3
O3
( -N2) , .
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NO2
O(3P)
O2
NO
O3
h
+
33 (( 1)1)
O3 ?
!!
. O3
NO2 + (< 420 nm) NO + OO + O2 + M O3 + M
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
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RO2
RH
NO2
O(3
P)
O2
NO
O3
h
+
(
). (RO2)
NO
NO2 NO
O3
.
O3
NO.
O3
NO2.
.
O3 .
33 (( 22))
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()
CH4 (VOCs)
O3 :
O3 , :
(CO)
(SO2
)
33
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NOx N2
25 NOx
33 ((NONOx))
NOx:
.
,
().
NOx.
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1890:
1990:
19 NOx 20
.
33 (1(1-- NONOx))
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NOx 1985(Canadian Global
Emissions
Interpretation
Centre, 1995)
33 (2(2-- NONOx))
NOx 2001
10,056 Gg, NOx 2001.
(63%)
(35%).
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NO3 NH4
:
(
).
.
(acidification) , .
NOx:
NONOx
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VOCs .
,
.
VOCs :
CO, CO2, H2CO3,
/ , (NH4)2CO3 ( ),
0.01 kPa 25C.
(, ).
, RH.
33 (1(1--VOCsVOCs))
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VOCs 600
.
:
: , ( CH4 NMVOCs).
: (), ().
: 1,3-, 2-1,3- ().
: ().
33 (2(2--VOCsVOCs))
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Brasseur et al., 1998
~100 TgC/yr
43 TgC/yr
45 TgC/yr
15 TgC/yr
~1170 TgC/yr
o (C5H8) 500 TgC/Yr
o 125 TgC/yr
o VOCs 520 TgC/yr
6-36 TgC/yr
(BVOCs)
VOCsVOCs
TgC:
.
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.
.
.
VOCs :
VOCsVOCs
.
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:
Particulate Matter (PM).
Total suspended particulate matter (TSP)
.
Coarse Particles ()
2.5 microns
(PM10). Fine Particles ()
0.1 and 2.5 microns (PM2.5).
Ultrafine Particles (-)
0.1 micron.
(
m)
--
0.001 0.1 2.5 10.0 100.0
--
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(Coarse) ():
,
.
(Fine) :
,
.
NOx VOCs .
: , ,
.
(1)
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NOx VOCs.
.
.
(.. ).
(1)(1)
:
(-)
.
.
:
(2)(2)
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:
. (
).
.
. .
.
(2)(2)
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.
( )
.
.
.
(1)(1)
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NOx VOCs . NOx VOCs
NO2
NO2 O3
NO2 VOCs PAN (
Peroxyacetyl nitrate).
O3. O3
.
(1)(1)
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O3 14:00 15:00.
2-2.5
.
O3 1987-1990
( ) 1993-1996 ( )
(2)(2)
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.
.
.
O3 (,
, ..).
NOx VOCs
3
(1)(1)
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:
.
: , , .
(1)(1)
:
O3
, .
:
, , .
.
. :
.
.
- .
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-
-Peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN)
CH3COOONO2
Ozone (O3)
Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
(2)(2)
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.
.
.
O3:
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:
(, , ),
:
( , ).
.
.
(1)(1)
O3
.
, .
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(NOx)
.
(NOx) (N2) (O2).
:
(NOx).
((NOxNOx))
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VOCs
VOC
:
() liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG).
compressed natural gas (CNG).
.
VOCs .
((VOCsVOCs))
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:
(, , , ..) .
: CO2
SO2, NOx .
:
.
:
.
pH: H+. H+ . 0 14
pH 0 =>
pH 14 =>
pH 7
.
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:, ,
.
: (,
, ). : .
:
.
pH 6.0 6.5
.
=>
.
: Ca+, Mg+, K+ ,
.
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..,, ((,,,, )) ,,
..
--
The source of this material is the Cooperative Program for OperationalMeteorology, Education, and Training (COMET) Website athttp://meted.ucar.edu/ of the University Corporation for AtmosphericResearch (UCAR) pursuant to a Cooperative Agreement with NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1997-2004 University Corporationfor Atmospheric Research. All Rights Reserved.
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-- .. 33-- ,, ,, 33 ..
..
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1.
2.
v
tu
v
xv
v
yw
v
z yfu
xK
v
x yK
v
y zK
v
zm m m=
+
+
+
= + +
t
R
c
u
x
v
y
w
zv
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
-22.0
C
-20.0
-18.0
-16.0
-14.0
-12.0
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
0.
1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
5000.
6000.
z(m)
- 420. -400. -380. -360. -340. x (km)
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..
: .
:. , . , . , . , .
.
12 . 6 , 12:00 UTC
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..
60 . 8, 12:00 UTC
24 . 7, 00:00 UTC
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..
- 27 . 7, 03:00 UTC
- 36 . 7, 12:00 UTC
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19/12/200819/12/2008 5353
..
- 48 . 8 , 00:00 UTC
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..
: .
:. , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . , St. Rao, G. Yarwood.
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..
rocky
soil
..
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.
(moles/hr)
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..
: 24 2006
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, 24 2006
: 24 2006
:
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3
PSO4
PM10 ,
PM10
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94.294.25.85.81211214.34.32.42.455.055.0
69.069.031.031.029297.47.43.23.242.942.9
70.070.030.030.0101011.311.33.13.127.027.0,,
20062006
79.079.021.021.081817.97.96.76.746.546.5
65.765.734.334.3393912.712.74.94.938.038.0
45.845.854.254.2242415.015.04.94.932.232.2,,
52.252.247.847.823*23*22.422.48.78.738.738.7
20052005
80.480.419.619.6676711.211.26.06.053.753.7
54.854.845.245.2737318.218.27.77.742.342.348.648.651.451.4363619.219.26.46.426.026.0,,
77.877.822.222.214014016.116.19.39.356.956.9
20042004
75.075.025.025.097974.04.01.91.949.049.0
69.469.430.630.61131136.96.93.13.144.844.8
34.334.365.765.735357.67.62.42.431.731.7,,
77.377.322.722.71821828.68.65.35.362.262.2
20032003
PMPM1010
(%)(%)
(%)(%)
PMPM1010
(%)(%)
((g mg m--33))
PMPM1010
((g mg m--33))
CAMx
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O3+NO2
Galatsi station
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
15/04/2005
0:00-1:00
15/04/2005
8:00-9:00
15/04/2005
16:00-17:00
16/04/2005
0:00-1:00
16/04/2005
8:00-9:00
16/04/2005
16:00-17:00
17/04/2005
0:00-1:00
17/04/2005
8:00-9:00
17/04/2005
16:00-17:00
18/04/2005
0:00-1:00
18/04/2005
8:00-9:00
18/04/2005
16:00-17:00
19/04/2005
0:00-1:00
19/04/2005
8:00-9:00
19/04/2005
16:00-17:00
obs model
PSO4 - Observed vs Calculated
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
2/8/2001
00:00 -
3:00
2/8/2001
21:00-
0:00
3/8/2001
15:00-
18:00
4/8/2001
12:00-
15:30
5/8/2001
9:00-
12:00
6/8/2001
6:00-9:00
7/8/2001
3:00-6:00
8/8/2001
0:00-3:00
8/8/2001
21:00-
0:00
9/8/2001
18:00-
21:00
10/8/2001
15:00-
18:00
time (UTC)
g/m 3
obs(3h) model (avrg3h)
1-17 APRIL 2003
TEI KOZANH(NO2)
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
1/4/030:00-2:00
1/4/0314:00-16:00
2/4/034:00-6:00
2/4/0318:00-20:00
3/4/038:00-10:00
3/4/0322:00-24:00
4/4/0312:00-14:00
5/4/032:00-4:00
5/4/0316:00-18:00
6/4/036:00-8:00
6/4/0320:00-22:00
7/4/0310:00-12:00
8/4/030:00-2:00
8/4/0314:00-16:00
9/4/034:00-6:00
9/4/0318:00-20:00
10/4/038:00-10:00
10/4/0322:00-24:00
11/4/0312:00-14:00
12/4/032:00-4:00
12/4/0316:00-18:00
13/4/036:00-8:00
13/4/0320:00-22:00
14/4/0310:00-12:00
15/4/030:00-2:00
15/4/0314:00-16:00
16/4/034:00-6:00
16/4/0318:00-20:00
17/4/038:00-10:00
ppm
OBS MODEL
7-20 APRIL 2003
TEI KOZANH(SO2)
0,000
0,001
0,002
0,0030,004
0,005
0,006
0,007
0,008
0,009
0,010
7/4/030:00-2:00
7/
4/0312:00-14:00
8/4/030:00-2:00
8/
4/0312:00-14:00
9/4/030:00-2:00
9/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
0/4/030:00-2:00
10/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
1/4/030:00-2:00
11/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
2/4/030:00-2:00
12/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
3/4/030:00-2:00
13/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
4/4/030:00-2:00
14/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
5/4/030:00-2:00
15/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
6/4/030:00-2:00
16/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
7/4/030:00-2:00
17/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
8/4/030:00-2:00
18/
4/0312:00-14:00
1
9/4/030:00-2:00
19/
4/0312:00-14:00
2
0/4/030:00-2:00
20/
4/0312:00-14:00
OBS MODEL
3+2
PSO4
( )
4 10 2001
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