14021680 persons and family relations reviewer vena verga

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Persons and Family Relations Reviewer Vena V. Verga

PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS REVIEWER PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS REVIEWER

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. 386)

Art 1. This At sh!"" #$ %&'& !s th$ Cii" C'*$ '+ th$ Phi"i,,i&$s- E.O. 48 of March 20 !"4#-

Ro$as %ode %ommission- &r. 'eorge (aco)o *chairman+- ,an-ary 2 !"4" */assed )y %ongress+

Art. -. L!s sh!"" t!%$ $++$t !+t$r 1 *!/s +'""'i&0 th$ ',"$ti'& '+ th$ir,2#"i!ti'& i& th$ O++ii!" !4$tt$5 2&"$ss it is 'th$ris$ ,r'i*$*. ThisC'*$ sh!"" t!%$ $++$t 1 /$!r !+t$r ,2#"i!ti'&.

- -g. 10 !"0 *too3 effect+- EO 200 *-ino+ laws to )e effective m-st )e /-)lished either in the

Official 'a5ette or in a news/a/er of general circ-lation in the co-ntry.*6a7ada v 6-vera/-)lication not to )e in Official 'a5ette )eca-se ofits erratic release and limited readershi/+

- ntended to ena)le /eo/le to )ecome familiar with the stat-te- M-st )e in f-ll- P-)lication is an indis/ensa)le re-irement a)sence of which will

render the law ineffective.

- 9-nless otherwise /rovided: *refers to !day /eriod not /-)licationArt. 3. I0&'r!&$ '+ th$ "! $2s$s &' '&$ +r' ',"i!&$ th$r$ith.

- a//lies only to mandatory and /rohi)itory lawsArt. 7. L!s sh!"" h!$ &' r$tr'!ti$ $++$t5 2&"$ss th$ '&tr!r/ is ,r'i*$*

- ;aw loo3s to the f-t-re.- nstances when a law may )e given a r$tr'!ti$ effect<

o =hen the law e$/ressly /rovides for retroactivity *insofar as it

does not /re>-dice or im/air vested or ac-ired rights inaccordance with the %ivil %ode or other laws+

o %-rative or remedial *c-ring defects or adding to the means

of enforcing e$isting o)ligations+. R?;E< f the irreg-larityconsists in doing some act or doing it in the mode which thelegislat-re might have made material )y an e$/ress law itmay do so )y a s-)se-ent one.

o Proced-ral. *to avoid /ossi)le in>-stice+

o Penal in character and favora)le to the acc-sed. *not a

ha)it-al delin-ent @if wAin !0 years from date of release orlast conviction of a crime he is fo-nd g-ilty of any saidcrimes a third time or oftener.+

Art. . Ats $$2t$* !0!i&st th$ ,r'isi'&s '+ !&*!t'r/ !&* ,r'hi#it'r/"!s sh!"" #$ 'i*5 $$,t h$& th$ "! its$"+ !2th'ri4$s th$ir !"i*it/.

- Mandatory ;aws omission of which renders the /roceeding or acts towhich it relates generally illegal or void. E$am/le< /rescri/tive /eriods

- Prohi)itory ;aws contain /ositive /rohi)itions and are co-ched in thenegative terms im/orting that the act re-ired shall not )e doneotherwise than designated. E$am/le< 9BO:C

- Dowever if the law e$/ressly /rovides for the validity of actscommitted in violation of a mandatory or /rohi)itory /rovision of astat-te s-ch act shall )e considered valid or enforcea)le.

Art. 6. Ri0hts !/ #$ !i$*5 2&"$ss th$ !i$r is '&tr!r/ t' "!5 ,2#"i

,'"i/5 'r!"s 'r 0''* 2st's5 'r ,r$2*ii!" t' ! thir* ,$rs'& ith ! ri0htr$'0&i4$* #/ "!.

- =aiver intentional relin-ishment of a 3nown right not /res-med)-t m-st )e clearly and convincingly shown either )y e$/resssti/-lation or acts admitting no other reasona)le e$/lanation

- right to )e validly waived m-st )e in e$istence at the time of thewaiver and m-st )e e$ercised )y a d-ly ca/acitated /erson act-ally/ossessing the right to ma3e the waiver. */res-//oses that the /artyhas 3nowledge of its rights )-t chooses not to assert them+

Art. 9. L!s !r$ r$,$!"$* '&"/ #/ s2#s$:2$&t '&$s5 !&* th$ir i'"!ti'& 'r&'&;'#s$r!&$ sh!"" &'t #$ $2s$* #/ *is2s$5 'r 2st'5 'r ,r!ti$ t'th$ '&tr!r/. Wh$& th$ '2rts *$"!r$ ! "! t' #$ i&'&sist$&t ith th$C'&stit2ti'&5 th$ +'r$r sh!"" #$ 'i* !&* th$ "!tt$r sh!"" 0'$r&.A*i&istr!ti$ 'r $$2ti$ !ts5 'r*$rs !&* r$02"!ti'&s sh!"" #$ !"i* '&"/h$& th$/ !r$ &'t '&tr!r/ t' th$ "!s 'r th$ C'&stit2ti'&.

- Re/eal legislative act of a)rogating thro-gh a s-)se-ent law theeffects of a /revio-s stat-te or /ortions thereof. May )e either e$/ressor im/lied.

Art. 8. <2*ii!" *$isi'&s !,,"/i&0 'r i&t$r,r$ti&0 th$ "!s 'r th$C'&stit2ti'& sh!"" +'r ,!rt '+ th$ "$0!" s/st$ '+ th$ Phi"i,,i&$s.

- ,-dicial decisionso altho-gh in themselves not laws ass-me the same a-thority

as the stat-te itself.o %onstit-te evidence of what the law means.

o 9legis inter/retatio legis vim o)tinet: inter/retation /laced

-/on the written law )y a com/etent co-rt has the force oflaw

o % decisions @ a-thoritative and /recedentGsetting

o nferior co-rts decisions and %o-rt of //eals @ merely

/ers-asiveo /iag v %antero *>-dge entered into2nd marriage witho-t

having his first void marriage >-dicially declared a n-llity nota )asis for immorality+ at that time there was no need for >-dicial declaration of n-llity

o =iegel v em/io &y case where the -/reme %o-rt

declared that there was a need for a declaration of n-llity of avoid marriage.

Art. =. N' 2*0$ 'r '2rt sh!"" *$"i&$ t' r$&*$r 2*0$&t #/ r$!s'& '+ th$si"$&$5 '#s2rit/ 'r i&s2++ii$&/ '+ th$ "!s.

- Bing-no non de-e enri-ecerse torti5eramente con dano de otro

=hen the stat-tes are silent or am)ig-o-s this is one of those

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f-ndamental /rinci/les which the co-rts invo3e in order to arrive at asol-tion that wo-ld res/ond to the vehement -rge of conscience.

- ,-stice Dolmes @ 9&o and m-st legislate: to fill in the ga/s in the law)eca-se the mind of the legislator li3e all h-man )eings is finite andtherefore cannot envisage all /ossi)le cases to which the law maya//ly. Bor has the h-man mind the infinite ca/acity to antici/ate all

sit-ations.Art. 1?. I& !s$ '+ *'2#t i& th$ i&t$r,r$t!ti'& !&* !,,"i!ti'& '+ "!s5 it is,r$s2$* th!t th$ "!!%i&0 #'*/ i&t$&*$* ri0ht !&* 2sti$ t' ,r$!i".

- %onstr-ction and inter/retation come only after it has )eendemonstrated that a//lication is im/ossi)le or inade-ate witho-tthem.

Art. 11. C2st's hih !r$ '&tr!r/ t' "!5 ,2#"i 'r*$r 'r ,2#"i ,'"i/sh!"" &'t #$ '2&t$&!&$*.Art. 1-. A 2st' 2st #$ ,r'$* !s ! +!t5 !'r*i&0 t' th$ r2"$s '+$i*$&$.

- %-stom r-le of cond-ct formed )y re/etition of acts -niformlyo)served */racticed+ as a social r-le legally )inding and o)ligatory.

- ,-ridical c-stom @ can s-//lement stat-tory law or a//lied in thea)sence of s-ch stat-te.

- ocial c-stom @ canHt s-//lement stat law or a//lied in the a)sence ofstat-te.

- %-stom even if /roven cannot /revail over a stat-tory r-le or even alegal r-le en-nciated )y the %

Art. 13. Wh$& th$ "! s,$!%s '+ /$!rs5 '&ths5 *!/s 'r &i0hts5 it sh!"" #$2&*$rst''* th!t /$!rs !r$ '+ 36 *!/s $!h@ '&ths5 '+ 3? *!/s@ *!/s5 '+-7 h'2rs@ !&* &i0hts +r' s2&s$t t' s2&ris$. I+ '&ths !r$ *$si0&!t$* #/th$ir &!$5 th$/ sh!"" #$ ',2t$* #/ th$ &2#$r '+ *!/s hih th$/r$s,$ti$"/ h!$. I& ',2ti&0 ! ,$ri'*5 th$ +irst *!/ sh!"" #$ $"2*$*5!&* th$ "!st *!/ i&"2*$*.

- f the e$tra day in a lea/ year is not a day of the year )eca-se it isthe 1th day then to what year does it )elongI %ertainly it m-st)elong to the year where it falls and therefore the 1 daysconstit-te one year.

Art. 17. P$&!" "!s !&* th's$ '+ ,2#"i s$2rit/ !&* s!+$t/ sh!"" #$

'#"i0!t'r/ 2,'& !"" h' "i$ 'r s''2r& i& th$ Phi"i,,i&$ t$rrit'r/5 s2#$t t'th$ ,ri&i,"$s '+ ,2#"i i&t$r&!ti'&!" "! !&* t' tr$!t/ sti,2"!ti'&s.

- %iti5ens and foreigners are s-)>ect to all /enal laws. =ill even attachregardless whether or not a foreigner is merely so>o-rning in Philterritory BT they may however )e imm-ne from s-it and thereforecannot )e criminally /rosec-ted in the Phili//ines in certain caseswhere the Phili//ine government has waived its criminal >-risdictionover them on the )asis of the /rinci/les of /-)lic international law andtreaty sti/-lations

- !"! Vienna %onvention on &i/lomatic Relations @ /rovided that the/erson of the di/lomatic agent shall )e inviola)le and he shall not )elia)le to any form of arrest or detention. De shall en>oy imm-nity fromcriminal >-risdiction of the receiving state.

Art. 1. L!s r$"!ti&0 t' +!i"/ ri0hts !&* *2ti$s5 'r t' th$ st!t2s5 '&*iti'&!&* "$0!" !,!it/ '+ ,$rs'&s !r$ #i&*i&0 2,'& iti4$&s '+ th$ Phi"i,,i&$s5$$& th'20h "ii&0 !#r'!*.

- Bationality R-le- 6enchave5 v Escano the only a)sol-te divorce recogni5ed is one of

the alien s/o-se. Fili/ino s/o-se can )e said to have committed

conc-)inage *h-s)and+ or ad-ltery *wife+.Art. 16. R$!" ,r',$rt/ !s $"" !s ,$rs'&!" ,r',$rt/ is s2#$t t' th$ "! '+th$ '2&tr/ h$r$ it is sit2!t$*. H'$$r5 i&t$st!t$ !&* t$st!$&t!r/s2$ssi'&s5 #'th ith r$s,$t t' th$ 'r*$r '+ s2$ssi'& !&* t' th$!'2&t '+ s2$ssi'&!" ri0hts !&* t' th$ i&tri&si !"i*it/ '+ t$st!$&t!r/,r'isi'&s5 sh!"" #$ r$02"!t$* #/ th$ &!ti'&!" "! '+ th$ ,$rs'& h's$s2$ssi'& is 2&*$r '&si*$r!ti'&5 h!t$$r !/ #$ th$ &!t2r$ '+ th$,r',$rt/ !&* r$0!r*"$ss '+ th$ '2&tr/ h$r$i& s!i* ,r',$rt/ !/ #$+'2&*.

- //lica)ility of Bational ;aw of decedent in intestate or testamentarys-ccession with regard to<

o Order of s-ccession

o mo-nt of s-ccessional rights

o ntrinsic validity of the /rovisions of the will

o

%a/acity to s-cceedArti"$ 19. Th$ +'rs !&* s'"$&iti$s '+ '&tr!ts5 i""s5 !&* 'th$r ,2#"ii&str2$&ts sh!"" #$ 0'$r&$* #/ th$ "!s '+ th$ '2&tr/ i& hih th$/ !r$$$2t$*. Wh$& th$ !ts r$+$rr$* t' !r$ $$2t$* #$+'r$ th$ *i,"'!ti 'r'&s2"!r '++ii!"s '+ th$ R$,2#"i '+ th$ Phi"i,,i&$s i& ! +'r$i0& '2&tr/5 th$s'"$&iti$s $st!#"ish$* #/ Phi"i,,i&$ "!s sh!"" #$ '#s$r$* i& th$ir$$2ti'&. Pr'hi#iti$ "!s '&$r&i&0 ,$rs'&s5 th$ir !ts 'r ,r',$rt/5 !&*th's$ hih h!$ +'r th$ir '#$t ,2#"i 'r*$r5 ,2#"i ,'"i/ !&* 0''*2st's sh!"" &'t #$ r$&*$r$* i&$++$ti$ #/ "!s 'r 2*0$&ts,r'2"0!t$*5 'r #/ *$t$ri&!ti'&s 'r '&$&ti'&s !0r$$* 2,'& i& ! +'r$i0&'2&tr/.

- E$trinsic validity @ if act is valid where it is e$ec-ted even if said actwonHt )e valid here will )e deemed as valid nonetheless.

- &i/lomatic and cons-lar officials are re/resentatives of the statetherefore Phili//ine law sho-ld /revail if act is e$ec-ted )efore adi/lomat in a foreign co-ntry. *)asis< )y r-les of international lawhost co-ntry where di/lomat is assigned waives its >-risdiction overthe /remises of the di/lomatic office of another co-ntry located in thesaid host co-ntry+

Art. 18. I& !tt$rs hih !r$ 0'$r&$* #/ th$ C'*$ '+ C'$r$ !&*s,$i!" "!s5 th$ir *$+ii$&/ sh!"" #$ s2,,"i$* #/ th$ ,r'isi'&s '+ thisC'*$.

HBMAN RELATIONS

>$r0! P!0$ - '+ 1




Art. 1=. E$r/ ,$rs'& 2st5 i& th$ $$ris$ '+ his ri0hts !&* i& th$,$r+'r!&$ '+ his *2ti$s5 !t ith 2sti$5 0i$ $$r/'&$ his *2$5 !&*'#s$r$ h'&$st/ !&* 0''* +!ith.

- /rinci/le of a)-se of rights.- %odifies the conce/t of what is >-stice and fair /lay so that the a)-se

of right )y a /erson will )e /revented.-

Elements of a)-se of right<o 6here is a legal right or d-ty

o =hich is e$ercised in )ad faith

o For the sole intent of /re>-dicing or in>-ring another

Art. -?. E$r/ ,$rs'& h'5 '&tr!r/ t' "!5 i""+2""/ 'r &$0"i0$&t"/ !2s$s*!!0$ t' !&'th$r5 sh!"" i&*$&i+/ th$ "!tt$r +'r th$ s!$.

- s/ea3s of the general sanction for all the other /rovisions of law whichdo not es/ecially /rovide their own sanction.

Art. -1. A&/ ,$rs'& h' i""+2""/ !2s$s "'ss 'r i&2r/ t' !&'th$r i& !!&&$r th!t is '&tr!r/ t' 'r!"s5 0''* 2st's 'r ,2#"i ,'"i/ sh!""',$&s!t$ th$ "!tt$r +'r th$ *!!0$.

- fill in the co-ntless ga/s of the stat-tes which leave so many victimsof moral wrongs hel/less even tho-gh they have act-ally s-fferedmaterial and moral in>-ry.

-

&eals with acts contra )on-s mores @ and has the following elements<o 6here is an act which is legal

o (-t which is contrary to morals good c-stoms /-)lic order

or /-)lic /olicyo nd it is done with intent to in>-re.

rticles !"20 and 2! are related to each other and -nder these articles anact which ca-ses in>-ry to another may )e made the )asis for an award ofdamages. %ommon Element< act m-st )e intentional. Dowever art 20 does notdisting-ish< 9willf-lly: or 9negligently: J /ari delicto in e-al fa-lt in similar offense or crime e-al in g-ilt or in legalfa-lt.Art. --. E$r/ ,$rs'& h' thr'20h !& !t 'r ,$r+'r!&$ #/ !&'th$r5 'r!&/ 'th$r $!&s5 !:2ir$s 'r '$s i&t' ,'ss$ssi'& '+ s'$thi&0 !t th$$,$&s$ '+ th$ "!tt$r ith'2t 2st 'r "$0!" 0r'2&*5 sh!"" r$t2r& th$ s!$ t'

hi. ; /revention of -n>-st enrichment. Bo /erson can claim what is not validlyand legally his or hers.Art. -3. E$& h$& !& !t 'r $$&t !2si&0 *!!0$ t' !&'th$rs ,r',$rt/!s &'t *2$ t' th$ +!2"t 'r &$0"i0$&$ '+ th$ *$+$&*!&t5 th$ "!tt$r sh!"" #$"i!#"$ +'r i&*$&it/ i+ thr'20h th$ !t 'r $$&t h$ !s #$&$+it$*.Art. -7. I& !"" '&tr!t2!"5 ,r',$rt/ 'r 'th$r r$"!ti'&s5 h$& '&$ '+ th$,!rti$s is !t ! *is!*!&t!0$ '& !'2&t '+ his 'r!" *$,$&*$&$5i0&'r!&$5 i&*i0$&$5 $&t!" $!%&$ss5 t$&*$r !0$ 'r 'th$r h!&*i!,5 th$'2rts 2st #$ i0i"!&t +'r his ,r't$ti'&.

G in consonance with what is right and legal.Art. -. Th'20ht"$ss $tr!!0!&$ i& $,$&s$s +'r ,"$!s2r$ 'r *is,"!/*2ri&0 ! ,$ri'* '+ !2t$ ,2#"i !&t 'r $$r0$&/ !/ #$ st',,$* #/

'r*$r '+ th$ '2rts !t th$ i&st!&$ '+ !&/ 0'$r&$&t 'r ,ri!t$ h!rit!#"$i&stit2ti'&.

- to /revent inconsiderate and ostentatio-s activities d-ring times ofemergency

- s/ecifically /rovides for the entities which are given legal standing tosee3 an in>-nction<

o

any government oro /rivate charita)le instit-tion.

Art. -6. E$r/ ,$rs'& sh!"" r$s,$t th$ *i0&it/5 ,$rs'&!"it/5 ,ri!/ !&*,$!$ '+ i&* '+ his &$i0h#'rs !&* 'th$r ,$rs'&s. Th$ ++. !&* sii"!r !ts5th'20h th$/ !/ &'t '&stit2t$ ! rii&!" '++$&s$5 sh!"" ,r'*2$ ! !2s$ '+!ti'& +'r *!!0$s5 ,r$$&ti'& !&* 'th$r r$"i$+

1. Pr/i&0 i&t' th$ ,ri!/ '+ !&'th$rs r$si*$&$-. M$**"i&0 ith 'r *ist2r#i&0 th$ ,ri!t$ "i+$ 'r +!i"/ r$"!ti'&s

'+ !&'th$r3. I&tri02i&0 t' !2s$ !&'th$r t' #$ !"i$&!t$* +r' his +ri$&*s7. V$i&0 'r h2i"i!ti&0 !&'th$r '& !'2&t '+ his r$"i0i'2s

#$"i$+s5 "'"/ st!ti'& i& "i+$5 ,"!$ '+ #irth5 ,h/si!" *$+$t5 'r'th$r ,$rs'&!" '&*iti'&.

- EKP;B6OB OF %OMMOB 6O B%;?OB OF R6 2 *Protectionof D-man &ignity+

o acredness of h-man /ersonality is a concomitant of every

/lan for h-man amelioration.o 6he to-chstone of every system of laws of the c-lt-re and

civili5ation of every co-ntry is how far it dignifies man.Art. -9. A&/ ,$rs'& s2++$ri&0 !t$ri!" 'r 'r!" "'ss #$!2s$ ! ,2#"is$r!&t 'r $,"'/$$ r$+2s$s 'r &$0"$ts5 ith'2t 2st !2s$5 t' ,$r+'r his'++ii!" *2t/ !/ +i"$ !& !ti'& +'r *!!0$s !&* 'th$r r$"i$+ !0!i&st th$"!tt$r5 ith'2t ,r$2*i$ t' !&/ *isi,"i&!r/ !*i&istr!ti$ !ti'& th!t !/#$ t!%$&.Art. -8. B&+!ir ',$titi'& i& !0ri2"t2r!"5 '$ri!" 'r i&*2stri!"$&t$r,ris$s5 'r i& "!#'r5 thr'20h th$ 2s$ '+ +'r$5 i&tii*!ti'&5 *$$it5!hi&!ti'& 'r !&/ 'th$r 2&2st5 ',,r$ssi$ 'r hi0hh!&*$* $th'* sh!""0i$ ris$ t' ! ri0ht '+ !ti'& #/ th$ ,$rs'& h' th$r$#/ s2++$rs *!!0$.

- ,?6F%6OB )y the !"4# %ivil %ode commission<o t is necessary in a system of free enter/rise. &emocracy

)ecomes a verita)le moc3ery if any /erson or gro-/ of/ersons )y any -n>-st or highhanded method may de/riveothers of a fair chance to engage in )-siness or earn a living.

Art. -=. Wh$& th$ !2s$* i& rii&!" ,r's$2ti'& is !:2itt$* '& th$0r'2&* th!t his 02i"t h!s &'t #$$& ,r'$* #$/'&* r$!s'&!#"$ *'2#t5 ! ii"!ti'& +'r *!!0$s +'r th$ s!$ !t 'r 'issi'& !/ #$ i&stit2t$*. S2h!ti'& r$:2ir$s '&"/ ! ,r$,'&*$r!&$ '+ $i*$&$. B,'& 'ti'& '+ th$*$+$&*!&t5 th$ '2rt !/ r$:2ir$ th$ ,"!i&ti++ t' +i"$ ! #'&* t' !&s$r +'r*!!0$s i& !s$ th$ ',"!i&t sh'2"* #$ +'2&* t' #$ !"ii'2s. (-) I+ i& !rii&!" !s$ th$ 2*0$&t '+ !:2itt!" is #!s$* 2,'& r$!s'&!#"$ *'2#t5th$ '2rt sh!"" s' *$"!r$. I& th$ !#s$&$ '+ !&/ *$"!r!ti'& t' th!t $++$t5

>$r0! P!0$ 3 '+ 1




it !/ #$ i&+$rr$* +r' th$ t$t '+ th$ *$isi'& h$th$r 'r &'t th$ !:2itt!"is *2$ t' th!t 0r'2&*.

- Proof )eyond Reasona)le &o-)t amo-nt of /roof which forms ana)iding moral certainty that the acc-sed committed the crime charged.BO6 a)sol-te certainty (?6 s-ch degree of /roof is more e$actingthan what is needed in a civil case which is<

-

Pre/onderance of Evidence

as a whole evidence add-ced )y oneside o-tweighs that of the adverse /arty.Art. 3?. Wh$& ! s$,!r!t$ ii" !ti'& is #r'20ht t' *$!&* ii" "i!#i"it/!risi&0 +r' ! rii&!" '++$&s$5 !&* &' rii&!" ,r'$$*i&0s !r$ i&stit2t$**2ri&0 th$ ,$&*$&/ '+ th$ ii" !s$5 ! ,r$,'&*$r!&$ '+ $i*$&$ sh!"""i%$is$ #$ s2++ii$&t t' ,r'$ th$ !t ',"!i&$* '+.

G -ant-m of evidence still merely /re/onderance of evidence even if thecivil action arose from a criminal offenseArt. 31. Wh$& th$ ii" !ti'& is #!s$* '& !& '#"i0!ti'& &'t !risi&0 +r' th$!t 'r 'issi'& ',"!i&$* '+ !s ! +$"'&/5 s2h ii" !ti'& !/ ,r'$$*i&*$,$&*$&t"/ '+ th$ rii&!" ,r'$$*i&0s !&* r$0!r*"$ss '+ th$ r$s2"t '+th$ "!tt$r.

- if civil action arose not from a felony -asiGdelict act or omissionwhich ca-ses damage to another there )eing fa-lt or negligence ifthere is no /reGe$isting contract-al relation )etween the /arties.

-&oes not /rovide for an inde/endent civil action.

- %-l/a a-iliana *-asi delict+having had its own fo-ndation andindiv-ality se/arate from criminal negligence against -asiGdelito*c-/la e$traGcontract-al+ or criminal negligence

- lso a//lies to c-l/a contract-alG distinct from criminal actioninstit-ted )ased on criminal negligence. 6his is governed )y %ivil %odeand not those of Revised Penal %ode and it )eing entirely se/arateand distinct from criminal action the same may )e instit-ted and/rosec-ted inde/endently of and regardless of the res-lt of the latter.

Art. 3-. A&/ ,2#"i '++i$r 'r $,"'/$$5 'r !&/ ,ri!t$ i&*ii*2!"5 h'*ir$t"/ 'r i&*ir$t"/ '#str2ts5 *$+$!ts5 i'"!t$s 'r i& !&/ !&&$r i,$*$s'r i,!irs !&/ '+ th$ +'""'i&0 ri0hts !&* "i#$rti$s '+ !&'th$r ,$rs'& sh!""#$ "i!#"$ t' th$ "!tt$r +'r *!!0$s

!. Freedom of Religion

2. Freedom of /eech1. Freedom to write for he /ress or to maintain a /eriodical /-)lication4. Freedom from ar)itrary or illegal detention. Freedom from s-ffrage. 6he right against de/rivation of /ro/erty witho-t d-e /rocess of law#. 6he right to a >-st com/ensation when /rivate /ro/erty is ta3en for

/-)lic -se8. 6he right to e-al /rotection of the laws". 6he right to )e sec-re in oneHs /erson ho-se /a/ers and effects

against -nreasona)le searches and sei5-res!0. 6he li)erty of a)ode and of changing the same!!. 6he /rivacy of comm-nication and corres/ondence

!2. 6he right to )ecome a mem)er of associations or societies for/-r/oses not contrary to law

!1. 6he right to ta3e /art in a /eacea)le assem)ly to /etition thegovernment for redress of grievances

!4. 6he right to )e free from invol-ntary servit-de of any form!. 6he right of the acc-sed against e$cessive )ail

!. 6he right of the acc-sed to )e heard )y himself and co-nsel to )einformed of the nat-re and ca-se of the acc-sation against him tohave a s/eedy and /-)lic trial to meet the witnesses face to face andto have com/-lsory /rocess to sec-re the attendance of witness in his)ehalf.

!#. Freedom from )eing com/elled to )e a witness against oneHs self orfrom )eing forced to confess g-ilt or from )eing ind-ced )y a /romiseof imm-nity or reward to ma3e s-ch confession e$ce/t when the/erson confessing )ecomes a state witness

!8. Freedom from e$cessive fines or cr-el or -n-s-al /-nishment -nlessthe same is im/osed or inflicted in accordance with a stat-te which hasnot )een >-dicially declared -nconstit-tional and

!". Freedom of access to the co-rtsI& !&/ '+ th$ !s$s r$+$rr$* t' i& this !rti"$5 h$th$r 'r &'t th$*$+$&*!&ts !t 'r 'issi'&

'&stit2t$ ! rii&!" '++$&s$5 th$ !00ri$$* ,!rt/ h!s ! ri0ht t' '$&$!& $&tir$"/ s$,!r!t$ !&* *isti&t ii" !ti'& +'r *!!0$s5 !&* +'r 'th$rr$"i$+. S2h ii" !ti'& sh!"" ,r'$$* i&*$,$&*$&t"/ 'r !&/ rii&!",r's$2ti'& (i+ th$ "!tt$r #$ i&stit2t$*)5 !&* !/ #$ ,r'$* #/ !,r$,'&*$r!&$ '+ $i*$&$. Th$ i&*$&it/ sh!"" i&"2*$ 'r!" *!!0$s.E$,"!r/ *!!0$s !/ !"s' #$ !*2*i!t$*. Th$ r$s,'&si#i"it/ h$r$i& s$t+'rth is &'t *$!&*!#"$ +r' ! 2*0$ 2&"$ss his !t 'r 'issi'& '&stit2t$s! i'"!ti'& '+ th$ P$&!" C'*$ 'r 'th$r ,$&!" st!t2t$.

- for effective maintenance of democracy for these reasons<o in most cases threat to freedom originates from a)-ses or

/ower of government officials and /eace offices most are leftwitho-t redress )eca-se fiscal is over)-rdened or cant/rosec-te a fellow /-)lic official *high ran3ing+

o -ant-m of evidence re-ired for a criminal action is /roof

)eyond reasona)le do-)t which often /revents a//ro/riate/-nishment.

o &irect and o/en violations of the Penal %ode tram/ling -/on

the freedoms named are not so fre-ent as those s-)tleclever and indirect ways which do not come within the /ale ofthe /enal law. 6hese which are not criminally /-nisha)le aregreatest dangers to which democracy clies.

- res/ondeat s-/erior /rinci/al and agent or master and servant. Bores/ondeat s-/erior )etween s-/erior officers of the military and theirs-)ordinates.

- May )e 9directly: or 9indirectly: - P-)lic acco-nta)ility

>$r0! P!0$ 7 '+ 1




- 'ood faith is not a defense. t is eno-gh that there was a violation ofthe constit-tional rights of the /laintiffs and it is not re-ired thatdefendants sho-ld have acted with malice or )ad faith. 6he wrong may)e civil or criminal. 6o ma3e good faith material is to defeat the main/-r/ose of article 12 which is that effective /rotection of individ-alrights.

Art. 33. I& !s$s '+ *$+!!ti'&5 +r!2*5 !&* ,h/si!" i&2ri$s5 ! ii" !ti'&+'r *!!0$s5 $&tir$"/ s$,!r!t$ !&* *isti&t +r' th$ rii&!" !ti'&5 !/#$ #r'20ht #/ th$ i&2r$* ,!rt/. S2h ii" !ti'& sh!"" ,r'$$*i&*$,$&*$&t"/ '+ th$ rii&!" ,r's$2ti'&5 !&* sh!"" r$:2ir$ '&"/ !,r$,'&*$r!&$ '+ $i*$&$.

- R6OB;E< to allow the citi5en to enforce his rights in a /rivate action)ro-ght )y him regardless of the action of the tate attorney. n acriminal /rosec-tion the com/lainant is the tate. 6he in>-redindivid-al is the one most concerned )eca-se it is he who has s-ffereddirectly. De sho-ld )e /ermitted to demand re/aration for the wrongwhich /ec-liarly affects him.

- %riminal Begligence not incl-ded in the /rovision. 6he law /enali5esthe negligent act or careless act )-t not the res-lt thereof.

Art. 37. Wh$& ! $#$r '+ ! it/ 'r 2&ii,!" ,'"i$ +'r$ r$+2s$s 'r +!i"st' r$&*$r !i* 'r ,r't$ti'& t' !&/ ,$rs'& i& !s$ '+ *!&0$r t' "i+$ 'r,r',$rt/5 s2h ,$!$ '++i$r sh!"" #$ ,ri!ri"/ "i!#"$ +'r *!!0$s5 !&* th$it/ 'r 2&ii,!"it/ sh!"" #$ s2#si*i!ri"/ r$s,'&si#"$ th$r$+'r$. Th$ ii"!ti'& h$r$i& r$'0&i4$* sh!"" #$ i&*$,$&*$&t '+ !&/ rii&!" ,r'$$*i&0s!&* ! ,r$,'&*$r!&$ '+ $i*$&$ sh!"" s2++i$ t' s2,,'rt s2h !ti'&.Art. 3. Wh$& ! ,$rs'&5 "!ii&0 t' #$ i&2r$* #/ ! rii&!" '++$&s$5h!r0$s !&'th$r ith th$ s!$5 +'r hih &' i&*$,$&*$&t ii" !ti'& is0r!&t$* i& this C'*$ 'r !&/ s,$i!" "!5 #2t th$ 2sti$ '+ ,$!$ +i&*s &'r$!s'&!#"$ 0r'2&*s t' #$"i$$ th!t ! ri$ h!s #$$& 'itt$*5 'r th$,r's$2ti&0 !tt'r&$/ r$+2s$s 'r +!i"s t' i&stit2t$ rii&!" ,r'$$*i&0s5 th$',"!i&!&t !/ #ri&0 ! ii" !ti'& +'r *!!0$s !0!i&st th$ !""$0$*'++$&*$r. S2h ii" !ti'& sh!"" #$ s2,,'rt$* #/ ,r$,'&*$r!&$ '+$i*$&$. O& th$ *$+$&*!&ts 'ti'&5 th$ '2rt !/ r$:2ir$ th$ ,"!i&ti++ t'+i"$ ! #'&* t' i&*$&i+/ th$ *$+$&*!&t i& !s$ th$ ',"!i&t sh'2"* #$+'2&* t' #$ !"ii'2s. (-)I+ *2ri&0 th$ ,$&*$&/ '+ th$ ii" !ti'&5 !&

i&+'r!ti'& sh'2"* #$ ,r$s$&t$* #/ th$ ,r's$2ti&0 !tt'r&$/5 th$ ii"!ti'& sh!"" #$ s2s,$&*$* 2&ti" th$ t$ri&!ti'& '+ th$ rii&!" ,r'$$*i&0s.

- Reservation of %ivil ction.shall )e made )efore the /rosec-tionstarts /resenting its evidence and other circ-mstances affording theoffended /arty a reasona)le o//ort-nity to ma3e s-ch reservation.EK%EP6 (P 22 *criminal action for violation of (P 22 shall )e deemedto incl-de the corres/onding civil action. Bo reservation to file s-chcivil action se/arately shall )e allowed.

- =hen se/arate civil action is s-s/ended. F criminal action is filedafter the said civil action has already )een instit-ted the latter shall)e s-s/ended in whatever stage it may )e fo-nd )efore >-dgment onthe merits. 6he s-s/ension shall last -ntil final >-dgment is rendered inthe criminal action. (?6 nevertheless )efore >-dgment on the merits

is rendered in the civil action the same may -/on motion of theoffended /arty )e consolidated with the criminal action in the co-rttrying the criminal action. *shall )e tried and decided >ointly.+

o E$tinction of /enal action does not carry with it e$tinction of

the civil action. Dowever the civil action )ased on delict may)e deemed e$ting-ished if there is a finding in a final

>-dgment in the criminal action that the act or omission fromwhich the civil lia)ility may arise did not e$ist.- =hen civil action may /roceed inde/endently shall only re-ire

/re/onderance of evidence. *art 121114 and 2!# of civil code+. nno case however may the offended /arty recover damages twice forthe same act or omission charged in the criminal action.

- Effect of &eath on %ivil ctions @ &eath of acc-sed after arraignmentwill e$ting-ish civil lia)ility arising from the delict. Dowever when civilaction may /roceed inde/endently */receding /aragra/h+ it maycontin-e against the estate or legal re/resentative of the acc-sed after/ro/er s-)stit-tion or against said estate or heirs to s-)stit-te thedeceased and g-ardian for minor heirs.

- ,-dgment in civil action not a )ar . )solved defendant in a civilaction is not a )ar to a criminal action against the defendant.

Art. 36. Pr$2*ii!" :2$sti'&s5 hih 2st #$ *$i*$* #$+'r$ !&/ rii&!",r's$2ti'& !/ #$ i&stit2t$* 'r !/ ,r'$$*5 sh!"" #$ 0'$r&$* #/ th$r2"$s '+ '2rt hih th$ S2,r$$ C'2rt sh!"" ,r'2"0!t$ !&* hih sh!""&'t #$ i& '&+"it ith th$ ,r'isi'&s '+ this C'*$.

- Precedence. 6he general r-le is that where )oth a civil and criminalcase arising from the same facts are filed in co-rt the criminal caseta3es /recedence. EK%EP6OB< if there is a /re>-dicial -estion onethat arises in a case the resol-tion of which is a logical antecedent ofthe iss-e involved therein and the cogni5ance of which /ertains toanother tri)-nal. 6here are always 2 cases involved civil and criminal.6he criminal case is always s-s/ended )eca-se the iss-es in the civil isdeterminative of the o-tcome of the criminal case.

- 6wo essential elements of a /re>-dicial -estion<o 6he civil action involved an iss-e similar or intimately related

to the iss-e raised in the criminal actiono 6he resol-tion of s-ch iss-e determined whether or not the

criminal action may /roceed.

PERSONS

Cii" P$rs'&!"it/

Art. 39. <2ri*i!" !,!it/5 hih is th$ +it&$ss t' #$ th$ s2#$t '+ "$0!"r$"!ti'&s5 is i&h$r$&t i& $$r/ &!t2r!" ,$rs'&5 !&* is "'st '&"/ thr'20h*$!th. C!,!it/ t' !t5 hih is th$ ,'$r t' *' !ts ith "$0!" $++$t5 is!:2ir$* !&* !/ #$ "'st.

- ,-ridical ca/acity @ ac-ired -/on )irth of a /erson. Jsome caseseven -n)orn. *art 404! #42 84+ and terminated only -/on death.

>$r0! P!0$ '+ 1




- %a/acity to act is not inherent in a /erson.Art. 38. Mi&'rit/5 i&s!&it/ 'r i#$i"it/5 th$ st!t$ '+ #$i&0 *$!+;2t$5,r'*i0!"it/ !&* ii" i&t$r*iti'& !r$ $r$ r$striti'&s '& th$ !,!it/ t'!t5 !&* *' &'t $$,t th$ i&!,!it!t$* ,$rs'& +r' $rt!i& '#"i0!ti'&s5!s h$& th$ "!tt$r !ris$ +r' his !ts 'r +r' ,r',$rt/ r$"!ti'&s5 s2h !s$!s$$&ts.

Grestricts the ca/acity to act.Art. 3=. Th$ +'""'i&0 ir2st!&$s5 !'&0 'th$rs5 '*i+/ 'r "iit!,!it/ t' !t !0$5 i&s!&it/5 i#$i"it/5 th$ st!t$ '+ #$i&0 *$!+;2t$5,$&!"t/5 ,r'*i0!"it/5 +!i"/ r$"!ti'&s5 !"i$&!0$5 !#s$&$5 i&s'"$&/ !&*tr2st$$shi,. Th$ '&s$:2$&$s '+ th$s$ ir2st!&$s r$ 0'$r&$* i& thisC'*$5 'th$r '*$s5 th$ R2"$s '+ C'2rt5 !&* i& s,$i!" "!s. C!,!it/ t' !t is&'t "iit$* '& !'2&t '+ r$"i0i'2s #$"i$+ 'r ,'"iti!" ',i&i'&. A !rri$*'!&5 -1 /$!rs '+ !0$ 'r '$r5 is :2!"i+i$* +'r !"" !ts '+ ii" "i+$5 $$,ti& !s$s s,$i+i$* #/ "!.

- )roader in sco/e than art 18 )-t en-merates sit-ations which merel-modify the ca/acity to act.

JJJ 'BF%B%E OF R6 18 and 1" Ma3e an overview of the sit-ation that-alifies a /ersonHs /ower to -nderta3e acts which can /rod-ce legal effects.

N!t2r!" P$rs'&s

Art. 7?. irth *$t$ri&$s ,$rs'&!"it/@ #2t th$ '&$i$* hi"* sh!"" #$'&si*$r$* #'r& +'r !"" ,2r,'s$s th!t !r$ +!'r!#"$ t' it5 ,r'i*$* it #$ #'r&"!t$r ith th$ '&*iti'&s s,$i+i$* i& th$ +'""'i&0 !rti"$Art. 71. F'r ii" ,2r,'s$s5 th$ +'$t2s is '&si*$r$* #'r& i+ it is !"i$ !t th$ti$ it is ',"$t$"/ *$"i$r$* +r' th$ 'th$rs '#. H'$$r5 i+ th$+'$t2s h!* !& i&tr!;2t$ri&$ "i+$ '+ "$ss th!& 9 '&ths5 it is &'t *$$$* #'r&i+ it *i$s ithi& -7 h'2rs !+t$r its ',"$t$ *$"i$r/ +r' th$ !t$r&!"'#.

- 'el-5 v % canHt invo3e 9/rovisional /ersonality: of a conceivedchild to o)tain damages for and on )ehalf of an a)orted childconsidering that art 40 and 4! were not met. (?6 the /arents cano)tain damages in their o-r right against the doctor who ca-sed thea)ortion on acco-nt of distress and ang-ish attendant to its loss and

disa//ointment of their /arental e$/ectation.- (R6D %ER6F%6E )est evidence of the fact of )irth. Once

registered with the office of the local civil registrar it )ecomes a /-)licdoc-ment. Entries are only L/rima facieH evidence of the factscontained therein. 6his is strictly confidential and the contents cant )erevealed e$ce/t in the cases /rovided )y law.JJJ 6hey still maintaintheir nat-re as /-)lic doc-ments )eca-se following the /ro/er legal/roced-re they can )e o)tained )y those interested therein.

o BonGdisclos-re of (irth Records< E$ce/t -/on re-est of any

of the ff< Person himself or any /erson a-thori5ed )y him

Dis s/o-se /arentAs his direct descendants org-ardian or instit-tion legally in charge of him if heis a minor

6he co-rt or /ro/er /-)lic official whenever neededin administrative >-dicial or other official/roceedings to determine the identity of the childHs

/arents or other circ-mstances s-rro-nding his )irth n case of /ersonHs death the nearest of 3in.Art. 7-. Cii" P$rs'&!"it/ is $ti&02ish$* #/ *$!th. Th$ $++$t 2,'& th$ri0hts !&* '#"i0!ti'&s '+ th$ *$$!s$* is *$t$ri&$* #/ "!5 #/ '&tr!t!&* #/ i"".

- &eath %ertificate< 6he office of the local civil registrar of a m-nici/alityor a city m-st also have in its c-stody the death certificated of the/ersons who died in its locality.

- 6he rights and o)ligations of a dead /erson can still )e reg-lated )ycontract will or the law.

Art. 73. I+ th$r$ is *'2#t5 !s #$t$$& - 'r 'r$ ,$rs'&s h' !r$ !""$* t's2$$* $!h 'th$r5 !s t' hih '+ th$ *i$* +irst5 h'$$r !""$0$s th$*$!th '+ '&$ ,ri'r t' th$ 'th$r5 sh!"" ,r'$ th$ s!$@ i& th$ !#s$&$ '+,r''+5 it is ,r$s2$* th!t th$/ *i$* !t th$ s!$ ti$ !&* th$r$ sh!"" #$ &'tr!&sissi'& '+ ri0hts +r' '&$ t' th$ 'th$r.

-Proof of death m-st )e esta)lished )y /ositive evidence. t can never)e esta)lished from mere inference arising from another inference orfrom /res-m/tions and ass-m/tions. *,-a-in v Bavarro son died)efore mom d-ring ,a/anese shootings+

<2ri*i!" P$rs'&s

Art. 77. Th$ ++. !r$ 2ri*i!" ,$rs'&s!. 6he state and its /olitical s-)divisions2. Other cor/orations instit-tions and entities for /-)lic interest or

/-r/ose created )y law their /ersonality )egins as soon as they have)een constit-ted according to law

1. %or/orations /artnershi/s and associations for /rivate interest or/-r/ose to which the law grants a >-ridical /ersonality se/arate and

distinct from that of each shareholder /artner or mem)er.Art. 7. <2ri*i!" ,$rs'&s $&ti'&$* i& N's. 1 !&* - '+ th$ ,r$$*i&0 !rti"$!r$ 0'$r&$* #/ th$ "!s r$!ti&0 'r 'r0!&i4i&0 th$. Pri!t$ 'r,'r!ti'&s!r$ r$02"!t$* #/ "!s '+ 0$&$r!" !,,"i!ti'& '& th$ s2#$t. P!rt&$rshi,s!&* !ss'i!ti'&s +'r ,ri!t$ i&t$r$st 'r ,2r,'s$ !r$ 0'$r&$* #/ th$,r'isi'&s '+ this C'*$ '&$r&i&0 ,!rt&$rshi,s (36 !&* 39!)Art. 76. <2ri*i!" ,$rs'&s !/ !:2ir$ !&* ,'ss$ss ,r',$rt/ '+ !"" %i&*s5 !s$"" s i&2r '#"i0!ti'&s !&* #ri&0 ii" 'r rii&!" !ti'&s5 i& '&+'rit/ith th$ "!s !&* r$02"!ti'&s '+ th$ 'r0!&i4!ti'&.

- ,-ridical Person is a )eing of legal e$istence s-sce/ti)le of rightsand o)ligations or of )eing the s-)>ect of >-ridical relations.

- s a f-ndamental r-le the tate cannot )e s-ed witho-t its consent.

>$r0! P!0$ 6 '+ 1




- Political s-)divisions m-nici/al cor/orations /rovinces cities andm-nici/alities.

o M-nici/al cor/orations e$ist in d-al ca/acity.

6hey e$ercise the right s/ringing from sovereignty 6hey e$ercise /rivate /ro/rietary or cor/orate right

arising from their e$istence as legal /ersons and not

as /-)lic agencies.- %or/orations *government+ are governed )y (P 8 a3a %or/oration

%ode of the Phili//ines. *effective May ! !"80+- Partnershi/ 2 or more- &istinct Personality and E$ce/tions< %or/orations /artnershi/s and

associations for /rivate interest and /-r/ose may )e granted )y law a >-ridical /ersonality se/arate and distinct from that of eachshareholder /artner or mem)er. E$am/le< O)ligation of cor/ is noto)ligation of stoc3holder and vice versa.

Art. 79. B,'& th$ *iss'"2ti'& '+ 'r,'r!ti'&s5 i&stit2ti'&s !&* 'th$r $&titi$s+'r ,2#"i i&t$r$st 'r ,2r,'s$ $&ti'&$* i& N'. - '+ Art 775 th$ir ,r',$rt/!&* 'th$r !ss$ts sh!"" #$ *is,'s$* '+ i& ,2rs2!&$ '+ "! 'r th$ h!rt$rr$!ti&0 th$. I+ &'thi&0 h!s #$$& s,$i+i$* '& this ,'i&t5 th$ ,r',$rt/ !&*'th$r !ss$ts sh!"" #$ !,,"i$* t' sii"!r ,2r,'s$s +'r th$ #$&$+it '+ th$r$0i'&5 ,r'i&$5 it/ 'r 2&ii,!"it/ hih *2ri&0 th$ $ist$&$ '+ th$i&stit2ti'& *$ri$* th$ ,ri&i,!" #$&$+its +r' th$ s!$.

Citi4$&shi, !&* D'ii"$

Art. 78. Th$ +'""'i&0 !r$ iti4$&s '+ th$ Phi"i,,i&$s!. 6hose who were citi5ens of the Phili//ines at the time of the ado/tion

of the %onstit-tion of the Phili//ines2. 6hose )orn in the Phili//ines of foreign /arents who )efore the

ado/tion of said %onstit-tion had )een elected to /-)lic office in thePhili//ines

1. 6hose whose fathers are citi5ens of the Phili//ines4. 6hose whose mothers are citi5ens of the Phili//ines and -/on

reaching the age of ma>ority elect Phili//ine citi5enshi/. 6hose who are nat-rali5ed in accordance with law.

Art. 7=. N!t2r!"i4!ti'& !&* th$ "'ss !&* r$!:2isiti'& '+ iti4$&shi, '+ th$Phi"i,,i&$s !r$ 0'$r&$* #/ s,$i!" "!s.Art. ?. F'r th$ $$ris$ '+ ii" ri0hts !&* th$ +2"+i""$&t '+ ii"'#"i0!ti'&s5 th$ *'ii"$ '+ &!t2r!" ,$rs'&s is th$ ,"!$ '+ th$ir h!#it2!"r$si*$&$.

- &omicile denotes a fi$ed /ermanent residence to which whena)sent one has the intention of ret-rning.

o &omicile is residence co-/led with the intention to remain for

an -nlimited time.o Residence -sed to indicate a /lace of a)ode whether

/ermanent or tem/orary.o One may have many residences )-t only one domicile.

- minor follows the domicile of his /arents- &omicile of origin can only )e lost and a change of domicile occ-rs

when the following re-isites are /resent<o n act-al removal or an act-al change of domicile

o )ona fide intention of a)andoning the former /lace of

residence esta)lishing a new one

o cts which corres/ond with the /-r/ose.- ?nder the Family %ode the h-s)and and wife shall fi$ the family

domicile. n case of disagreement the %o-rt shall decide.Art. 1. Wh$& th$ "! r$!ti&0 'r r$'0&i4i&0 th$5 'r !&/ 'th$r ,r'isi'&*'$s &'t +i th$ *'ii"$ '+ 2ri*i!" ,$rs'&s5 th$ s!$ sh!"" #$ 2&*$rst''*t' #$ th$ ,"!$ h$r$ th$ir "$0!" r$,r$s$&t!ti'& is $st!#"ish$* 'r h$r$th$/ $$ris$ th$ir ,ri&i,!" +2&ti'&s.

- ,-s ang-inis citi5enshi/ )y )lood

- ,-s oli refers to citi5enshi/ on the )asis of the /lace of )irth- c-isition of %iti5enshi/< governed )y % 4#1 as amended.

o -alifications

Bot )e less than 2! on day of hearing of /etition M-st have resided in Phil for a contin-o-s /eriod of

not less than !0 years

'ood moral character and )elieves in the /rinci/lesof %onsti. Pro/er cond-ct and irre/roacha)le mannerd-ring residence in Phil in his relation withconstit-ted govHt. as well as with comm-nity heHsliving

M-st own real estate in Phil worth not less thanP000.00 Phil c-rrency or m-st have some 3nownl-crative trade /rofessions or lawf-l occ-/ation.*-nder /resent consti no alien may own land e$ce/tthro-gh hereditary s-ccession+

)le to s/ea3 and write in English or /anish andany one of the /rinci/la Phili//ine lang-ages

M-st have enrolled his minor children of school agein any /-)lic or /rivate school recogni5ed )y theOffice of Private Ed-cation of the Phili//ines

o /ecial -alifications *!o years contin-o-s residence may )e

red-ced to years+ if< Donora)ly held office Esta)lished a new ind-stry or introd-ced a -sef-l

invention in the Phil (eing married to a Fili/ino woman Engaged as a teacher in Phil in a /-)lic or recogni5ed

/rivate school not esta)lished for e$cl-siveinstr-ction of children of /ersons of a /artic-larnationality or race in any of the )ranches of ed-c orind-stry for a /eriod of not less than 2 years

(orn in the Phili//ines

>$r0! P!0$ 9 '+ 1




o =ho are dis-alified

O//osed to organi5ed govt or affiliated with anyassociation who -/hold or teach doctrines o//osingall organi5ed govts.

&efend or teach the necessity or /ro/riety ofviolence /ersonal assa-lt or assassination for the

s-ccess and /redominance of their ideas Polygamists or )elievers in /ractice of /olygamy %onvicted of crimes involving moral t-r/it-de -ffering from mental alienation or inc-ra)le

contagio-s diseases &-ring residence has not mingled socially with

Fili/inos or who have not evinced a sincere desire tolearn and em)race all c-stoms traditions and idealsof Fili/inos

%iti5ens of nations with whom *? and+ the Phil areat war d-ring the /eriod of war

%iti5ens of foreign *other than ?+ whose laws donot grant Fili/inos the right to )ecome nat-rali5edciti5ens or s-)>ect thereof.

- ;oss of %iti5enshi/o Bat-rali5ation in foreign co-ntry

o E$/ress ren-nciation of citi5enshi/

o Oath of allegiance to s-//ort consti of foreign -/on )eing 2!

yAo. Provided may not divest himself of Phil citi5enshi/ in anymanner while RP is at war with any co-ntry

o Render service or acce/t commission in the armed forces of

foreign. Provided shall not divest a Fili/ino of a Philciti5enshi/ if<

- RP has a defensive andAor offensive /act of alliance with foreignco-ntry

- aid foreign co-ntry maintains armed forces on Phil territory withconsent of RP. Provided<

o De states that he does so only in connection with his service

to said foreign co-ntryo Render service -nder any circ-mstances mentioned in /ar a

and ) shall not )e /ermitted to /artici/ate or vote in anyelection of RP d-ring /eriod of service or commission in thearmed forces of said co-ntry

cancellation of certificate of nat-rali5ation declared )y com/etent a-thority a deserter of Phil

armed forces in time of war -nless /lenary /ardonor amnesty granted

in case of a woman -/on her marriage to aforeigner if )y virt-e of laws in force in herh-s)andHs co-ntry she ac-ires his nationality.

- Reac-isition of %iti5enshi/

o (y nat-rali5ation. Provided he doesnHt have any of the

dis-alifications /rescri)ed.o Re/atriation of deserters of army navy or air cor/s. Provided

woman who lost her citi5enshi/ )y reason of marriage withalien )e re/atriated after termination of marital stat-s

o (y direct act of the %ongress of the Phili//ines

>$r0! P!0$ 8 '+ 1




CASES AND ADDITIONAL THINS TO REMEMER

Article 1

• aclolo vs. %R @ nat-re of marriage

• 3inner vs. tate of O3lahoma @ marriage is one of the )asic civil rights of man

• (ove vs. Pinnioti @ marriage is not at most a civil contract. t is at least a civil

contract )eca-se the contracting /arties m-st give their f-ll and freeconsentAagreement to it. (-t -nli3e other contracts it cannot )e dissolved or)reached >-st )eca-se the e$/ected o-tcome did not materiali5e.

• P6N6 vs. B;R% @ as a s/ecial contract marriage cannot )e restricted )y any

discriminatory r-leAreg-lationsA/olicies.• tate vs. 6a))y @ marriage creates a s/ecial stat-s or relation )etween

contracting /arties• Magee vs. o-ng @ the state is interested in marriage

• -l-eta vs. @ altho-gh marriage esta)lishes a /ermanent -nion it does not

shed the /arties individ-al integrity and /rivacy.• Binal vs. (ayadog @ as a general r-le the law in force d-ring the time of the

marriage shall govern the marriage.• (ayog)og vs. % @ e$ce/tion to the r-le *Provisions of the /anish code was

not im/lemented in the Phili//ines th-s the laws in force when the case was)ro-ght to the co-rt+

LAWS OVERNIN MARRIAE

. (efore !"2" < the /anish civil code )-t there are /rovisions that nevertoo3 effect in the Phili//ines li3e rt. 1 and 4.

(. !"2" -ntil -g-st 2" !"0 @ Marriage ;aws of !"2".%. -g-st 10 !"0 -ntil -g-st 2 !"88 @ %ivil %ode of the Phili//ines&. -g-st 1 !"88 -ntil /resent @ Family code of the Phili//ines

Bote< 6he Princi/le that the validity of marriage is determined )y the law effectived-ring the cele)ration of the marriage is f-rther highlighted )y the fact that 'EBER; R?;E 6DE B6?RE OF 6DE MRR'E ;RE& %E;E(R6E& %BBO6(E %DB'E& ( ?(E?EB6 MEB&MEB6 6O 6DE ;=.

Void marriage cannot )e c-red. 6h-s while rt 2 of the family code /rovides thatthe law shall have retroactive effect in so far as it does not /re>-dice or im/airvested rights the retroactivity cla-se is a general one and does not e$/ressly anddirectly validate a /revio-s void marriage -nder the %ivil %ode.

6here is one clear case where the Family code allows the filling of a /etition to

declare a marriage void even if the gro-nd was not stat-torily /rovided for a voidmarriage -nder the %ivil %ode< rticle 1 */sychological inca/acity GG no longer hasa /rescri/tive /eriod+ case where this is the gro-nd may )e filed regardless ofwhether the marriage has )een cele)rated )efore or after -g-st 1 2004.

Article 2-6

• %hi Ming 6soi vs. % @ /rocreation as one of the essential marital o)ligations

-nder the Family %ode is )ased on the -niversal /rinci/le that /rocreation ofchildren thro-gh se$-al -nion is one of the )asic ends of marriage.

• M.6 vs. ,.6 @ after se$-al change the se$ is already changed th-s that /erson

can already contract marriage.• 6eter vs. 6eter @ consent re-isite to marriage relation need not however )e

e$/ressed in any s/ecial manner or /artic-lar form. */age !!4+• ;ocal 'overnment %ode was instit-ted on ,an-ary ! !""2.

• Peo/le vs. ,anssen @ if marriage is iss-ed in a /lace other than the residence ofthe contracting /arty the marriage /erformed on the )asis of s-ch a marriagelicense is still valid.

• Payne vs. Payne @ 6he commission of /er>-ry or dece/tion on the /art of the

contracting /arties as to their age in order to avoid the stat-tory re-irementof /arental consent is not a ca-se to invalidate a marriage o)tained thro-ghs-ch marriage license.

• 6he marriage certificate is not an essential nor formal re-irement of marriage.

Fail-re to sign a marriage certificate itself does not render the marriage void orann-lla)le *Madride>o vs. de leon+

• (alog)og vs. %. @ 6he a)sence of witness is merely and irreg-larity which will

not render a marriage void.

>$r0! P!0$ = '+ 1




• E-genio r vs. Vele5 @Phili//ine law does not recogni5e common law marriages.

Persons re/resenting themselves as h-s)ands and wives and has )een livingtogether for s-ch a long /eriod of time witho-t marriage are considered 9married: in common law >-risdiction )-t not in the Phili//ines.

• %osca vs. Palay/ayon @ the /ractice of >-dge of re-iring the /arties to sign the

contract )efore as3ing for their declaration is highly im/ro/er )-t will not affect

the validity of the marriage.• Dermosisima vs. % @ mere )reach of /romise to marry is not an actiona)le

wrong.• =assmer vs. Vele5 @ (reach of /romise to marry attendant with formally

setting a wedding and going thro-gh all the /re/aration can )e lia)le -nder art2! *%%+

Article7

• vice mayor may act on )ehalf of the mayor and a-thori5e marriages *Peo/le

vs. (-stamante+

Article 21

• 'arcia vs. Recio GG f witho-t a certificate of legal ca/acity and the marriage

license is nonetheless iss-es the marriage cele)rated on the )asis of s-ch

marriage licenses shall not considered void for it is merely an irreg-larity.

Article 22 and 23

• BicdaoG%arino vs. %arino GG 6he certification of the civil registry shall en>oy high

/ro)ative val-e.

Article 26

• Bo state is )o-nd y committee to geive effect in its co-rt to laws which are

re/-gnant to its own laws and good order of society *(rimson vs. (rimson+• =oo =oo in vs. Vivo @ f the law in the foreign co-ntry *e$. %hina + is not

/roven it wo-ld )e ass-med )y the co-rt that it has laws the same as in thePhili//ines

• &ivorce initiated )y a Fili/ino is against /-)lic /olicy *%ang vs. % 6echave$ vs.

Escano+•

'arcia vs. Recio G f the Fili/ino is already nat-rali5ed rt 2 will not a//ly )-tthe law where he was nat-rali5ed.

Article 34

• Man5ano vs. anche5 @ Re-irement for article 14 is only that there sho-ld )e

no legal im/ediment at the time of the cele)ration of the marriage.

Article 35

• &omingo vs. % GG For /-r/oses of remarriage the only acce/ta)le /roof to

show the voidness of the first marriage is a >-dicial declaration iss-ed )y aco-rt directly stating that the first marriage is n-ll and void *&omingo vs. %+.

Article 36

• 6-a5on vs. % GG 6he finding of the trial co-rt as to the e$istence or nonG

e$istence of the /sychological inca/acity shall )e )inding -/on the % -nless itcan )e s-fficiently shown that the trail co-rt erred.

Article 38

•

(ac3 vs. (ac3 @ >-dicial declaration of n-llity of marriage shall dissolve ffinity.

Arti"$ 3=• %hi Ming 6soi vs. % GG ny of the /arties of a void marriage may file for n-llity

case even tho-gh s-ch /arty is the wrong doer

Article 40

C!s$ D!t$ C'$r$* R2"i&0

1. M$&*'4! S$,t$#$r-85 1=7

With'2t &$$*

-. Ar!0'& F$#r2!r/ -851=9

With'2t &$$*

3. '$4 <2&$ 3?5 1=91 With &$$*

7. C'&s$02$r! <!&2!r/ 3?51=91 With &$$*

. O*!/!t <2&$ -5 1=99 With'2t &$$*

6. T'"$&ti&' M!/ 3?5 1=83 With'2t &$$*

9. Wi$0$" A202st 1=51=86

With &$$*

8. F!i"/C'*$

A202st 351=83

With &$$*

Article 41

• 'ome5 vs. ;i/ana @ as a general r-le marriage contracted d-ring the lifetime

of the first s/o-se is n-ll and void.• Peo/le vs. rcillaGG 6he declaration of /res-m/tive death will still )e /rimaG

facie and can )e overthrown )y evidence• RP vs. Bolasco @ the a)sence of diligent search on the /resent s/o-se negates

that there is well fo-nded )elief to /res-me that the s/o-se is dead.

Article 46

• (-cat vs. (-cat @ si$ months /regnancy is already conceiva)le th-s no

concealment• -ino vs. &eli5o @ fo-r months /regnancy is still -nconceiva)le there is

concealment.• Foss vs. Foss @ the h-s)and 3new )efore marriage of the -nchaste character of

the s/o-se th-s no gro-nd for legal se/aration.

>$r0! P!0$ 1? '+ 1




Article 47

• (rown vs. am)ao @ the co-rt can ta3e notice of /rescri/tion even if it is not

alleged in the answer in an ann-lment case.

Article 48

• %ardenas vs. %ardenas and Rehn Ocam/o vs. Florencio @ ,-dgment on

sti/-lation of facts and confession of >-dgment is no /rohi)ited so long as it iscorro)orated )y inde/endent evidences.

Article 49

• ilva vs. % @ visitation rights sho-ld )e given to the /arent not awarded with

c-stody -nless there are com/elling reasons to r-le otherwise.

Article 50

• Valde5 vs. R6% @ rt 0 a//lies on to s-)se-ent void marriages contracted y a

s/o-se of a /rior marriage )efore the latter is >-dicially declared void. For voidmarriages the r-le on coGownershi/ shall a//ly

Article 55

• Prather vs. Prather @ se$ with a cow im/eril the wifeHs life.

•

ymthe vs. ymthe @ se/aration where )oth of the s/o-ses willingly conc-r isnot a willf-l desertion of one )y the other.

Article 56

• Ocam/o vs. Florencio @ the fail-re of a h-s)and to loo3 for his erring s/o-se

does not constit-te condonation• lmacen vs. (alta5ar @ the act of the s/o-se of giving money to not filing

charges does not constit-te condonation.• Peo/le vs. ensano @ the consent of a s/o-se may)e ded-ced from his actions.

• 'reene vs. 'reene @ volenti non fit in>-ria

• =hithers/oon vs =hiters/oon @ connivance

Article 58

• Pacete vs. %arriaga GG 6he nonGo)servance of the months cooling off /eriod

may set aside the decision of the lower co-rt. For as long as se/aration isinserted in any case the mandatory re-irement m-st )e com/lied with.

• rroyo vs. Vas-e5 @ f the /etition is denied the co-rt cannot com/el the

s/o-ses to live together for marital o)ligations are /-rely /ersonal in character.

Article 74-77

• 6oda ,r. vs. % @ a se/aration of /ro/erty cannot )e effected )y mere

e$ec-tion of a contract or agreement of the /arties )-t )y the decree of theco-rt a//roving the same.

Article 87

• Rodrig-e5 vs. Rodrig-e5 @ the selling of the /ro/erty from the s/o-se to the

da-ghter to the father cannot )e n-llified )eca-se all are g-ilty no one mayrecover what was given )y virt-e of the contract.

COMMENTS ON CASESY MEL STA. MARIA

BALOGBOG CASE

=itness testified he didnHt see or hear the act-al e$change of vows. Deonly testified 9 saw the weddingQ: % said that the act-al e$change of vows co-ld)e /res-med )eca-se there was an act-al wedding ceremony as testified )y thewitness. s long as the witness saw there was a wedding ceremony the co-rt thenma3es a /res-m/tion that the e$change of vows too3 /lace.S

NAVAO CASE

-thority of solemni5ing officer is a formal re-irement. 6he 'EBER;R?;E is that for solemni5ing officers<

!. B%?M(EB6 >-dge A mayor2. =6DB its >-risdiction

a)sence of a-thority treated as no a-thority so Voidmarriage.

Bavarro case stated that if the solemni5ing officer cele)rated the marriage)eyond its >-risdiction this is >-st an irreg-larity. Es/ecially if )oth /artieswere in good faith or one of them was in good faith.

M6% A R6% ,?&'EGwithin its >-risdiction eg. Ma3ati only% A % ,?6%EGentire Phili//ines

S! "# CA

;ower co-rt n-llified a marriage )eca-se of /sychological inca/acity. %agreed that it was a void marriage )-t the gro-nd was differentC it was )ased onlac3 of marriage licenseQ

6he general r-le is that if yo- donHt assign an error in >-dgment thea//ellate co-rt will not tac3le that -nassigned error or iss-e. (-t in this case evenif the iss-e was -nassigned it was so o)vio-s from the records that there was nomarriage license so the % co-ld validly render a >-dgment that indeed themarriage is void )eca-se there was no marriage license.

>$r0! P!0$ 11 '+ 1




L?B% D, %EH Rich L/arentsH died. /erson claims that she was a da-ghter. (rothers N sisters ofthe deceased /arents -estioned the standing of the da-ghter. 6he Lda-ghterHarg-ed that only the D-s)and can im/-gn her stat-s in a direct action. s the Lda-ghterH correctI

%< =ROB' -n da-ghterQ =hyI t was /roven that the da-ghter did notcome from the mother so the R-les on Paternity N Filiation will BO6 a//ly. 6his is a)latant case of F;F%6OB of (R6D %ER6F%6E.

o the R?;E is< %DE%T FR6 if the child came o-t from the Mother )efore yo-a//ly the R-les on Paternity N FiliationQQQ

TB' %E

= files ;egal e/aration case against D. = won. D went to the ?.. = now wants toado/t her children N as3s co-rt to designate her as the one who will e$erciseParental -thority )ased on R6. 2!1 of Family %ode.

%< 6ermination of Parental -thority is always with %a-se N m-st )e e$/ressly/rovided )y the co-rt. n this legal se/aration case there is no showing that theParental -thority of D was terminated.

R6. 2!1 of F% merely &E'B6E the /erson who will e$ercise /arentala-thority. t does not mean that D )eing the g-ilty s/o-se will -tomatically losehis /arental a-thority.

For (B&OBMEB6 to a//lyG it means total a)sol-te cessation of Family &-ties. nthe Tang %ase there was no a)andonment )eca-se the D had contact with thechildren thr- overseas /hone calls al)eit it was seldom.

SAL(EN' +EA'ES ON A*O.'(ON

!. (efore a 1rd /arty co-ld ado/t earnest efforts to loo3 for a /ossi)le Lado/terH within the e$tended family.

2. if the )a)y so-ght to )e ado/ted is still inside the wom) of the mother anycontract or agreement of ado/tion entered )y the )iological /arents isVO&Q

1. do/ter cannot rescind do/tion only the do/ted /erson can. (-t thedo/ter can &isinherit the do/ted /erson.

4. ?nder Family %odeG liens cannot ado/t *this was old r-le+?nder &omestic do/tion ;awG liens can now ado/t *new r-le+

. ;oo3 for the 1 E$ce/tions or gro-nds to e$em/t the aliens from /roc-ring%ertificate of ;egal %a/acity or %ertificate of Residency.

9legally free child: in interco-ntry ado/tion means that the child is vol-ntarily orinvol-ntarily committed to social welfare agency.

%an yo- file interco-ntry ado/tion a//lication in the reg-lar co-rtsIY$s5 #2t th$ '2rt i"" 2st *$t$ri&$ i+ !"" th$ ,!,$rs !r$ ',"$t$ i""r$+$r it t' th$ INTERCOBNTRY ADOPTION OARD +'r th$ ,r',$r*$t$ri&!ti'& '+ A*',ti'&. (i& sh'rt5 ,2,2&t! ,! ri& /2& s! I&t$r'2&tr/A*',ti'& '!r*G s' /'2 #$tt$r 0' th$r$ i&iti!""/5 &'t t' th$ '2rts)

>$r0! P!0$ 13 '+ 1




<BRISPRBDENCE OBTLINE Y MEL STA MARIA

1==7S!"it! . M!0t'"is

Psychological inca/acity is/sychosomatic and deals with

state of mind and th-s canonly )e /roven )y indicatorsor e$ternal manifestations of

the /erson claimed to )e/sychologically inca/acitated.

6hese indicators m-st )eclearly alleged in the

com/laint filed in the co-rt.

r'h& . CA% r-led that the testimony

of the h-s)and with res/ectto the re/ort of the

/sychiatrist was not withinthe doctorG/atient /rivilegedcomm-nication r-le since theone who wo-ld testify is notthe doctor )-t the h-s)and.

% also r-led that neither canthe h-s)andHs testimony )e

considered a circ-mvention ofthe /rohi)ition )eca-se histestimony cannot have the

force and effect of thetestimony of the /hysician

who e$amined the /atientand made the re/ort.S!"$*' . Ort!&$4

1==S!&t's . CA

$*i!;S!&t's6he very first case decided )ythe % which disc-ssed the

sco/e and meaning of rt1. %denied the n-llity case.

ccdg to ,-stice em/io &iyU/sychological inca/acity m-st )echaracteri5e )y *a+ gravity *)+

>-ridical antecedence *c+inc-ra)ility

1==6T2!s'& . CA

6he finding of the trial co-rt as to the e$istence or nonGe$istence of a /artyHs /sychological inca/a)it at the time ofthe marriage is final and )inding on the % -nless it can )es-fficiently shown that the tiral co-rtHs fact-al findings and

eval-ation of the testimonies and /ieces of evidence/resented are clearly and manifestly erroneo-s.

V!"*$4 . RTC&elivery of /res-m/tive legitime is not re-ired as a

general r-le in void marriages )-t as an e$ce/tion to thisgeneral r-le the Valde5 r-ling also states that /ar *2+*1+*4+*+ of rt41 relates only )y the e$/licit terms of rt0 tovoida)le marriages -nder rt2 and e$ce/tionally to void

marriages -nder rt 40.

1==9Chi Mi&0 Ts'i

Procreation is an essential o)ligation *as the)asic end of marriage+. %onstant nonGf-lfillmentof this o)ligation will finally destroy the integrityor wholeness of the marriage. Prolonged ref-sal

of a s/o-se to have se$-al interco-rse with his orher s/o-se is considered a sign of /sychologicalinca/acity altho-gh /hysically ca/a)le. 6his isthe only case which n-llity on the gro-nds of P

was granted.RP . CA !&* MOLINA

% en-merated the g-idelines in invo3ing the/sychological inca/acity -nder art1< *!+the

)-rden of /roof to show the n-llity of the

marriage )elong to the /laintiff *2+the root ca-seof the /sychological inca/acity m-st )e<

*a+medically or clinically identified *)+ alleged inthe com/laint *c+ s-fficiently /rocen )y e$/ertsand *d+ cleary e$/lained in the decision. *1+theinca/acity m-st )e /roven to )e e$isting at thetime of the cele)ration of the marriage *4+ Pm-st )e shown to )e medically or clinically

/ermanent or inc-ra)le *+s-ch illness m-st )egrave eno-gh to )ring a)o-t the disa)ility of the

/arty to ass-me the essential o)ligations ofmarriage. *+ the essential o)ligations m-st )ethose em)odied )y rt " to #! *h-s)and and

wife+of F% as well as rt 220 22! and 11

*/arents and children+ *#+inter/retations given )ythe Bational //ellate Matrimonial 6ri)-nal of the%atholic %h-rch in the P while not controlling ordecisive sho-ld )e given great res/ect )y o-r

co-rts. *8+the trial co-rt m-st order the/rosec-ting attorney or fiscal and ' to a//earas co-nsel for the state. Bo decision shall )e

handed down -nless the % iss-es a certification.*last sent not anymore needed /-rs-ant to %

resol-tion+

>$r0! P!0$ 17 '+ 1




-???M!r's . M!r's

% r-led that 9the /ersonalmedical or /sychological

e$amination of res/ondent isnot a re-irement for a

declaration of /sychologicalinca/acity and that it is not a

condition sine -a non fors-ch declaration. Doweverthe %o-rt may or may not

acce/t the testimony of the/sychologist or /sychiatrist.

6he %o-rt may )ase itsdecision on the t't!"it/ '+

th$ $i*$&$ other than thefindings of the /sychiatrist or

/sychologist.

-??1R$,2#"i . D!0*!0

the law does not define what/sychological inca/acity is andtherefore the determination isleft solely with the co-rts on a

caseGtoGcase )asis.&etermination of P 9de/ends onthe facts of the case. Each m-st)e >-dged not on the )asis of a/riori ass-m/tions /redilections

or generali5ations )-t accordingto its own facts.:

-??-%hoa v. %hoa

-??3Masias v. Masias

Mercado Fehr v. Fehr(arcelo v. %G(engson

>$r0! P!0$ 1 '+ 1

14021680 persons and family relations reviewer vena verga

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