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Personality
“Characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling and acting.”
Four major perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivationsTrait - specific dimensions of personalityHumanistic - inner capacity for growthSocial-Cognitive - influence of environment
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Psychoanalytic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”
(1856-1939)
University of Vienna 1873Voracious Reader
Medical School Graduate
Specialized in NervousDisorders
Some patients’ disordersSome patients’ disordershad no physical cause!had no physical cause!
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Psychoanalytic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”
Q: What caused neurologicalsymptoms in patients with no
neurological problems?
UnconsciousHypnosis
FreeAssociation
“Psychoanalysis”
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The Unconscious“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”
Conscious Awarenesssmall part above surface
(Preconscious)
Unconsciousbelow the surface
(thoughts, feelings,wishes, memories)
Repressionbanishing unacceptablethoughts & passions to
unconsciousDreams & Slips
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Freud & Personality Structure“Personality arises from conflict twixt agressive,pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints”
Satisfactionwithout the guilt?
Ego SuperEgo
Id
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Freud & Personality StructureId - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives
Pleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic waysReality Principle
Super Ego- voice of consciencethat focuses on howwe ought to behave
Ego SuperEgo
Id
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Freud & Personality Development“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”
“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”
Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouthAnal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex”
(Identification & Gender Identity)Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormantGenital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others
Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3
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Defense MechanismsId
SuperEgo
Ego
When the inner wargets out of hand, theresult is Anxiety
Ego protects itself viaDefense Mechanisms
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality
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• Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from consciousness (underlies all other defense mechanisms)
• Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixateddevelopment
• Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptable impulses appear as their opposites
• Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others• Rationalization - generate self-justifying
explanations to hide the real reasons for our actions• Displacement - divert impulses toward a more
acceptable object• Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse into
something socially valued
Defense Mechanisms
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Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Unconscious & Assessment
How can we assess personality?(i.e., the unconscious)
Objective Tests?No - tap the conscious
Projective Tests?Yes - tap the unconscious
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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Were Freud’s theoriesthe “best of his time”or were they simply
incorrect?
Current researchcontradicts
many of Freud’sspecific ideas
Development does notstop in childhood
Dreams may not beunconscious
drives and wishes
Slips of the tongue arelikely competing
“nodes” in memory network
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Freud’s Ideas as Scientific TheoryTheories must explain observations
and offer testable hypotheses
Few Objective ObservationsFew Objective Observations Few HypothesesFew Hypotheses
(Freud’s theories based on his recollections &(Freud’s theories based on his recollections &interpretations of patients’ free associations,interpretations of patients’ free associations,
dreams & slips o’ the tongue)dreams & slips o’ the tongue)
Does Not Does Not PREDICTPREDICT Behavior or Traits Behavior or Traits
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Trait Perspective
No hidden personality dynamics…just basic personality dimensions
Traits - people’s characteristicbehaviors & conscious motives
How do we describe & classify different personalities?(Type A vs Type B or Depressed vs Cheerful?)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify peoplebased upon responses to 126 questions
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Are There “Basic” Traits?What trait “dimensions” describe personality?
Combination of 2 or 3genetically determined
dimensions
Expanded set of factors“The Big 5”
Extraversion/IntroversionEmotional Stability/Instability
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The Big Five
Emotional Stability
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
• Calm/Anxious• Secure/Insecure
• Sociable/Retiring• Fun Loving/Sober
• Imaginative/Practical• Independent/Conforming
• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless• Trusting/Suspicious
• Organized/Disorganized• Careful/Careless
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Assessing Traits
How can we assess traits?(aim to simplify a person’s behavior patterns)
Personality InventoriesPersonality Inventories
MMPIMMPI• most widely used personality inventory• assess psychological disorders (not normal traits)• empirically derived - test items selected based
upon how well they discriminate twixt groupsof traits
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The Humanistic Perspective
Maslow’sMaslow’sSelf-ActualizingSelf-Actualizing
PersonPerson
Roger’sRoger’sPerson-CenteredPerson-Centered
PerspectivePerspective
“Healthy” rather than “Sick”Individual as greater than the sum of test scores
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Maslow & Self-Actualization
Physiological
Safety
Love Needs
Esteem
Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential
• Studied healthy, creative people• Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &
Eleanor Roosevelt• Self-Aware & Self-Accepting• Open & Spontaneous• Loving & Caring• Problem-Centered not Self-Centered
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Roger’s Person-Centered PerspectivePeople are basically goodwith actualizing tendencies.
Given the right environmentalconditions, we will develop
to our full potentials
Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy
Self ConceptSelf Concept - central featureof personality (+ or -)
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Assessing & Evaluating the Self
?? Primarily through questionnaires in whichpeople report their self-concept.
?? Also by understanding others’ subjectivepersonal experiences during therapy
XX Concepts are vague & subjective.Assumptions are naïvely optimistic.
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation
What we think about our situationaffects our behavior
Interaction ofEnvironment & Intellect
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Reciprocal DeterminismPersonal/Personal/CognitiveCognitiveFactorsFactors
BehaviorBehaviorEnvironmentEnvironment
FactorsFactors
Internal World + External World = UsInternal World + External World = Us
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Personal Control
Internal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of ControlLuck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of StudyMethods of Study• Correlate feelings of control with behaviorCorrelate feelings of control with behavior• Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofExperiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofcontrol and noting effectscontrol and noting effects
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Outcomes of Personal Control
Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness
Uncontrollablebad events
Perceivedlack of control
Generalizedhelpless behavior
Important IssueImportant Issue• Nursing Homes
• Prisons•Colleges