Chapter 16 Grammar, Part I

The Passive Voice and Perfect Passive Participles

Active vs. Passive

• Latin has two voice, Active and Passive

• In the active voice, the subject acts on the verb:

Quintus calls Marcus• In the passive voice, the subject is

acted upon:Marcus is called by Quintus.

Exercise 16.1

1. Heliodorus helped me.2. Flaccus contributed money.3. They entered the harbor.4. Flaccus gave the captain the fare.5. Quintus shed many tears.

What is a participle?

• A participle is part verb and part adjective, aka a verb that is used to describe a noun:The boy, having been greeted, walks to the

store.

• In this example, the boy is being described by the participle having been greeted.

Participles in Latin

• Participles in Latin have a tense (present, perfect, or future) and a voice (active or passive)

• Participles have a case, number, and gender and must agree with the noun it describes in case, number, and gender

Perfect Passive Participles

• This is a participle that happens before the main verb:The boy, having been greeted, walks

to the store.• What happened first? The boy being

greeted or the boy walking to the store?

The boy being greeted.

Perfect Participles in Latin

• The perfect passive participles are the fourth principal part of the verb:saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatus

• It will agree with its noun in case, number, and gender (and use 1st/2nd decl. endings):

puer salutatus ad tabernam ambulat.

Exercise 16.3 #1-4

1. Caesar a coniuratis occisus prope statuam Pompei iacebat.

2. coniurati ab Antonio oppugnati ex urbe fugerunt.

3. Flaccus ciuium temultibus territus, constituit Venusiam redire.

4. Quintus epistolam ab Heliodoro scrptam laetus accepit.

Exercise 16.5 #1-3

1. coniurati ad theatrum (conuocare) Caesarem anxii exspectabant.

2. ille aduenit et ab omnibus (salutare) tandem sedit.

3. coniurati eum pugionibus (oppugnare) ferociter occidunt.

conuocati

salutatus

oppugnatum

Exercise Answers and Translations

16.1.1: I was helped by Heliodorus.

16.1.2: Money was contributed by Flaccus.

16.1.3: The harbor was entered by them.

16.1.4: The captain was given the fare by Flaccus.

16.1.5: Many tears were shed by Quintus.

16.3.1: Caesar, having been killed by the conspirators, was lying near the statue of Pompey.

16.3.2: The conspirators, having been attacked by Antony, fled from the city.

16.3.3: Flaccus, having been scared by the uproar of the citizens, decided to return to Venusia.

16.3.4: Quintus received a letter, having been written by Heliodorus, happily.

16.5.1: The conspirators, having been called to the theater, waited anxiously for Caesar.

16.5.2: He arrived and, having been greeted by everyone, sat at last.

16.5.3: The conspirators killed him, having been attacked with daggers, ferociously.