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16.400/453
16.400/453J
Human Factors Engineering
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Displays
Prof. D. C. Chandra
Lecture 7
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Overview
• Taxonomy of displays
• Classic display issues
• Design and evaluation of flight deck displays
– EFB discussion
• Display examples from different domains
• EVS/HUD video
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Basic Taxonomy
• Displays can be visual, auditory, haptic etc. – Any way to transmit information
– Focus on visual displays for this lecture
• Static displays – Symbols (e.g., road signs)
– Good for spatial information (e.g., paper maps)
• Dynamic displays – Present temporal information such as current
status, trends, predictions
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Some Classic Display Issues
• Inside-out vs. Outside-in
• Display arrangement
• Moving pointer vs. moving scale display
• Information integration on glass displays
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Inside-out vs. Outside-in
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Moving AircraftExocentric movingaircraft outside-in
Moving Outside WorldEgocentric moving horizon inside-out
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Display Design
Slides covering the following topics have been removed due to copyright restrictions:
• Early Display Design: Enabling T Scan
• Primary Flight Displays
• Visual Displays: Old vs. New
• Integral Boeing Displays
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The Rise of Glass Cockpits
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WrightFlyer
Vega
B-17P-51
F-80
Electra
C-141
C-5
L-1011
Concorde EA-6BF-18757/767
C-17
A320A310
747
DC-9
707
C-130
Constellation
DC-3
Ford Tri-MotorSpad
Num
ber
of d
ispl
ays
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Time
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Boeing 787 Flight Deck
Image courtesy of Jetstar Airways on Flickr.
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Display Taxonomy Continued
• Round-dial vs. glass displays – A.k.a. electro-mechanical vs. electronic – Round-dials are often separated while glass displays are
typically integrated
• Analog vs. digital – e.g., car speedometers show either a needle & dial or
numbers
• Shared displays – Glass displays with multiple functions that are either
overlaid (e.g., traffic & weather) or switched between (display modes)
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Visual Display Design Considerations • Display size • Density • Screen Resolution • Clutter • Color • Luminance • Brightness • Font Size • Field of View • Highlighting • Grouping • Vibrations • Dark adaptation • Analog vs. Digital • Dual Coding • Graphical vs. Textual representation of data
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General Display Implementation Issues
• Design
– Display size
– Presentation of information
– Interaction
– Location relative to operator
• Evaluation
– By regulators, users, purchasers…
• Standardization
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Electronic Flight Bag • Combination of hardware and
software
– Some general purpose devices (iPad), some aviation-specific (Astronautics)
– Portable or installed or mounted in flight deck
• Report on EFB human factors considerations (2003) used by FAA and other authorities to evaluate EFBs
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Image of electronic flight bag removeddue to copyright restrictions.
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Display Design and Evaluation • General issues
– Legibility of fonts and labels, training, ease of use, “intuitiveness”
• Hardware – Screen size – Physical controls and interaction – Screen technology (e.g., CRT, LCD, HUD)
• Resolution, refresh rate, viewing angle, brightness (daylight readability) • Input devices, e.g., touch screen, cursor control device
• Software – Software controls (e.g., buttons, icons) – Color – Multi-tasking and interaction
• Data entry, configuration
– Information time lag (e.g., traffic)
• Design standards – RTCA DO-160 Environmental Testing – RTCA DO 178-B software assurance
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Examples
• Aeronautical chart samples
• Flight deck traffic displays
• Boeing 787 flight deck slides
• Air Traffic Control Displays
• Weather Displays
• Automobiles
• Locomotives
• Enhanced Vision Systems and Head-up Displays
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Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Traffic Display
Standard TCAS symbology
• TCAS traffic display shows – Traffic Alerts (TAs) – Resolution Advisories (RAs) – Proximate traffic as either or – Relative altitude and climb/descent information
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This image is in the public domain. Source: Wikipedia.
Image of TCAS display removed due to copyright restrictions.
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• New symbols can present more information e.g., data quality, directionality
• How much information can be encoded visually in a traffic symbol without confusing the pilot?
Newer Traffic Displays
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Image of Garmin G1000 CDTI Displayremoved due to copyright restrictions.
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Air Traffic Control
• Issues include
– Information integration, time lag, ambient lighting
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Image of New York TRACON removeddue to copyright restrictions.
Image of Newark Tower interior removeddue to copyright restrictions.
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Integrated Terminal Weather System
• Issues include
– Information integration, both spatial and temporal
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Image of ITWS interface removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Locomotive Displays
• Beginning to convert to glass displays
– Standardization
– Display arrangement
– Information integration
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Human Factors in Display Advertisements…
• Garmin multi-function displays for general aviation
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