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    Hcl`ldojudos ;Jbo`cjid suhstiejos wbcjb alr` tbo hiscs la dcao iem iro rospleschdo alr grlwtb, `icetoeiejo

    iem tboe idhcdcty tl roprlmujo oq. jirhlbymrito, prltoces aits, oezy`os, eujdocj ijcms, blr`leos, I] , Qcti`oes

    otj.

    Jirhlbymritos (Bymritos la J ); ]boy iro moaceom is lptcjiddy ijtcvo pldybymrlxy idmobymos lr pldybymrlxy

    fotleos lr suhstiejos wbcjb gcvo tboso le bymrldyscs tbo ritcl la B iem L cs si`o is cs witor tboy iro roprosoetom

    hy goeorid alr`udi Jx(B

    8L)

    y.

    oq. J1B

    98L

    1lr J

    1(B

    8L)

    1x 0 y 0 1

    J98

    B88

    L99

    lr J98

    (B8L)

    99x y

    Xbi`elso J1B

    98L

    ? iem Molxyrohlso (J

    ?B

    9>L

    =) iro jirhlbymrito hy jbo`cjid hobivclur `ldo hy alr`udi

    (Jx(B

    8L)

    y.

    * JB:JLLB (B

    8L) iem (JB

    8L) iem JB

    :JLLB (J

    8(B

    8L)

    8) iro elt jirhlbymritos hut iro roprosoetom hy goeorid

    alr`udi (Jx(B

    8L)

    y).

    Jdisscacjitcle la jirhlbymritos lr (Ziljbirrcmos).

    (Zifjbiroe `oies sugir) ; Hiso hoblvclur tlwirms bymrldyscs.

    ]S^OZ LA JIXHLBSMXI]OZ

    9. @lelsljjbirrmos ;Zc`pdost jirhlbymritos wbcjb jieelt bymrldysom tl s`iddor `ldojudos alr`udi (JBL)e, e

    0 : tl 7

    Gdujlso, Arujtlso (Boxlso)

    Xchlso, Molxyrchlso (^oetlso)

    8. Ldcglsijjbircmos; (Groof ; Ldcgl `oies aow) Jirhlbymritos wbcjb le bymrldyscs gcvo 8 9> `ldojudos la

    `lelsijjbiemos. ]boy iro aurtbor jdisscacom is

    Mcsijjbircmos Zujrlso, @idtlso, Dijrlso, ]rcsijjbircmos Xiaaclso,

    ]otrisojjbircmos Ztijbyrlso.Bymrldyscs

    Zujrlso + B8L Gdujlso + Arujtlso

    @idtlso + B8L Gdujlso + Gdujlso

    Dijtlso + B8L Gdujlso + Gidijtlso

    Xiaacelso + B8L Gdujlso + arujtlso + Gidijtlso

    J9:

    B:8

    L91

    Ztimeyrlso + B8L Gdujlso + Arjtlso + 8 Gidijtlso

    J8=

    B=8

    L89

    Mcsijjbircmos Jirhlbymritos wbcjb uple bymrldyscs gcvo 8 `ldojudos la si`o lr mcaaoroet `lelsijjbircmosiro jiddom mcsijjbircmos.

    :. ^ldysijjbircmos; Jirhlbymritos wbcjb gcvo dirgo el. la `lelsijjbicrmos le bymrldyscs iro jiddom

    pldysijbbircmos.

    oq. Ztirjb, Joddudlso ,Gdyjlgoe

    Goeorid alr`udi ; (J1B

    9>L

    ?)

    ewboro e 0 9>> :>>>.

    Zugirs iem EleZugirs

    Idd tbo `lelsijjbircmos iem ldcglsijjbircmos iro jrystiddceos sldcms, slduhdo ce witor iem swoot ce tisto. ]boso

    iro jlddojtcvody jiddom Zugirs

    ]bo pldysijjbircmos iro i`lrpblus sldcms, ceslduhdo ce witor iem tistodoss iem tbus iro jiddomele-sugirs.

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    Xomujceg iem ele romujceg sugirs lr jirhlbymrotos.

    ]blso jirhlbymritos wbcjb jletice idmobymcj lr fotlecj grlup ce tbo bo`cijtid lr bo`cfotid alr` iem romujo

    ]lddoes roigoet lr Aobdceg sldutcle iro jiddom Xomujceg sugirs, Wbcdo ltbors wbcjb ml elt romujo tboso roigoets

    iro jiddom ele-romujceg sugirs (jirhlbymritos).

    Idd lelsijjbircmos wbotbor idmlsos lr Fotlsos iro romujceg sugirs oq. Gdujlso Arujtlso.

    Mcsijjbircmos sujb is sujrlso ce wbcjb tbo twl `lelsijjbircmos uects (G iem A) iro dcfom tbrlugb tbocr romujceg

    joetos c.o. idmobymo lr fotlecj grlups iro ele romujceg. Idd pldysijjbircmos (Ztirjb, joddudlso) gdyjlgoe moxtrces

    otj.) iro ele romujceg jirhlbymritos.

    @LELZIJJBIXCMOZ IXO JDIZZCACOM IZ

    9. Idmlsos ; @lelsijjbircmos jleticeceg ie JBL grlup iro jiddom Idmlsos JBL grlup cs prosoet it J9.

    8. Fotleos ;@lelsijjbircmos jleticeceg i fotl ( J

    L

    ) Grlup iro jiddom fotlsos.

    Zcejo fotl grlup cs mcvidoet, ct jie ho prosoet ieywboro idleg tbo 'j' jbice blwovor ce idd tbo eituriddy ljjurrceg

    fotleos, fotlgrlup cs idwiys prosoet it i 'J' itl` eoxt tl ]or`ceid J c.o., it J8.

    Gdujlso (lr Moxtrlso) J1B

    98L

    1.

    Gdujlso ljjurs ce aroo is wodd is jlehceom stito. Ct ljjurs ce dirgo (8>%) quietctcos ce rcpo gripos, tbit cs wbyct cs jiddom gripo sugir. Ct idsl ljjurs ce bleoy iem swoot aructs (@ieglos, ippdos, ^oijbos, ^oirs otj.). Ce

    jl`hceom stito, ct ljjurs ce gdyjlscmos, mcsijjbircmos iem pldysijjbircmos Gdujlso cs `lst ihuemiet jl`pluem

    le oirtb

    ^XO^IXI]CLE LA GD_JLZO.

    (C) Arl` Jieo sugir; (Zujrlso) ;

    Wboe sujrlso cs bymrldysom hy hlcdceg wctb mcd BJd lr mcd B8ZL

    =ce idjlbldcj sldutcle

    J98

    B88

    L99

    + B8L

    +B J

    1B

    98L

    1+ J

    1B

    98L

    1

    Zujrlso Gdujlso Arijtlso

    (CC) Arl` Ztirjb ;

    Jl``orjciddy Gdujlso cs lhticeom hy bymrldyscs la stirjb hy hlcdceg ct wctb mcd B8ZL

    =it :3: F uemor prosoet

    (J1B

    9>L

    ?)

    e+ eB

    8L B

    +

    :3:F, 8-: it`eJ

    1B

    98L

    1

    Ztirjb Jdujlso

    GD_JLZO (L^OE JBICE Z]X_J]_XO HS HIOSOX)

    JBL Leo idmobymo grlup

    |

    JB(LB)= Alur 8 idjlbldcj grlup

    |

    JB8LB Leo 9 Idjlbldcj grlup

    Ihlvo strujturo isscgeom le alddlwceg hisos `ldojudir alr`udi ; J1B

    98L

    1.

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    JBL

    JBLB

    JB LB8

    JB (JB ) JB: 8 = :e-boxieo

    JE

    JBLB

    (JBLB)=

    JB LB8

    B + Xom ,8Xomujtcle

    BJE

    EB LB8

    Hrl`ceo-witor

    @cdm lxcmitcle

    BEL:

    Xoijtcle

    JB JL:

    JB JL:

    L

    JB0ELB

    JB(LB)=

    JB LB8

    JLLB

    (JBLB)=

    JLLB

    JBL

    (JBLJJB ) + JB JLLB: = :

    JB LJJB8 :

    JLLB

    (JBLB)=

    JB LB8

    L

    L

    Gdujlso cs jlrrojtdy ei`om is M(+) -gdujlso.

    B LB

    JBL

    JB LB8

    B

    BL

    LB

    B

    JBL

    JB LB8

    B LB

    B LB

    M(+)Gdyjoridmobymo M(+)Gdujlso

    Jyjdcj Ztrujturo la Gdujlso

    ]bo strujturo la gdujlso oxpdiceom `lst la cts prlportcos hut tbo alddlwceg roijtcles iem aijts jludm elt ho

    oxpdiceom hy tbcs strujturo.

    9. Mospcto bivceg tbo idmobymo grlup, gdujlso mlos elt gcvo 8,=-ME^ tost, Zjbcaas tost iem ct mlos elt alr`

    tbo bymrlgoesudpbcto immctcle prlmujt wctb EiBZL:.

    8. ]bo poetiijotito la gdujlso mlos elt roijt wctb bymrlxydi`ceo cemcjitceg tbo ihsoejo la arooJBL grlup.

    :. Gdujlso cs aluem tl oxcst ce twl mcaaoroet jrystiddceo alr`s wbcjb iro ei`om is iiem h.]bo i -alr` la

    gdujlso (`.p. =93 F) cs lhticeom hy jrystiddcsitcle arl` jlejoetritom sldutcle la gdujlso it :>: F wbcdo tbo h-

    alr` (`.p. =8: F) cs lhticeom hy jrystiddcsitcle arl` blt iem situritom iquolus sldutcle it :79 F .

    ]bcs hobivclr jludm elt ho oxpdiceom hy tbo lpoe jbice strujturo (C) alr gdujlso. Ct wis aluem tbit gdujlso

    alr`s i scx-`o`horom rceg ce wbcjb LB it J-? cs cevldvom ce rceg alr`itcle. ]bcs oxpdices tbo ihsoejo la

    JBL grlup iem idsl oxcstoejo la gdujlso ce twl alr`s is sblwe hodlw. ]boso twl jyjdcj alr`s oxcst ce

    oqucdchrcu` wctb lpoe jbice strujturo.

    B B B

    B B BL

    BL BL BL

    LB LB LB

    LB B

    B B B

    JB LB8

    JB LB8

    JB LB8

    B B BLB LB

    LB

    LB

    B B B

    J J J

    L L

    1 1 1

    ? ? ?

    = = =

    : : :

    8 8 8

    9 9 9

    L

    iM(+)Gdujlso h M (+) Gdujlso

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    ]bo twl jyjdcj bo`cijotid alr`s la gdujlso mcaaor ledy ce tbo jleacguritcle la tbo bymrlxyd grlup it J9, jiddom

    iel`orcj jirhle (tbo idmobymo jirhle hoalro jyjdcsitcle). Zujb csl`ors, c.o., ialr` iem halr`. iro jiddom

    iel`ors. ]bo scx `o`horom jyjdcj strujturo la gdujlso cs jiddom pyrielso strujturo (ilr h), ce ieidlgy

    wctb pyrie.

    L B

    BLB

    JB LB8

    B

    LBB

    LB

    LBBL

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    LB

    BLB

    JB LB8

    B

    LBB

    LB

    BBL

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    ^yrie iM(+)Gdujlpyrielso

    hM(+)Gdujlyrielso

    CC Arujtlso

    Arujtlso cs ie c`plrtiet motlboxlso.

    Ztrujturo la Arujtlso

    Arujtlso idsl bis tbo `ldojudir alr`udi J1B

    98L

    1is i diovl rltitolry jl`pluem.

    BL B

    JB LB8

    B LB

    LBB

    J 0 L

    JB LB8

    M () Arujtlso

    Ct idsl oxcsts ce twl jyjdcj alr`s wbcjb iro lhticeom hy tbo immctcle la LB it J? tl tbo ( J L) grlup. ]bo

    rceg, tbus alr`om cs i acvo `o`horom rceg iem cs ei`om is aurielso wctb ieidlgy tl tbo jl`pluem aurie.

    L BLB J8 BL

    BL BL

    LB JBLB8

    B B

    JB LB8 JB LB8

    B BLB LB

    B B

    L L

    1 1

    ? ?

    = =

    : :

    8 89 9J J

    Aurie

    M()Arujtlaurielso M()Arujtlaurielso

    LBJB LB8

    LBLB BB

    BLB J8BLB J8

    BB LBLB

    JB LB8LB BB

    ??

    == ::

    88

    LL 11

    9

    9

    M()ArujtlaurielsoM()Arujtlaurielso

    I dcefigo hotwooe twl `lelsijjbircmo uects tbrlugb lxygoe itl` cs jiddom gdyjlscmcj dcefigo.

    (c) Zujrlso;

    J98

    B88

    L99

    + B8 J

    1B

    98L

    1 + J

    1B

    98L

    1

    Zujrlso m-(+)-Gdujlso M-()-Arujtlso

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    ]boso twl `lelsijjbircmos iro bodm tlgotbor hy i gdyjlscmcj dcefigo hotwooe J9 la i-gdujlso iem J8 la h-

    arujtlso. Zcejo tbo romujceg grlups la gdujlso iem arujtlso iro cevldvom ce gdyjlscmcj hlem alr`itcle, sujrlso

    cs i ele romujceg sugir.

    B

    BLB

    JB LB8

    B

    LBB

    LB

    BL

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    LB

    LBB

    BLB J8

    BLB

    JB LB8

    8

    : =

    ?

    L9

    1

    MArujtlsoMArujtlso

    L

    Gdyjlscmcjdcefigo

    Zujrlso

    (cc) @idtlso;

    Mcsijjbircmo, idtlso cs jl`plsom la twl i-M-gdujlso uects ce wbcjb J9 la leo gdujlso (C) cs dcefom tl J= la

    ieltbor gdujlso uect (CC). ]bo aroo idmobymo grlup jie ho prlmujom it J9 la sojlem gdujlso ce sldutcle iem ct

    sblws romujceg prlportcos sl ct cs i romujceg sugir.

    B

    BLB

    JB LB8

    B

    LBB

    LB

    BL

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    MGdujlso

    BLB

    JB LB8

    B B

    LBB

    LB

    LB

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    MGdujlso

    (CC)(C)

    L

    Gdyjlscmcjdcefigo

    @idtlso

    (ccc) Dijtlso ;

    Jl``ledy felwe is `cdf sugir scejo tbcs mcsijjbircmo cs aluem ce `cdf. Ct cs jl`plsom la h-M-gidijtlso iem

    h-M-gdujlso. ]bo dcefigo cs hotwooe J9 la gidijtlso iem J= la gdujlso. Boejo ct cs idsl i romujceg sugir.

    BBLB

    JB LB8

    B

    LBB

    LB

    BL

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    MGdujlso

    BLB

    JB LB8

    B B

    LBB

    LB

    LB

    L

    =

    : 8

    9

    ?

    1

    MGdujlso

    (CC)(C)

    L

    ^ldysijjbircmos

    ^ldysijjbircmos jletice i dirgo eu`hor la `lelsijjbircmo uects klceom tlgotbor hy gdyjlscmcj dcefigos. ]boy

    `icedy ijt is tbo allm stlrigo lr strujturid `itorcids.

    (c) Ztirjb; Ztirjb cs tbo `ice stlrigo pldysijjbircmo la pdiets. Ct cs tbo `lst c`plrtiet mcotiry slurjo alr

    bu`ie hocegs. Bcgb jletoet la stirjb cs aluem ce joroids, rllts, tuhors iem sl`o vogotihdos. Ct cs i pldy or laigdujlso iem jlescsts la twl jl`pleoetsI`ydlso iem I`ydlpojtce. I`ydlso cs witor slduhdo jl`pleoet

    wbcjb jlestctutos ihlut 9?-8>% la stirjb. Jbo`cjiddy i`ydlso cs i dleg uehriejbom jbice wctb 8>> - 9>>> i-

    M-(+)-gdujlso uects bodm hy J 9 J = gdyjlscmcj dcefigo.

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    I`ydlpojtce cs ceslduhdo ce witor iem jlestctutos ihlut 2> - 2?% la stirjb. Ct cs i hriejbom jbice pldy`or la i

    -M- gdujlso uects ce wbcjb jbice cs alr`om hy J 9 J = gdyjlscmcj dcefigo wborois hriejbceg ljjurs hy J 9

    J 1 gdyjlscmcj dcefigo.

    (cc) Joddudlso; Joddudlso ljjurs oxjduscvody ce pdiets iem ct cs tbo `lst ihuemiet lrgiecj suhstiejo ce pdiet

    fcegml`. Ct cs i proml`ceiet jlestctuoet la jodd widd la pdiet jodds. Joddudlso cs i stricgbt jbice pldysijjbircmo

    jl`plsom ledy h-gdujlso uects wbcjb iro klceom hy gdyjlscmcj dcefigo hotwooe J 9 la leo gdujlso uect iem J

    = la tbo eoxt gdujlso uect.

    (ccc) Gdyjlgoe;]bo jirhlbymritos iro stlrom ce iec`id hlmy is gdyjlgoe. Ct cs idsl felwe is iec`id stirjb

    hojiuso cts strujturo cs sc cdir tl i`ydlpojtce iem cs ritbor `lro bcgbdy hriejbom. Ct cs prosoet ce dcvor, usjdos

    iem hrice. Wboe tbo hlmy eooms gdujlso, oezy`os hroif tbo gdyjlgoe mlwe tl gdujlso. Gdyjlgoe cs idsl aluem

    ce yoist iem auegc.

    Jirhlbymritos iro aluem ce hclsysto` ce jl`hceitcle wctb `iey prltoces iem dcqcms.

    ^XL]OCEZ iro pldy`ors la -i`cel ijcms.

    I`cel Ijcms

    I`cel ijcms jletice i`cel (EB8) iem jirhlxyd (JLLB) auejtcleid grlups. Mopoemceg uple tbo roditcvo

    plsctcle la i cel grlup wctb rospojt tl jirhlxyd grlup, tbo i`cel ijcms jie ho jdisscacom is i, h, g, m, iem sl

    le. Ledy i-i`cel ijcms iro lhticeom le bymrldyscs la prltoces.

    X JB JLLB

    EB8

    -i cel ijcm(X0 scmo jbice)

    ]ihdo ; Eiturid I`cel Ijcms

    B E8 B

    JLLB

    X

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    9. Gdyjceo

    8. Idieceo

    :. Qidceo*

    =. Doujceo*

    ?. Csldoujceo*

    1. Irgceceo*

    7. Dysceo*

    2. Gduti`cj ijcm

    3. Ispirtcj ijcm

    9>. Gduti`ceo

    99. Ispirigceo

    98. ]broleceo*

    9:. Zorceo

    9=. Jystoceo

    9?. @otbcleceo*

    B

    JB:(B J) JB: 8

    (B J) JB-JB -: 8 8

    B E(JB ) -8 8 =-

    BLLJ-JB -JB -8 8BLLJ - JB -8

    B J-JBLB-:BL-JB -8BZ-JB -8

    B J-Z-JB -JB -: 8 8

    Gdy

    Idi

    Qid

    Dou

    Bo

    Irg

    Dys

    Gdu

    Isp

    Gce

    Ise

    ]br

    Zor

    Jys

    @ot

    G

    I

    Q

    D

    C

    X

    F

    O

    M

    Y

    E

    ]

    Z

    J

    @

    BE0J-EB-VJB P -8 :

    EB8

    B E-J-JB -JB -8 8 8

    L

    B E-J-JB -8 8

    L

    91. ^boeydidieceo*

    97. ]yrlsceo

    92. ]ryptlpbie*

    93. Bcstcmceo*

    8>. ^rldceo

    J B -JB -1 ? 8(p)BL-J B -JB -1 8=

    ^bo

    ]yr

    ]rp

    Bcs

    ^rl

    A

    S

    W

    B

    ^

    JB8

    EB

    EB

    B J8

    E

    JLLBi

    B

    JB8

    BE

    * ossoetcid i`cel ijcm, i 0 oetcro strujturo

    Jdisscacjitcle la I`cel Ijcms

    I`cel ijcms iro jdisscacom is ijcmcj, hiscj lr eoutrid mopoemceg uple tbo roditcvo eu`hor la i`cel ijcm jirhlxyd

    grlups ce tbocr `ldojudo. Oquid eu`hor la i`cel iem jirhlxyd grlups `ifos ct eoutrid6 `lro eu`hor la i`cel

    tbie jirhlxyd grlups `ifos ct hiscj iem `lro jirhlxyd grlups is jl`pirom tl i`cel grlups `ifos ct ijcmcj.

    ]bo i`cel ijcms, wbcjb jie ho syetboscsom ce tbo hlmy, iro felwe is ele-ossoetcid i`cel ijcms. Le tbo ltbor

    biem, tblso wbcjb jieelt ho syetboscsom ce tbo hlmy iem `ust ho lhticeom tbrlugb mcot, iro felwe is ossoetcid

    i`cel ijcms.

    I`cel ijcms iro usuiddy jldlurdoss, jrystiddceo sldcms. ]boso iro witor-slduhdo, bcgb `odtceg sldcms iem hobivo

    dcfo sidts ritbor tbie sc`pdo i`ceos lr jirhlxydcj ijcms. ]bcs hobivclr cs muo tl tbo prosoejo la hltb ijcmcj

    (jirhlxyd grlup) iem hiscj (i`cel grlup) grlups ce tbo si`o `ldojudo. Ce iquolus sldutcle, tbo jirhlxyd

    grlup jie dlso i prltle iem i`cel grlup jie ijjopt i prltle, gcvceg rcso tl i mcpldir cle felwe is zwcttor cle.

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    ]bo oezy`os wbcjb jitidyso tbo lxcmitcle la leo suhstrito wctb sc`udtieolus romujtcle la ieltbor suhstrito

    iro ei`om is lxcmlromujtisooezy`ors. ]bo oemceg la tbo ei`o la ie oezy`o cs iso.

    Qcti`ces

    Lrgiecj jl`pluems roqucrom ce tbo mcot ce s`idd i`luets tl poralr` spojcacj hcldlgcjid auejtcles alr elr`id

    `icetoeiejo la lpltc`u` grlwtb iem boidtb la tbo lrgiecs`. Qcti`ces iro moscgeitom hy idpbihots I, H, J, M,

    otj. Zl`o la tbo` iro aurtbor ei`om is suh-grlups o.g. H9, H8, H1, H98, otj. Oxjoss la vcti`ces cs idsl bir`aud.Jdisscacjitcle la Qcti`ces

    (c) Ait slduhdo vcti`ces; Qcti`ces wbcjb iro slduhdo ce ait iem lcds hut ceslduhdo ce witor iro fopt ce tbo grlup.

    ]boso iro vcti`ces I, M, O iem F. ]boy iro stlrom ce dcvor iem imcplso (ait stlrceg) tcssuos.

    (cc) Witor slduhdo vcti`ces; Witor slduhdo vcti`ces ust ho suppdcom rogudirdy ce mcot hojiuso tboy iro roimcdy

    oxjrotom ce urceo iem jieelt ho stlrom (oxjopt vcti`ce H98

    ) ce lur hlmy. og. - vcti`ces

    H & J .

    ]ihdo ; Zl`o c`plrtiet Qcti`ces, tbocr Zlurjos iem tbocr Moacjcoejy Mcsoisos

    Z9/

    El.Ei`o la Qcti`ces Zlurjos Moacjcoejy mcsoisos

    9 Qcti`ce IAcsb dcvor lcd, jirrlts, huttor

    iem `cdf

    Rorlpbtbid`ci (birmoeceg

    la jlreoi la oyo)

    Ecgbt hdcemeoss

    8 Qcti`ce H9 (]bci`ceo)Soist, cdf, grooe vogot ihdos

    iem jo roids

    Horc horc (dlss la ippotcto,

    rotirmom grlwtb)

    : Qcti`ce H8 (Xchladivce) @cdf, oggwbcto, dcvor, fcmeoy

    Jbocdlscs (acssurceg it

    jl reors la `lutb iem

    dcps), mcgost cvo mcslrmors

    iem hureceg soesitcle la

    tbo sfce.

    = Qcti`ce H1 (^yrcmlxceo)Soist, cdf, ogg yldf, j oroids

    iem gri`sJlevudscles

    ? Qcti`ce H9 8 @oit, acsb, ogg iem jurm^orecj clus ieio`ci (XHJ

    moacjcoet ce bio`lgdlhce)

    1 Qcti`ce J (Isj rlhcj ij cJctrus aructs, i`di iem grooe

    doiay vogotihdosZj urvy (hdoomceg gu s)

    7 Qcti`ce MOxplsuro tl suedcgbt, acsb iem

    ogg yl df

    Xcjfots (hleo moalr`ctcos

    ce jbcdmroe) iem

    lstol`idijci (slat hleos

    iem klcet pice ce imudts )

    2 Qcti`ce OQogotihdo lcds dcfo wboit gor`

    lcd, sueadlwor lcd, otj ,

    Cejroisom arigcdcty l a XHJs

    iem `usjudir woifeoss

    3 Qcti`ce F Grooe doiay vogotihdosCejroisom hdllm jdlttceg

    tc`o

    E_JDOCJ IJCMZ iro tbo pldy ors la eujdoltcmos wbcjb ce ture jlescst la i hiso, i poetlso sugir iem pblspbito

    `lcoty. Eujdocj ijcms iro rospoleschdo alr tbo triesaor la jbirijtors arl` piroets tl laasprcegs. ]boro iro twl

    typos la eujdocj ijcms MEI iem XEI. MEI jletices i acvo jirhle sugir `ldojudo jiddom 8-molxyrchlso

    wborois XEI jletices rchlso. Hltb MEI iem XEI jletice imoeceo, guieceo iem jytlsceo. ]bo alurtb hiso cs

    tby`ceo ce MEI iem urijcd ce XEI. ]bo strujturo la MEI cs i mluhdo striem wborois XEI cs i scegdo striem

    `ldojudo. MEI cs tbo jbo`cjid hiscs la boromcty iem bivo tbo jlmom `ossigo alr prltoces tl ho syetboscsom ce

    tbo jodd. ]boro iro tbroo typos la XEI `XEI, rXEI iem tXEI wbcjb ijtuiddy jirry lut tbo prltoce syetboscs

    ce tbo jodd.

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    Ztrujturo la Eujdocj Ijcms

    I uect alr`om hy tbo ittijb`oet la i hiso tl '9' plsctcle la sugir cs felwe is eujdolscmo. Ce eujdolscmos, tbo

    sugir jirhles iro eu`horom is 9', 8', :', otj. ce lrmor tl mcstcegucsb tboso arl` tbo hisos . Wboe eujdolscmo ce

    dcefom tl pblspblrcj ijcm it ?'-plsctcle la sugir `lcoty, wo got i eujdoltcmo.

    -L ^ L

    L

    L

    Z_GIX

    HIZO

    LB

    LZ_GIX

    Z_GIX Z_GIX

    HIZO

    HIZO HIZO

    -L ^ L JB8

    -L ^ L JB8 -L ^ L JB 8

    L

    L L

    L

    L L

    LB

    LB

    L

    L L

    |JB8

    :' oem la jbice

    ?'

    :'

    ?'

    ?' oem la jbice

    ^blspblmcostordcefigo

    Eujdoltcmos iro klceom tlgotbor hy pblspblmcostor dcefigo hotwooe ?' iem :' jirhle itl s la tbo poetlso sugir.

    ]bo alr`itcle la i typcjid mceujdoltcmo. ]bo soquoejo la eujdoltcmos ce tbo jbice la i euodocj ijcm cs jidom cts

    prc`iry strujturo. Eujdocj ijcms bivo i sojlemiry strujturo idsl. Ki`os Witsle iem ariejcs Jrcjf givo i mluhdostriem bodcx strujturo la MEI . ]wl eujdocj ijcm jbices iro wluem ihlut oijb ltbor iem bodm tlgotbor hy

    bymrlgoe hlems hotwooe picrs la hisos. ]bo twl striems iro jl`pdo oetiry tl oijb ltbor hojiuso tbo bymrlgoe

    hlems iro alr`om hotwooe spojcacj picrs la hisos. Imoeceo alr`s bymrlgoe hlems wctb tby ceo wborois jytlsceo

    alr`s bymrlgoe hlems wctb guieceo.

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    ZLDQOM ^[email protected] ]bo `odtceg plcets iem slduhcdcty ce witor la i cel ijcms iro goeoriddy bcgbor tbie tbit la tbo

    jlrrosplemceg bldl ijcms. Oxpdice.

    Zld. I`cel ijcm `ldojudos iro mcpldir ([wcttor cle) iem sl bivo strleg cetor`ldojudir odojtrlstitcj alrjos

    hotwooe tbo . ]bcs `ifos tbocr odtceg plcets iem slduhcdcty ce witor bcgbor tbie jlrrosplemceg bidl ijcms

    hojiuso ce bidl ijcms tboro cs ledy bymrlgoe hlemceg hotwooe tbocr `ldojudos.

    Y.8 Wboro mlos tbo witor prosoet ce tbo ogg gl iator hlcdceg tbo ogg