1919thth Century Ideas Century Ideas

Foundations of Modern Political, Foundations of Modern Political, Social, and Economic ThoughtSocial, and Economic Thought

RomanticismRomanticism

Artistic and intellectual movement of the late Artistic and intellectual movement of the late 1818thth and early 19 and early 19thth century. century.

Reaction to strict focus on reason of the Reaction to strict focus on reason of the Enlightenment with a strong focus on Enlightenment with a strong focus on emotion and intuition.emotion and intuition.

Romanticism also strongly connected to Romanticism also strongly connected to ideas of nationalism, individualism, and the ideas of nationalism, individualism, and the natural world.natural world.

RomanticismRomanticism

LiteratureLiterature GermanyGermany

– Johann Wolfgang von GoetheJohann Wolfgang von Goethe– Friedrich von SchillerFriedrich von Schiller– Jakob and Wilhelm GrimmJakob and Wilhelm Grimm

FranceFrance– Honore de BalzacHonore de Balzac– Alexander DumasAlexander Dumas– Victor HugoVictor Hugo

Victor Hugo

RomanticismRomanticism LiteratureLiterature BritainBritain

– William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth– Samuel Taylor ColeridgeSamuel Taylor Coleridge– Lord ByronLord Byron– Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley– John KeatsJohn Keats– William BlakeWilliam Blake– Alfred Lord TennysonAlfred Lord Tennyson– Robert BrowningRobert Browning– Sir Walter ScottSir Walter Scott

Lord ByronLord Byron

RomanticismRomanticism

PaintingPainting– Eugene DelacroixEugene Delacroix

– Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya

– J.M.W. TurnerJ.M.W. Turner

– John ConstableJohn Constable

– Camille CorotCamille Corot

Goya

Eugene Delacroix- Eugene Delacroix- Liberty Leading the PeopleLiberty Leading the People

Goya - Goya - Third of May, 1808Third of May, 1808

Turner – Turner – Burning of the Houses of ParliamentBurning of the Houses of Parliament

RomanticismRomanticism ArchitectureArchitecture

– Exotic influences from Middle East and ChinaExotic influences from Middle East and China– Neoclassicism of 18Neoclassicism of 18thth century remained popular century remained popular – Neo-Gothic style became popular.Neo-Gothic style became popular.

RomanticismRomanticism MusicMusic

– Ludwig von BeethovenLudwig von Beethoven Led transition from classical to Led transition from classical to

romanticromantic

– Richard WagnerRichard Wagner German nationalist operasGerman nationalist operas

– Giuseppe VerdiGiuseppe Verdi– Giacomo PucciniGiacomo Puccini– Franz LisztFranz Liszt

Piano works based on Hungarian Piano works based on Hungarian folk musicfolk music

– Frederic ChopinFrederic Chopin Richard WagnerRichard Wagner

RomanticismRomanticism PhilosophyPhilosophy

– Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant Led revolt against extreme Led revolt against extreme

rationalism.rationalism. Critique of Pure ReasonCritique of Pure Reason (1781) (1781) Metaphysics – understanding of Metaphysics – understanding of

the supernatural.the supernatural.

– G.W.F. HegelG.W.F. Hegel History represented God’s plan History represented God’s plan

for the world.for the world. Based on dialectical conflict Based on dialectical conflict

(thesis, antithesis, synthesis)(thesis, antithesis, synthesis)Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant

ConservatismConservatism Political ideology that Political ideology that

developed in the late 18developed in the late 18thth century.century.

Defended established Defended established social and political order of social and political order of Europe as natural.Europe as natural.

Conservatism questioned Conservatism questioned the possibilities of radical the possibilities of radical change.change.

British MP Edmund Burke British MP Edmund Burke was its most vocal was its most vocal advocate.advocate.Edmund BurkeEdmund Burke

Classical LiberalismClassical Liberalism

Associated with ideas of social progress, Associated with ideas of social progress, economic development, and individualism economic development, and individualism that emerged in the Enlightenment.that emerged in the Enlightenment.

Closely associated with middle class values Closely associated with middle class values and concerns.and concerns.

Generally advocated political reforms, but Generally advocated political reforms, but also promoted an orderly society.also promoted an orderly society.

In this way, it was often limited in scope and In this way, it was often limited in scope and not concerned for the needs of the masses.not concerned for the needs of the masses.

Political LiberalismPolitical Liberalism

Political liberalism was based on the ideas Political liberalism was based on the ideas of John Locke, Voltaire and other of John Locke, Voltaire and other philosophes of the 18philosophes of the 18thth century . century .

Political liberalism called for greater Political liberalism called for greater individual rights, religious freedom, freedom individual rights, religious freedom, freedom of the press, property rights, representative of the press, property rights, representative government (at least for the middle class, government (at least for the middle class, not “democracy”)not “democracy”)

Economic LiberalismEconomic Liberalism Based mostly on laissez-faire ideas of Adam Based mostly on laissez-faire ideas of Adam

Smith and other economists.Smith and other economists. Markets should be as free from government Markets should be as free from government

intervention as possible.intervention as possible. Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

– An Essay on the Principle of PopulationAn Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) (1798)– Population growth would outstrip food.Population growth would outstrip food.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo– ““Iron Law of Wages” Iron Law of Wages” – labor based on supply and demandlabor based on supply and demand

Utilitarianism and SocialismUtilitarianism and Socialism

As the 19As the 19thth century progressed, more and century progressed, more and more politicians, economists and more politicians, economists and philosophers began to see that philosophers began to see that conservatism and liberalism were not conservatism and liberalism were not serving the needs of the developing serving the needs of the developing industrial society.industrial society.

They began to theorize about alternative They began to theorize about alternative systems that would bring about a better systems that would bring about a better society.society.

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham– Argued that gov’t Argued that gov’t

sometimes needed to sometimes needed to intervene on behave of the intervene on behave of the oppressed.oppressed.

– Every human practice Every human practice should be valued in terms should be valued in terms of its utility (happiness).of its utility (happiness).

– Individual freedom with the Individual freedom with the benefits for the most benefits for the most (welfare state)(welfare state)

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill– Further evolution of Further evolution of

liberal doctrine away liberal doctrine away from laissez-faire.from laissez-faire.

– Strong advocate of Strong advocate of women’s rights.women’s rights.

– Supported formation of Supported formation of labor unions, labor unions, progressive taxes, progressive taxes, universal suffrage, and universal suffrage, and child labor restrictions.child labor restrictions.

SocialismSocialism

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism– Socialists of the early 19Socialists of the early 19 thth century did not have century did not have

a coherent ideology, but different ideas put a coherent ideology, but different ideas put forth.forth.

– Common to most were the ideas of the abolition Common to most were the ideas of the abolition of private property (either owned by the state of of private property (either owned by the state of by groups of workers.by groups of workers.

– And the need to educate workers to cooperate And the need to educate workers to cooperate as apposed to compete.as apposed to compete.

SocialismSocialism

Robert OwenRobert Owen– Textile entrepreneur who Textile entrepreneur who

advocated socialist ideas.advocated socialist ideas.– Put workers rights and wages Put workers rights and wages

into action at New Lanark, into action at New Lanark, Scotland.Scotland.

– Began socialist New Harmony Began socialist New Harmony community in Indiana in 1826.community in Indiana in 1826.

– New Harmony failed and he New Harmony failed and he returned to England returned to England

SocialismSocialism

Count of Saint-SimonCount of Saint-Simon– French socialist who French socialist who

believed that government believed that government should focus on should focus on improving economic improving economic conditions.conditions.

– Society should be Society should be directed by an educated directed by an educated elite, providing for the elite, providing for the equal benefit of all.equal benefit of all.

SocialismSocialism

Charles FourierCharles Fourier– Advocated the Advocated the

establishment of establishment of socialist communities socialist communities known as phalanxes known as phalanxes (small workers (small workers communities)communities)

– Each person would Each person would share in each other's share in each other's work to avoid boredom.work to avoid boredom.

SocialismSocialism

Louis BlancLouis Blanc– Published Published The Organization The Organization

of Workof Work (1840) calling for (1840) calling for universal manhood suffrage universal manhood suffrage and the creation of a workers and the creation of a workers party.party.

– The worker’s would The worker’s would eventually control the eventually control the government and establish government and establish socialist workshops, pushing socialist workshops, pushing private industries out of private industries out of business. business.

The Socialist CritiqueThe Socialist Critique Utilitarian and especially socialist writers and thinkers Utilitarian and especially socialist writers and thinkers

began to criticize the assertions of liberal capitalist began to criticize the assertions of liberal capitalist society, especially in dealing with the condition of society, especially in dealing with the condition of workers.workers.

More and more of these ideas would filter into the More and more of these ideas would filter into the mainstream political discourse.mainstream political discourse.

At the same time, conservatives were also critical, but At the same time, conservatives were also critical, but from a more traditional and paternalistic perspective.from a more traditional and paternalistic perspective.

As the century progressed, conservatism became As the century progressed, conservatism became more associated with the aristocracy, liberalism with more associated with the aristocracy, liberalism with the bourgeoisie, and socialism with the working class.the bourgeoisie, and socialism with the working class.

The Modern Political ContinuumThe Modern Political Continuum

Classical Liberalism

Conservatism

Utilitarianism/ Progressivism

Royalist

Socialism

Communism

Fascism

Totalitarianism

Stalinism

LEFT RIGHT

MORE FREEDOM

LESS FREEDOM

CENTER

EXTREME

MORE EQUAL

LESS EQUAL