1. What life characteristic is each of the organisms exhibiting?

2. How are these organisms alike and different?

The Amoeba is surrounding its food.

The Didinim is feeding on a Paramecium.

The Euglena moves by whipping its flagellum.

Beating cilia draw food into the mouth of this Stentor.

Protists, and Fungi

•What is a protist?•Animal-like protists•Plant-like protists

Protists

• Kingdom Protista • most diverse organisms of all the kingdoms.• Eukaryotes• variety of shapes & sizes• one or many cells

What is a protist?What is a protist?

Types of protistTypes of protist

• No typical protists

• Protozoa: animal-like protists that are heterotrophic

Protozoa

• Unlike animals, though, all protozoans are unicellular.

• Plantlike autotrophic protists are called algae.

Algae

Types of protistTypes of protist

Algae

• Unlike plants, algae do not have organs such as roots, stems, and leaves.

Types of protistTypes of protist

• Some are more like fungi because they decompose dead organisms.

• Unlike fungi, funguslike protists are able to move at some point in their life and do not have chitin in their cell walls.

Slime mold

Types of protistTypes of protist

Why Protist?Why Protist?• Some protists cause diseases, such as

malaria and sleeping sickness, that result in millions of human deaths throughout the world every year.

• Unicellular algae produce much of the Earth’s oxygen and are the basis of aquatic food chains.

• Slime molds and water molds decompose

• Four main groups of protozoans: 1. Amoebas (uh MEE buz)

2. Flagellates 3. Ciliates, 4. Sporozoans (spor uh ZOH unz).

Diversity of ProtozoansDiversity of Protozoans

• Amoebas most are harmless but some do cause disease and can be parasitic

NucleusCytoplasm

Pseudopodia

Contractile vacuole

Foodvacuole

Amoebas: Shapeless protistsAmoebas: Shapeless protists

• Flagellates: have one or more flagella.

Flagellates: Protozoans with flagellaFlagellates: Protozoans with flagella

• parasites - such as African sleeping sickness in humans.

• Primary producers for other organisims

Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasite)

Ciliates: Protozoans with ciliaCiliates: Protozoans with cilia

• Ciliates live in every kind of aquatic habitat—from ponds and streams to oceans and sulfur springs.

• The roughly 8000 members

• Ciliates: use the cilia that cover their bodies to move. (tiny hairs) - paramecium

Cilia

Oral groove

Gullet

Micronucleus and macronucleus

Contractile vacuole

Anal pore

Sporozoans: Parasitic protozoansSporozoans: Parasitic protozoans

• All are parasites.• They live as internal parasites in one or

more hosts and have complex life cycles.• disease causing - malaria in humans and

other mammals and in birds.

• Sporozoans: produce spores.

Plantlike protists

• Algae include both unicellular and multicellular organisms.

•phytoplankton are so numerous are one of the major producers of nutrients and oxygen in aquatic ecosystems in the world.

Types:EuglenoidsDiatomsDinoflagelletsAlgae

Euglenoids: Autotrophs and HeterotrophsEuglenoids: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

• Eugelnoids are unicellular, aquatic

protists that have both plant and

animal characteristics. •

FlagellumPellicle

Contractile vacuole

Eyespot

Mitochondrion

ChloroplastNucleus

Diatoms: The golden algaeDiatoms: The golden algae

• unicellular and photosynthetic

•make up a large part of phytoplankton.

• made of silica• Abbrasive and reflectant …???...

Dinoflagellates: The spinning algaeDinoflagellates: The spinning algae

• They have two flagella located in grooves at right angles to each other.

• Several species of dinoflagellates produce toxins. • Red tide

Dinoflagellates: The spinning algaeDinoflagellates: The spinning algae

• The toxins produced during a red tide may make humans ill.

Red tide

AlgaeAlgae• Red

• Food (nori)• Brown

• Kelp – most complex•Green

• Most diverse • Produce oxygen

Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

Fungi

What is a Fungus?

1. Which of these fungi are you familiar with?

2. Why do you think these diverse species are classified into a single kingdom?

• The three main characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:– Incomplete cell walls–Reproduce with spores–Obtain nutrients through extracellular

digestion

The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi

• Fungi are everywhere—in the air and water, on damp basement walls, in gardens, on foods, and sometimes even between people’s toes.

The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi

Fungus Among Us

• Although there are a few unicellular types of fungi, such as yeasts, most fungi are multicellular.

The structure of fungiThe structure of fungi

• The basic structural units of multicellular fungi are their hyphae

• Hyphae are threadlike filaments which develop from fungal spores.

• There are different types of hyphae in a mycelium. Some anchor the fungus, some invade the food source, and others form fungal reproductive structures.

The structure of fungiThe structure of fungi

• Unlike plants, which have cell walls made of cellulose, the cell walls of most fungi contain a complex carbohydrate called chitin.

• Chitin gives the fungal cell walls both strength and flexibility.

The structure of fungiThe structure of fungi

• break down complex organic substances into raw materials that other living organisms need. (decompose)• without fungi, huge amounts of wastes,

dead organisms, and debris,• cause food to spoil, diseases, and some are

poisonous. • Yeasts, blue veined cheese,

FungiFungi

• Fungi can be harmful to animals and plants.

FungiFungi

• Fungi are heterotrophs, and they use a process called extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients.

• In this process, food is digested outside a fungus’s cells, and the digested products are then absorbed.

How fungi obtain foodHow fungi obtain food

Chemicals released by hyphae digestdead materials.

Hyphae absorb the digested food.

How fungi obtain foodHow fungi obtain food

• A fungus may be a saprophyte, a mutualist, or a parasite depending on its food source.

• Saprophytes - decomposers and feed on waste or dead organic material.

Different feeding relationshipsDifferent feeding relationships

• Mutualists live in a symbiotic relationship with another organism, such as an alga.

• Parasites absorb nutrients from the living cells of their hosts.

Different feeding relationshipsDifferent feeding relationships

Haustorium Host cell

Fungalhypha