19601960’’ss

People, Trends and EventsPeople, Trends and Events

Election of 1960Election of 1960

Republican: Richard NixonRepublican: Richard NixonDemocrat: John F. KennedyDemocrat: John F. KennedyFirst televised debateFirst televised debateKennedy won by a very narrow Kennedy won by a very narrow

margin; received many votes margin; received many votes from women and blacksfrom women and blacks

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy ““New FrontierNew Frontier”” Urged equal civil Urged equal civil

rights for allrights for all Minimum wage Minimum wage

increaseincrease Increased defense Increased defense

spendingspending Peace Corps was Peace Corps was

created to help poor created to help poor nationsnations

JFK and the New Frontier JFK and the New Frontier Wanted medical Wanted medical

care for the care for the elderlyelderly

Pledged to put a Pledged to put a man on the man on the moonmoon

Robert Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, brother, was his brother, was his Attorney GeneralAttorney General

““Space RaceSpace Race”” Much of the 60Much of the 60’’s revolved s revolved

around putting a man on the around putting a man on the moonmoon

The U.S. and the Soviet Union The U.S. and the Soviet Union battle to be the firstbattle to be the first

July 20, 1969; the U.S. was the July 20, 1969; the U.S. was the first to be successful; Apollo 11first to be successful; Apollo 11

Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong ““We came in peace for all We came in peace for all

mankind”.mankind”.

Kennedy and the Cold WarKennedy and the Cold War

Urged a tough stand against the Urged a tough stand against the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Wanted many options other than Wanted many options other than nuclear weapons-flexible responsenuclear weapons-flexible response

Created the ArmyCreated the Army’’s Special Forcess Special ForcesBerlin Wall built in 1961Berlin Wall built in 1961

Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion

19611961Attempt to overthrow Communist Attempt to overthrow Communist

Cuban leader Fidel CastroCuban leader Fidel CastroAttempt was unsuccessful and Attempt was unsuccessful and

Kennedy and the U.S. were very Kennedy and the U.S. were very embarrassedembarrassed

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis October, 1962October, 1962 Soviets had placed nuclear missiles in Soviets had placed nuclear missiles in

Cuba; pointed directly at the U.S.Cuba; pointed directly at the U.S. Kennedy insisted the missiles be removedKennedy insisted the missiles be removed Very tense confrontation; threat of nuclear Very tense confrontation; threat of nuclear

war very realwar very real The Soviet Union and Khrushchev agreed The Soviet Union and Khrushchev agreed

to removed the missiles after a 13 day to removed the missiles after a 13 day stand-offstand-off

Kennedy AssassinationKennedy AssassinationNovember 22, 1963November 22, 1963Dallas, TexasDallas, TexasKennedy wanted to improve relations Kennedy wanted to improve relations

with the Southern Democratic partywith the Southern Democratic partyLee Harvey Oswald was accused of Lee Harvey Oswald was accused of

killing Kennedy; many feel he did not killing Kennedy; many feel he did not do it or did not act alonedo it or did not act alone

ContinuedContinued

The nation mourned The nation mourned for several daysfor several days

Oswald was killed on Oswald was killed on November 24, 1963 by November 24, 1963 by Jack Ruby on live Jack Ruby on live televisiontelevision

Many conspiracy Many conspiracy theories still existtheories still exist

Warren Commission Warren Commission ruled that Oswald was ruled that Oswald was the lone assassinthe lone assassin

Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson

Was sworn in on Was sworn in on ““Air Force OneAir Force One”” after Kennedyafter Kennedy’’s deaths death

KennedyKennedy’’s vice-presidents vice-presidentTexas nativeTexas nativeVery skillful legislator; could work Very skillful legislator; could work

well with Congresswell with CongressLaunched a Launched a ““War on PovertyWar on Poverty””Re-elected in 1964Re-elected in 1964

JohnsonJohnson’’s s ““Great SocietyGreat Society””

Created Medicare and Created Medicare and MedicaidMedicaid

Funded public housing Funded public housing unitsunits

Lifted quotas on Lifted quotas on immigrationimmigration

Wanted to ensure clean Wanted to ensure clean water(water(”Silent Spring”)”Silent Spring”) and and protect consumersprotect consumers

Many conservatives felt Many conservatives felt programs were too muchprograms were too much

Supreme Court and Chief Justice Supreme Court and Chief Justice Earl WarrenEarl Warren

Promoted liberal policiesPromoted liberal policies More concern for the accusedMore concern for the accused Gideon Vs. WainwrightGideon Vs. Wainwright -court -court

provides a lawyer if the accused provides a lawyer if the accused cannot afford onecannot afford one

Miranda Vs. ArizonaMiranda Vs. Arizona -suspects have -suspects have rights read to them upon arrestrights read to them upon arrest

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War

U.S. advisors were first sent to Vietnam in U.S. advisors were first sent to Vietnam in the the 1950’s1950’s

The Vietnamese defeated the French in The Vietnamese defeated the French in 1954; 1954; the U.S. had aided Francethe U.S. had aided France

North Vietnam fell under Communist ruleNorth Vietnam fell under Communist rule South Vietnam was a non-communist South Vietnam was a non-communist

country; America supported South country; America supported South VietnamVietnam

America was once again trying to America was once again trying to containcontain communismcommunism

Vietnam VocabularyVietnam Vocabulary Ho Chi Minh: Communist leader of Ho Chi Minh: Communist leader of

North VietnamNorth Vietnam Vietminh: communist group led by Ho Vietminh: communist group led by Ho

Chi MinhChi Minh Geneva Accords: peace agreement that Geneva Accords: peace agreement that

split Vietnam in 2split Vietnam in 2 Ngo Dinh Diem: Leader of South Ngo Dinh Diem: Leader of South

Vietnam; executed by Vietcong in 1963Vietnam; executed by Vietcong in 1963

Vietnam VocabularyVietnam Vocabulary Vietcong: communist rebel group in South Vietcong: communist rebel group in South

VietnamVietnam Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Resolution that Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Resolution that

allowed President Johnson to fight in Vietnamallowed President Johnson to fight in Vietnam Napalm: gasoline-based explosiveNapalm: gasoline-based explosive Agent Orange: chemical that destroyed jungle Agent Orange: chemical that destroyed jungle

landland Dove: American that called for withdrawal Dove: American that called for withdrawal

from Vietnamfrom Vietnam Hawk: American who supported the war effortHawk: American who supported the war effort

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

Lasted from 1964-1973Lasted from 1964-1973 Many men were drafted; 80 percent of Many men were drafted; 80 percent of

American soldiers came from lower American soldiers came from lower economic levelseconomic levels

Many Many ““dodgeddodged”” the draft; enrolled in the draft; enrolled in college, joined the National Guard and college, joined the National Guard and Army Reserves, or some moved to Army Reserves, or some moved to CanadaCanada

Many protests; mostly on college Many protests; mostly on college campusescampuses

TET OffensiveTET Offensive

Turning point in Vietnam WarTurning point in Vietnam War 19681968 Convinced many Americans that the war Convinced many Americans that the war

was not winnablewas not winnable

Effects ContinuedEffects Continued

Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to run Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968for re-election in 1968

Rep. Richard Nixon elected to office in Rep. Richard Nixon elected to office in 1969; promised to bring troops home 1969; promised to bring troops home from Vietnamfrom Vietnam

Brought a few home, but many remained Brought a few home, but many remained until 1973until 1973

War Powers Act createdWar Powers Act created Many Americans became distrustful of Many Americans became distrustful of

government government

"Hey, Hey, LBJ ... How Many Kids Did You Kill Today?"

Effects ContinuedEffects Continued 58,000 American soldiers killed; 365,000 58,000 American soldiers killed; 365,000

woundedwounded Vietnam veterans were often mistreated; Vietnam veterans were often mistreated;

called called ““baby killersbaby killers”” Over 1.5 million Vietnamese deathsOver 1.5 million Vietnamese deaths America pulled out in 1973America pulled out in 1973 South Vietnam South Vietnam ““fellfell”” to Communism in 1975 to Communism in 1975

when the North overtook Saigon in S. Vietnamwhen the North overtook Saigon in S. Vietnam America did not win the Vietnam WarAmerica did not win the Vietnam War Pentagon Papers Pentagon Papers later released during Nixon’s later released during Nixon’s

presidency; revealed cover-up’spresidency; revealed cover-up’s

““Flower Power”-war protests Flower Power”-war protests common on college campusescommon on college campuses

Kent State University Riot-Kent State University Riot-May 4, 1970-4 students killedMay 4, 1970-4 students killed

Fall of Saigon-April 30, 1975Fall of Saigon-April 30, 1975

19601960’’s Lifestyless Lifestyles

The early 60The early 60’’s was very similar to the s was very similar to the 19501950’’s decades decade

By the mid 1960By the mid 1960’’s it was evident there s it was evident there were many social changes taking placewere many social changes taking place– Civil and voting rights granted to allCivil and voting rights granted to all– The counterculture emergesThe counterculture emerges– Women fight for equal rightsWomen fight for equal rights– People speak out against the Vietnam War People speak out against the Vietnam War

and the U.S. governmentand the U.S. government

19601960’’s Televisions TelevisionMost Americans had televisions by the Most Americans had televisions by the

19601960’’ssMore than ever, Americans looked to More than ever, Americans looked to

the television for entertainment, news, the television for entertainment, news, hairstyles, music and fashion hairstyles, music and fashion

The Vietnam War was known as The Vietnam War was known as ““The The Television WarTelevision War”” (ex: (ex: ““The Wonder The Wonder YearsYears””))

6060’’s Televisions Television

““Andy Griffith ShowAndy Griffith Show”” ““GilliganGilligan’’s Islands Island”” ““BewitchedBewitched”” ““I Dream of JeanieI Dream of Jeanie”” ““The FlintstonesThe Flintstones”” ““Star TrekStar Trek””

6060’’s Fashions Fashion Bouffant hairstylesBouffant hairstyles Go-Go bootsGo-Go boots Peasant skirtsPeasant skirts Tie-DyeTie-Dye Mini skirtsMini skirts Blue JeansBlue Jeans ““TwiggyTwiggy”” was a was a

very famous model very famous model of the 1960of the 1960’’ss

6060’’s Musics Music 1964: The Beatles first appeared on the 1964: The Beatles first appeared on the

Ed Sullivan showEd Sullivan show ““MotownMotown””; The Supremes, The ; The Supremes, The

Temptations, the Four Tops, etc.Temptations, the Four Tops, etc. British Invasion: many groups from British Invasion: many groups from

England became very popular in AmericaEngland became very popular in America The Rolling StonesThe Rolling Stones The BeatlesThe Beatles The WhoThe Who The TurtlesThe Turtles The MonkeesThe Monkees The ByrdsThe Byrds

Psychedelic/Acid RockPsychedelic/Acid Rock Much of the heavier Much of the heavier

rock and roll was rock and roll was associated with drugs associated with drugs and rebellionand rebellion

Reflected the Reflected the turbulent times of the turbulent times of the late 60late 60’’ss

Jimi HendrixJimi Hendrix The DoorsThe Doors Janis JoplinJanis Joplin

The The ““Counter CultureCounter Culture””

““HippiesHippies Resisted Resisted

mainstream culturemainstream culture Started a Started a ““Back to Back to

the Earththe Earth”” movementmovement

Often protested the Often protested the war and marched war and marched for peacefor peace

The The ““Counter CultureCounter Culture”” Promoted peace, love Promoted peace, love

and concern for the and concern for the environment; some environment; some referred to as referred to as ““tree tree huggershuggers””

Dr. Timothy Leary Dr. Timothy Leary encouraged young encouraged young people to people to ““tune in, turn tune in, turn on and drop outon and drop out””

Many later realized that Many later realized that in order to survive they in order to survive they had to work and return had to work and return to mainstream cultureto mainstream culture

““Counter CultureCounter Culture”” Many experimented Many experimented

with drugs (LSD)with drugs (LSD) Lived in communesLived in communes Tie-Dye, blue jeans, Tie-Dye, blue jeans,

peasant skirts were peasant skirts were very popularvery popular

““Flower ChildrenFlower Children”” White, middle-class White, middle-class

college studentscollege students

Woodstock Music FestivalWoodstock Music Festival 19691969 Huge 3-day music Huge 3-day music

festival held in festival held in upstate New Yorkupstate New York

More than More than 400,000 attended; 400,000 attended; far more than far more than expectedexpected

WomenWomen’’s Movement in the 60s Movement in the 60’’ss

Many women had participated in the Many women had participated in the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war Civil Rights Movement and anti-war protests; they decided to fight for protests; they decided to fight for equal pay and treatment in the equal pay and treatment in the workplaceworkplace

Many pushed for ERA-Equal Rights Many pushed for ERA-Equal Rights Amendment-the amendment was Amendment-the amendment was passed by Congress; not ratified by passed by Congress; not ratified by the statesthe states

WomenWomen’’s Movements Movement

FeminismFeminism: the belief : the belief that women should that women should have economic, have economic, political, and social political, and social equalityequality

The Feminine The Feminine MystiqueMystique by Betty by Betty Friedan; discussed Friedan; discussed the discontent many the discontent many women were feeling women were feeling during that timeduring that time

Effects of the WomenEffects of the Women’’s Movements Movement

Many more women graduated from Many more women graduated from college; more law and medical school college; more law and medical school graduates especiallygraduates especially

Women began starting careers more Women began starting careers more and working outside the homeand working outside the home

Number of women holding political Number of women holding political office increasedoffice increased

Opportunities for women in general Opportunities for women in general increasedincreased

-Latino Civil Rights Activist-Latino Civil Rights Activist

-Started the National Farm -Started the National Farm Workers AssociationWorkers Association

Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez