GENERAL SCIENCE

I. LIFE

A. WHAT ARE WE STUDYING

B. DEFINE

C. CHARACTERISTICS

C1. COMPLEX ORGANIZED ORDER

C2. METABOLISM

C3. HOMEOSTASIS

C4. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

C5. RESPOND TO STIMULI

C6. REPRODUCE

C7. EVOLVE

C8. DNA(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)D. HOW STUDY

E. HOW TO CLASSIFY LIFE

1. WHAT IS USED - cell type, number of cells, mode of nutrition

2. CLASSIFICATION

a. DOMAINS

BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA

b. KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA (IN FLUX)

PROTISTA ________ cell

FUNGI ________ cell, consume others, ________ cell wall

PLANTAE ________ cell, makes own food, ________ cell wall

ANIMALIA ________ cell, consumes other, ________ cell wall

II. SCIENCEA. DEFINITION –

B. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCEB1. CONTROL OF THE UNIVERSE

Vitalism Mechanism

B2. PURPOSE OF THE UNIVERSE

Teleology Causalism

B3. LOGIC – Bag of beads (example)

Deductive Inductive

III. TWO SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES

A. DISCOVERY SCIENCEVerifiable observationsInductive reasoning

B. HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN SCIENCEScientific methodExperimentsHypothesis

C. LIST PARTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

ObservationQuestionHypothesisPredictionExperiment and ConrolEvluate resultsPublishTheory

METHOD DEFINITIONS EXAMPLE – 1920’s Fleming

OBSERVATION Bacteria does not grow around fungus.

QUESTION How is the fungus killing the bacteria?

HYPOTHESIS The fungus produces a chemical that kills the bacteria.

PREDICTION If I isolate the material produced I willfind a chemical.

EXPERIMENT AND CONTROL Experiment Experiment Control

Heat broth heat broth/fungus / no fungus

Filter filterPour on bacteria pour on bacteria

Control

RESULT Bacteria die bacteria live

EVALUATE A chemical produced by the fungus kills the bacteria.

PUBLISH Peer review

THEORY

THIS IS NOT A SIMPLE IDEA BUT A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE.

IV. LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY (MAJOR THEME OF THE SEMESTER)

V. SOME OF THE MODERN SCIENTISTS WE WILL DISCUSS

A. Linnaeus (Karl von) (1758) – classification & taxonomy

LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY

TERMS OF SUBLEVELS EXAMPLES FIELD

Chemical Level EnergySubatomic particlesAtomsCompoundsReactionsMolecule

Proton, Neutron, ElectronGlucoseChlorophyllPhotosynthesisCellular Respiration

PhysicsChemistryBiochemistry

Physiology

Cellular Level OrganellesCell (Fundamental Unit)

RibosomesNucleusBoneMuscle

Cytology

Tissue Level Related cells and cell products which perform a specific function.

PhloemXylemMuscleNervousBlood

HistologyHematology

Organ Level Related tissues with genetic shape StemLeafKidney, Stomach, Muscle

Morphology

Anatomy

System Level Related organs that work together for a common function(s).

Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive

Organism Level Animals

PlantsMicroorganismFungi

BirdsMammalsFishReptileInvertebratesParasites

ClassificationBehavior

ZoologyOrnithologyMammalogyIcthyologyHerpetologyInvertebratologyParasitologyBotanyMicrobiologyMycologyTaxonomyEthology

Population Level Local group of related organisms that are reproductively isolated.

Redwood treesGround SquirrelFish

Ecology

Community Level Local group of related populations DesertPine ForestTide Pool

Ecosystem Level Group of communities and related abiotic factors

OceanConiferous ForestTundra

Fields of Biology that can be related to any level of complexity

Biological Inheritance

Biological changes over long time periods

Genetics

Evolution

B. Schleiden and Schwann – Cell Theory

C. Charles Darwin – Theory of Evolution

D. Gregor Mendel – Genetics