1mr history

7/28/2019 1MR History

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M R IPhysicsCourse

Jerry Allison Ph.D.

Chris Wright B.S.

Tom Lavin B.S.Department of Radiology

Medical College of Georgia


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Historyof

Magnetic Resonance

Imaging


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Nuclear Magnetic

ResonanceNMR was first described in

1946 by: BLOCH, Hansen, and Packard at

Stanford University

and independently by

PURCELL, Torrey, and Pound at

Harvard University


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BLOCH and PURCELLshared the

Nobel Prize forPhysics

in1952


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Lauterbur and Mansfield

shared theNobel Prize

in

Physiology or Medicinein

2003


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Paul Lauterbur(born 1929), Urbana, Illinois, USA,

discovered the possibility to create a two-dimensional

picture by introducing gradients in the magnetic field.

By analysis of the characteristics of the emitted radio

waves, he could determine their origin.This made it possible to build up two-dimensional

pictures of structures that could not be visualized

with other methods.

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2003/press.html


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Peter Mansfield(born 1933), Nottingham, England,

Further developed the utilization of gradients in

the magnetic field. He showed how the signals

could be mathematically analyzed, which made

it possible to develop a useful imaging technique.Mansfield also showed how extremely fast imaging

could be achievable. This became technically

possible within medicine a decade later.

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2003/press.html


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Lauterbur, while at SUNY at

Stonybrook in 1973, developed a

technique that coupled the resonant

NMR field with a magnetic field

gradient to produce a two-dimensionalimage--ZEUGMATOGRAPHY (join

together magnetic fields to produce apicture). This technique is now used

for 2D and 3D MRI.


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Lauterbur and Damadian

are given credit

for the birth ofMagnetic Resonance Imaging

in1973


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The medical doctor who claims to havediscovered the signals emitted by tissues

which led to the development of the MRI isblasting the Nobel Committee for its refusalto recognize his achievement. In an fullpage advertisement published Monday in

the New York Times, Dr. RaymondDamadian said he was the creator of thefirst MRIstanding for magnetic resonanceimagingwhich he also notes is"emphatically an MD's invention."

http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/11/3/205451.shtml


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Damadian said the Nobel committee has a

highly politicized selection process, one that

also favors Doctors of Philosophy and otherscientists over Doctors of Medicine.

Damadian said in his advertisement that in

1970 he first discovered that cancerous andnormal tissues offer different signals for

imaging purposes. Damadian said that on

July 3, 1977, he conducted the first humanscan using an MRI.


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"Although the two PhD's who have been

named for the prizeone a chemist and the

other a physicistmade later contributionsto MRI technology, as have many others

since then, there is no way, outside of

outright deception, to ascribe primary creditfor the invention of the MRI to two

scientists who merely imagined improved

ways to display the image of the signals I

discovered," Damadian wrote in his ad.


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"He said he developed the first medical uses forMRIs, proposed the first body scanner, discoveredthe tissue signals picked up by MRIs, built the first

MRI with his students, then "used the scanner toobtain the first MRI picture of patients withcancer."

"By contrast," he continued, the committee "has

decided to honor for 'discoveries concerning theinvention of the MRI' the PhD's Paul Lauterburand Peter Mansfield, along with literallythousands of other research scientistshad beenworking with NMR machines for 25 years (1945-

1970) without one of them ever asking himself ifNMR might have a medical application."

"I believe it is outrageously unjust that the Nobelshould decide to exclude from its award the MDgenesis of MRI," he added.


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Damadian, while at Downstate

Medical Center (NY,NY), developed

FONAR (field focusing nuclear

magnetic resonance). The FONARtechnique could acquire data from one

voxel. The voxel location could bemanipulated to build up an image.


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Damadianreceived a patent for

Apparatus and Methodfor Detecting Cancer in

Tissue in 1974


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Nuclear Induction

Apparatus & Display

Illustration included in Damadians patent

application in 1974.


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Illustration included in Damadians patent

application in 1974.


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The first image of a liveanimal was acquired in

1976, and the first imageof the human thorax in

1977.


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March, 1977.

The first attempt

to take a humanNMR scan. Dr.

Raymond Damadian

was the first patient.Because of the

uncertainty of the

outcome, he wore a

cardiac monitor and

a blood pressure cuff.


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July, 1977. The first successful human body NMR

scan with Dr. Lawrence Minkoff as the volunteer.


22/26The first human NMR scan


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One of Damadians

early scanners residesat the Smithsonian.


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The Indomitable, the NMR scanner used for

the worlds first human body NMR scan.


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Damadian founded

FONAR Corporation tomarket MRI systems.


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FONAR 3000 ca. 1982

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