2. maslows new slides
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
is a theory ofAbrahamMaslow
proposed in his 1943 paperA Theory of Human
Motivation, which hesubsequently extended toinclude his observations ofhumans' innate curiosity
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This diagram shows Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented
as a pyramid with the more primitive needs at the bottom.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Depicted as a
pyramid consistingof five levels:
the four lower levelsare groupedtogether as
deficiency needs
associated withphysiological needs,
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
the top level istermed growthneeds associated
withpsychologicalneeds
Deficiency needsmust be met first.
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The higher needs = come intofocus when the lower needs in the
pyramid are satisfied.
Once an individual has movedupwards to the next level, needsin the lower level will no longer be
prioritized.
If a lower set of needs is nolonger being met, the individualwill temporarily re-prioritize thoseneeds by focusing attention on
the unfulfilled needs, but will notpermanently regress to the lowerlevel.
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For instance, a businessman (atthe esteem level) who isdiagnosed with cancer willspend a great deal of time
concentrating on his health(physiological needs),
but will continue to value hisworkperformance (esteemneeds) and will likely return towork during periods ofremission.
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Deficiency needs
The first four layers of the pyramid arewhat Maslow called "deficiency
needs" or"D-needs
the individual does not feel anything ifthey are met, but feels anxious if theyare not met.
The deficiency needs are:
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Physiological needs
These are the basic needs forsuch things as
food, warmth, shelter, sex, water,and other body needs.
If a person is hungry or thirsty orhis body is chemicallyunbalanced, all of his energies
turn toward remedying thesedeficiencies, and other needsremain inactive.
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The physiological needs of the organism(those enabling homeostasis) consist mainly of:
Excretion
Eating Sex
Drinking
Sleeping Shelter
Warmth
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Safety needs
With his physical needsrelatively satisfied, theindividual's safety needs
take over and dominatehis behavior.
These needs have to dowith man's yearning for a
predictable,orderly worldin which injustice and
inconsistency are undercontrol.
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In the world of work, thesesafety needs manifestthemselves in such things as a
preference for job security, savings accounts,
insurance policies, and thelike.
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For the most partphysiological and safetyneeds are reasonably wellsatisfied in our society.
Obvious exceptions, arepeople outside the
mainstream the poor,the disadvantaged, and
members of minoritygroups.
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If frustration has not led toweakness, such people stillstruggle to satisfy the basicphysiological and safety needs.
They are primarily concernedwith survival: obtaining adequate food,
clothing,
shelter,
and seeking justice from thedominant societal groups.
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Safety needs include:
Personal security fromcrime
Health and well-being
Safety againstaccidents/illness and the
adverse impacts
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Love/Belonging/Social needs
Afterphysiological and safety
needs are fulfilled, the third
layer of human needs is social. This involves emotionally-based
relationships in general, such as:
friendship
sexual intimacy having a supportive and
communicative family
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Humans need to feel a sense
of belongingess andacceptance, whether itcomes from a large socialgroup such as:
clubs, office culture ,
religious groups
professional organizations,
sports teams, or
small social connections (familymembers, intimate partners,mentors, close colleagues)
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In the absence of these elements,many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression.
This need for belonging can oftenovercome the physiological andsecurity needs.
e.g. an anorexic ignores the need toeat and the security of health for afeeling of belonging.
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Esteem needs
All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect,
and to respect others.
People need to engage themselves to gainrecognition and have activities
sense of contribution, to feel accepted and
self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby.
Imbalances at this level can result in lowself-esteem, inferiority complexes.
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Growth needs
self-actualization alsotermed "B-needs
they are enduringmotivations or drivers of
behavior
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Cognitive needs
Maslow believed that humanshave the need to
= increase their intelligence andthereby chase knowledge.
Cognitive needs is the expressionof the natural human need to
learn,
explore,
discover and
create to get a better understandingof the world around them
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Aesthetic needs
Based on Maslow's beliefs, it is stated in thehierarchy that humans need beautifulimagery or something new andaesthetically pleasing to continue uptowards
Self-Actualization.
Humans need to refresh themselves in thepresence and beauty of nature whilecarefully absorbing and observing theirsurroundings to extract the beauty that theworld has to offer.
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Self-actualization
a concept Maslowattributed to Kurt
Goldstein,one of hismentors is the need of
humans to make the mostof their abilities and to
strive to be the best theycan.
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This final stage ofpsychological developmentcomes when the individualfeels assured that his
physiological,
security,
affiliation and affection, s
elf-respect,
and recognition needs havebeen satisfied.
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Maslow's need hierarchy
is set forth as a general
proposition
and does not imply thateveryone's needs follow
the same rigid pattern.For some people, self-esteem seems to be a
stronger motivation thanlove.
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Similarly,persons who havesuffered hunger or someother deprivation for a
long period of time maylive happily for the rest oftheir lives if only they canget enough of what they
lacked.
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Maslow writes the following about
the self-actualizing people:
They embrace the facts
and realities of the world(including themselves)rather than denying oravoiding them.
They are spontaneous intheir ideas and actions.
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Maslow writes the following about
the self-actualizing people:
They are creative.
They are interested insolving problems; this oftenincludes the problems ofothers. Solving these
problems is often a keyfocus in their lives.
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They feel a closeness to otherpeople, and generallyappreciate life.
They have a system of moralitythat is fully internalized and
independent of externalauthority.
They have discernment and are
able to view all things in anobjective manner.
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In short,self-actualization is
reaching one's fullest
potential.
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AndAccording to Maslow,the self-
actualizing people tend to be asfollows:
1. Have sense of awareness
efficient perception ofreality
freshness of appreciation peak experiences
ethical awareness
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2. Honest
deep interpersonalrelationships
democratic characterstructure
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3. Freedom
need for solitude
autonomous, independent
creativity, originality
spontaneous
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4. Can be trusted
problem centered acceptance of self, others, nature
resistance to enculturation - identitywith humanity
Enculturation = a process whereby anestablished culture teaches anindividual its accepted norms andvalues so that
the individual can become anaccepted member of the societyand find their suitable role
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