2020thth Century Century

Chapter 20Chapter 20

United StatesUnited States

Adventures in Time and PlaceAdventures in Time and Place

World War IWorld War I In August 1914 WWI In August 1914 WWI

began.began. Allied Powers – Britain, Allied Powers – Britain,

France, Italy, Belgium, France, Italy, Belgium, and Russiaand Russia

Central Powers – Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and TurkeyHungary, and Turkey

Few Americans were Few Americans were eager to involve the U.S. eager to involve the U.S. in a distant conflict.in a distant conflict.

Woodrow Wilson was Woodrow Wilson was president at this time. He president at this time. He won reelection with the won reelection with the slogan, “He kept us out of slogan, “He kept us out of war.”war.”

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Dangers at SeaDangers at Sea Britain and Germany were Britain and Germany were

fighting over control of the sea. fighting over control of the sea. Both wanted to keep the other Both wanted to keep the other side from receiving the side from receiving the supplies it needed.supplies it needed.

Germans used U-boats, or Germans used U-boats, or submarines.submarines.

Germany sunk the Lusitania Germany sunk the Lusitania which contained weapons and which contained weapons and people – 1,198 people died. people – 1,198 people died. 128 of them were Americans.128 of them were Americans.

People in the U.S. were angry!People in the U.S. were angry! The U.S. bought the Virgin The U.S. bought the Virgin

Islands from Denmark for $25 Islands from Denmark for $25 million to protect American million to protect American shipping and the Panama shipping and the Panama Canal. The U.S. built a naval Canal. The U.S. built a naval base on these islands.base on these islands.

From Jan. to March of 1917, From Jan. to March of 1917, Germans sank 8 U.S. ships.Germans sank 8 U.S. ships.

President Wilson asked President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Congress to declare war on the Central Powers. On April the Central Powers. On April 16, 1917, they did.16, 1917, they did.

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Uncle SamUncle Sam Uncle Sam is a symbol of the

United States, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812 and the first illustration dating from 1852.

During WWI a very famous poster showed Uncle Sam pointing at the people with the words, “I WANT YOU FOR U.S. ARMY.” The artist James Montgomery Flagg painted the poster in 1917.

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The War FrontThe War Front The war in Europe was a The war in Europe was a

new kind of war.new kind of war. Technology made combat Technology made combat

more destructive – more destructive – machine guns, airplanes, machine guns, airplanes, tanks, poison gas.tanks, poison gas.

About 30,000 American About 30,000 American soldiers lost their lives at soldiers lost their lives at the battle of Meuse-the battle of Meuse-Argonne.Argonne.

By the end of the war, By the end of the war, about 2 million Americans about 2 million Americans had served in the military, had served in the military, but blacks and whites still but blacks and whites still couldn’t fight along side couldn’t fight along side each other. The military each other. The military was still segregated.was still segregated.

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The Home FrontThe Home Front The army needed weapons, The army needed weapons,

food, clothing, and fuel.food, clothing, and fuel. The government took over the The government took over the

railroads and telegraphs to railroads and telegraphs to speed production.speed production.

Many factories worked Many factories worked overtime.overtime.

With men fighting overseas, With men fighting overseas, many jobs became available to many jobs became available to African Americans and African Americans and women.women.

People helped the war effort People helped the war effort by saving scarce products or by saving scarce products or doing without them. The doing without them. The government asked for government asked for “Wheatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Mondays” and “Meatless Tuesdays” so more “Meatless Tuesdays” so more food would be available for food would be available for troops.troops.

In 1918 Congress adopted In 1918 Congress adopted daylight savings time. By daylight savings time. By setting their clocks an hour setting their clocks an hour earlier, Americans gained an earlier, Americans gained an extra hr. of daylight and saved extra hr. of daylight and saved fuel needed for war.fuel needed for war.

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Making PeaceMaking Peace The continuing arrival of American The continuing arrival of American

troops, money, and supplies troops, money, and supplies weakened the Central Powers.weakened the Central Powers.

On Nov. 11, 1918, they On Nov. 11, 1918, they surrendered. This is now a surrendered. This is now a holiday called Veteran’s Day.holiday called Veteran’s Day.

10 million soldiers were killed. 10 million soldiers were killed. Over 100,000 Americans.Over 100,000 Americans.

In 1919 representatives of the In 1919 representatives of the Allied Powers met in Versailles, Allied Powers met in Versailles, France. They created a peace France. They created a peace agreement that blamed the war on agreement that blamed the war on Germany. It was called the Treaty Germany. It was called the Treaty of Versailles.of Versailles.

The treaty took away Germany’s The treaty took away Germany’s colonies, redrew its national colonies, redrew its national borders, and demanded that borders, and demanded that Germany pay heavy fines.Germany pay heavy fines.

President Wilson persuaded the President Wilson persuaded the Allied Powers to create a League Allied Powers to create a League of Nations, the 1of Nations, the 1stst organization of organization of countries designed to prevent countries designed to prevent future wars.future wars.

Many Americans were afraid the Many Americans were afraid the League of Nations would drag the League of Nations would drag the U.S. into more wars. Congress U.S. into more wars. Congress rejected Wilson’s plans to join the rejected Wilson’s plans to join the League.League.

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The Great The Great MigrationMigration

In the 1890s many In the 1890s many African Americans moved African Americans moved from rural areas to more from rural areas to more urban areas in the urban areas in the Northeast and Middle Northeast and Middle West.West.

Most moved north to Most moved north to escape discrimination escape discrimination and poverty. and poverty.

Factory jobs were a great Factory jobs were a great improvement over farm improvement over farm work.work.

The The Chicago DefenderChicago Defender was a popular African was a popular African American newspaper that American newspaper that encouraged the encouraged the migration.migration. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/

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Struggles for Struggles for JusticeJustice

In 1881, a former slave, In 1881, a former slave, named Booker T. named Booker T. Washington founded the Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. At Tuskegee, Alabama. At Tuskegee, African Americans were African Americans were taught skills such as taught skills such as printing, bricklaying, and printing, bricklaying, and teaching, which would teaching, which would help them out of poverty.help them out of poverty.

To fight discrimination, To fight discrimination, the National Association the National Association for the Advancement of for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909 by was founded in 1909 by both blacks and whites.both blacks and whites.http://www.afrocentricnews.com/

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The Roaring The Roaring TwentiesTwenties

About 10 years after World About 10 years after World War I the U.S. enjoyed a time War I the U.S. enjoyed a time of prosperity.of prosperity.

Income was rising, people Income was rising, people were making money buying were making money buying stocks, and living conditions stocks, and living conditions improved for many.improved for many.

More free time – start of the 8 More free time – start of the 8 hour work day.hour work day.

New appliances – washing New appliances – washing machines, irons, and machines, irons, and vacuums.vacuums.

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CultureCulture People started listening to People started listening to

jazz music. Rooted in jazz music. Rooted in African American culture, African American culture, jazz is full of striking jazz is full of striking rhythms and sounds. rhythms and sounds. Duke Ellington helped to Duke Ellington helped to give the decade another give the decade another nickname, “The Jazz nickname, “The Jazz Age.”Age.”

Many writers tried to Many writers tried to capture the special capture the special feeling of the Roaring 20s feeling of the Roaring 20s – Francis Scott Key – Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, Ernest Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemmingway, William Hemmingway, William Faulkner, Dorothy Parker, Faulkner, Dorothy Parker, Langston Hughes, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston.Neale Hurston.

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TechnologyTechnology By the end of the 20s, there By the end of the 20s, there

was one car on the road for was one car on the road for every 5 people. The every 5 people. The automobile linked the city and automobile linked the city and country more closely - school, country more closely - school, market, and shopping was market, and shopping was easier.easier.

Tourism boomed, and motels Tourism boomed, and motels (hotel for motorists) started (hotel for motorists) started showing up in 1925.showing up in 1925.

The first radio station started The first radio station started broadcasting in 1920. People broadcasting in 1920. People gathered around radios to hear gathered around radios to hear music, news, sporting events, music, news, sporting events, comedy shows, and the 1comedy shows, and the 1stst “soap operas.”“soap operas.”

People had been enjoying People had been enjoying silent films since the early silent films since the early 1900s, but now people were 1900s, but now people were able to enjoy talking pictures able to enjoy talking pictures (talkies) thanks to Edison.(talkies) thanks to Edison.

Al Jolson’s Al Jolson’s The Jazz SingerThe Jazz Singer appeared in 1927.appeared in 1927.

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Technology Technology ContinuedContinued

Media – types of Media – types of communication that communication that reaches large numbers of reaches large numbers of people. For example, people. For example, radio, newspapers, and radio, newspapers, and magazines.magazines.

No TV yet.No TV yet. Reader’s DigestReader’s Digest and and

TimeTime started during this started during this period.period.

So begins advertising.So begins advertising. Celebrity fame begins.Celebrity fame begins. Charles Lindberg was the Charles Lindberg was the

11stst to fly nonstop and solo to fly nonstop and solo across the Atlantic Ocean across the Atlantic Ocean (NY to Paris). “Lucky (NY to Paris). “Lucky Lindy”Lindy”

Amelia Earhart was the Amelia Earhart was the 11stst woman to cross the woman to cross the Atlantic.Atlantic.

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Women Fight Women Fight For SuffrageFor Suffrage

The fight for suffrage is the The fight for suffrage is the right to vote.right to vote.

In 1870 the 15In 1870 the 15thth amendment amendment gave African American men the gave African American men the right to vote.right to vote.

In 1872 Susan B. Anthony and In 1872 Susan B. Anthony and a group of women marched into a group of women marched into a polling place in Rochester, a polling place in Rochester, NY, and cast their vote for NY, and cast their vote for president. They were arrested.president. They were arrested.

A women’s suffrage A women’s suffrage amendment was introduced to amendment was introduced to congress in 1878, but it did not congress in 1878, but it did not pass.pass.

Women did not give up. It was Women did not give up. It was reintroduced in every session reintroduced in every session of Congress for the next 40 of Congress for the next 40 years.years.

In 1920 women were given the In 1920 women were given the right to vote with the 19right to vote with the 19thth amendment.amendment.

During WWI women worked in During WWI women worked in businesses and factories. businesses and factories. Once the soldiers returned the Once the soldiers returned the women returned to being women returned to being homemakers.homemakers.

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The Great The Great DepressionDepression

Prosperity ended in 1929 with the Prosperity ended in 1929 with the crash of the stock exchange, crash of the stock exchange, called Black Tuesday.called Black Tuesday.

A stock exchange is a special A stock exchange is a special market where shares of stock are market where shares of stock are bought and sold.bought and sold.

The prices of stocks began to drop The prices of stocks began to drop early that fall. This scared early that fall. This scared investors, so they started selling investors, so they started selling their stocks. The sudden sales their stocks. The sudden sales caused prices to fall even more. caused prices to fall even more. Investors panicked, and everyone Investors panicked, and everyone wanted to sell. No one wanted to wanted to sell. No one wanted to buy. As a result, stocks became buy. As a result, stocks became worthless, and many people lost worthless, and many people lost lots of money.lots of money.

Many banks and businesses Many banks and businesses failed. Thousands of Americans failed. Thousands of Americans lost their savings and jobs.lost their savings and jobs.

Some people lost all their money, Some people lost all their money, so they couldn’t buy goods or so they couldn’t buy goods or services.services.

Companies and factories had to Companies and factories had to shut down.shut down.

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Hard TimesHard Times Many families lost their Many families lost their

homes because of the homes because of the shortage of jobs.shortage of jobs.

People were unable to People were unable to pay taxes, so some pay taxes, so some schools had to close.schools had to close.

Dust Bowl – 150,000 Dust Bowl – 150,000 square miles of the Great square miles of the Great Plains turned to dust Plains turned to dust because of a drought. because of a drought. Crops died, and farmers Crops died, and farmers went broke. Black went broke. Black Blizzards (giant dust Blizzards (giant dust storms) blew across the storms) blew across the plains. plains.

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Franklin D. Franklin D. RooseveltRoosevelt

Known as FDR and Known as FDR and cousin of Theodore cousin of Theodore Roosevelt.Roosevelt.

In 1921 polio took away In 1921 polio took away the use of his legs.the use of his legs.

Married to Eleanor.Married to Eleanor. Elected president in Elected president in

1932.1932. In his Inaugural Address In his Inaugural Address

he promised to fight the he promised to fight the Depression with all the Depression with all the power of the federal power of the federal government.government.

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The New DealThe New Deal The New Deal was a program The New Deal was a program

Roosevelt developed to bring Roosevelt developed to bring about a change in the way the about a change in the way the economy worked.economy worked.

Banks were closed and reopened Banks were closed and reopened under government supervision. under government supervision. Loans were given to farmers and Loans were given to farmers and business in danger of closing. A business in danger of closing. A system was developed to control system was developed to control the sale of stocks.the sale of stocks.

Social Security Act – gave Social Security Act – gave financial help to retired Americans financial help to retired Americans and the disabled.and the disabled.

Congress passed a law that gave Congress passed a law that gave workers the right to form labor workers the right to form labor unions.unions.

Minimum wage and standard work Minimum wage and standard work weeks of 40 hrs. were established weeks of 40 hrs. were established by law.by law.

Fact: The FLSA will increase the Fact: The FLSA will increase the federal minimum wage in three federal minimum wage in three steps: to $5.85 per hour effective steps: to $5.85 per hour effective July 24, 2007; to $6.55 per hour July 24, 2007; to $6.55 per hour effective July 24, 2008; and to effective July 24, 2008; and to $7.25 per hour effective July 24, $7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009. 2009.

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Putting People Putting People to Workto Work

Roosevelt created various Roosevelt created various programs funded by taxes paid to programs funded by taxes paid to the government to put people the government to put people back to work.back to work.

The Works Progress The Works Progress Administration (WPA) put jobless Administration (WPA) put jobless people to work building schools, people to work building schools, libraries, playgrounds, and libraries, playgrounds, and hospitals. They also employed hospitals. They also employed artists, teachers, and musicians.artists, teachers, and musicians.

The Civilian Conservation Corps The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) hired more than 250,000 (CCC) hired more than 250,000 young men to maintain the forests.young men to maintain the forests.

The Tennessee Valley Authority The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built bridges, roads, and (TVA) built bridges, roads, and dams.dams.

The Hoover Dam, named after The Hoover Dam, named after Herbert Hoover, on the Colorado Herbert Hoover, on the Colorado River was completed in 1936 and River was completed in 1936 and helped irrigate soil. It prevented helped irrigate soil. It prevented flooding and generated flooding and generated hydroelectricity. hydroelectricity.

Hydroelectricity is electricity Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by the force of running generated by the force of running water.water.

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Eleanor, EverywhereEleanor, Everywhere

Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt traveled throughout the traveled throughout the country as an extra set of country as an extra set of eyes for FDR. eyes for FDR.

She wrote a newspaper She wrote a newspaper column called “My Day.” column called “My Day.”

She also fought hard for She also fought hard for civil rights and equality for civil rights and equality for women.women.

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World War IIWorld War II Power-hungry dictators were Power-hungry dictators were

taking control.taking control. Dictator – a leader with Dictator – a leader with

complete authority over the complete authority over the government.government.

Benito Mussolini - Italy.Benito Mussolini - Italy. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi – Adolf Hitler and his Nazi –

GermanyGermany A group of military officers – A group of military officers –

JapanJapan In 1936 they signed a treaty of In 1936 they signed a treaty of

friendship and called friendship and called themselves Axis countries.themselves Axis countries.

They expanded their power by They expanded their power by invading neighboring invading neighboring countries.countries.

Most Americans hoped we Most Americans hoped we wouldn't get involved.wouldn't get involved.

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Threats to PeaceThreats to Peace After the damage of WWI, After the damage of WWI,

many countries were many countries were afraid of starting another afraid of starting another conflict.conflict.

September 1, 1939, Hitler September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.invaded Poland.

Great Britain and France Great Britain and France (Allies) declared war on (Allies) declared war on the Axis.the Axis.

In 1940 Hitler controlled In 1940 Hitler controlled all of western Europe all of western Europe except Great Britain.except Great Britain.

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Pearl HarborPearl Harbor A surprise attack by Japan. It A surprise attack by Japan. It

drew the U.S. into the war.drew the U.S. into the war. Japan was taking over islands Japan was taking over islands

in the Pacific Ocean. Part of in the Pacific Ocean. Part of their plan was to force the U.S. their plan was to force the U.S. out of this region.out of this region.

Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the American base in struck the American base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Japanese bombs destroyed Japanese bombs destroyed ships, planes, and military ships, planes, and military supplies.supplies.

2,403 Americans were killed.2,403 Americans were killed. The next day President The next day President

Roosevelt asked Congress to Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.declare war on Japan.

Three days later Germany and Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.Italy declared war on the U.S.

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Joining the AlliesJoining the Allies The U.S. joined the Allies.The U.S. joined the Allies. Communism is an Communism is an

economic and political economic and political system in which all system in which all property is owned by the property is owned by the government.government.

Josef Stalin dictated the Josef Stalin dictated the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

In 1939 he made a deal In 1939 he made a deal with Hitler to keep the 2 with Hitler to keep the 2 countries from fighting.countries from fighting.

Hitler double-crossed him Hitler double-crossed him and attacked in June and attacked in June 1941.1941.

From that point on the From that point on the Soviet Union fought with Soviet Union fought with the Allies.the Allies.

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WarWar On the Pacific the Allies fought On the Pacific the Allies fought

the Japanese.the Japanese. In Africa and Europe they In Africa and Europe they

fought Germany and Italy.fought Germany and Italy. Over the next 4 yrs. 15 million Over the next 4 yrs. 15 million

Americans served in the Americans served in the military.military.

For the first time women were For the first time women were allowed to join the military.allowed to join the military.

Factories worked overtime to Factories worked overtime to produce goods for war.produce goods for war.

By 1944 American factories By 1944 American factories produced an average of 263 produced an average of 263 planes a day.planes a day.

The employment of women The employment of women nearly doubled during WWII.nearly doubled during WWII.

Americans were asked to Americans were asked to conserve metal, gasoline, foil, conserve metal, gasoline, foil, meat, and other items.meat, and other items.

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Relocation Relocation CampsCamps

After Pearl Harbor many After Pearl Harbor many Americans worried about the Americans worried about the Japanese Americans living on Japanese Americans living on the west coast – were they the west coast – were they loyal?loyal?

In 1942, the government made In 1942, the government made over 100,000 Japanese over 100,000 Japanese Americans leave their homes. Americans leave their homes.

Their right to speech and their Their right to speech and their right to vote were taken away.right to vote were taken away.

They were moved quickly to They were moved quickly to relocation camps farther relocation camps farther inland.inland.

In 1988 the U.S. government In 1988 the U.S. government issued an official apology for issued an official apology for its actions.its actions.

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Battles Around Battles Around the Worldthe World

The Allies pushed back their The Allies pushed back their enemies from 1943 to 1944. enemies from 1943 to 1944.

The Axis had stopped The Axis had stopped expanding and was on expanding and was on defense.defense.

Dwight D. Eisenhower planned Dwight D. Eisenhower planned a massive invasion on June 6, a massive invasion on June 6, 1944 (D-Day).1944 (D-Day).

The term The term D-Day is used for the is used for the day and hour on which a day and hour on which a combat attack or operation is combat attack or operation is to be initiated. to be initiated.

Thousands of troops landed at Thousands of troops landed at Normandy, France.Normandy, France.

Fighting was fierce – many Fighting was fierce – many died.died.

The Allies pushed east toward The Allies pushed east toward Germany while the Soviet Germany while the Soviet Union pushed west.Union pushed west.

Berlin, Germany, fell on April Berlin, Germany, fell on April 16, 1945. Germany 16, 1945. Germany surrendered on May 7. The surrendered on May 7. The war in Europe was over.war in Europe was over.

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HolocaustHolocaust In concentration camps In concentration camps

Germans enslaved and Germans enslaved and murdered those people murdered those people they considered their they considered their enemies.enemies.

12 million men, women, 12 million men, women, and children died.and children died.

½ of the victims were ½ of the victims were Jews.Jews.

The attempt to destroy The attempt to destroy the Jewish people is the Jewish people is known as the Holocaust.known as the Holocaust.

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Japan Japan SurrendersSurrenders

In 1945 Americans struck In 1945 Americans struck against Japan and captured against Japan and captured two of Japan’s islands, Iwo two of Japan’s islands, Iwo Jima and Okinawa.Jima and Okinawa.

President Roosevelt died in President Roosevelt died in 1945.1945.

Harry S. Truman became Harry S. Truman became president and had to decide – president and had to decide – invasion or atomic bomb?invasion or atomic bomb?

He decided to drop the bomb He decided to drop the bomb to spare lives of those who to spare lives of those who would die in battle.would die in battle.

Hiroshima – at least 100,000Hiroshima – at least 100,000 Nagasaki – 70,000Nagasaki – 70,000 World War II was over.World War II was over.

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Cold WarCold War After the war the U.S. was very After the war the U.S. was very

successful.successful. President Truman had lot’s of President Truman had lot’s of

ideas like raising minimum ideas like raising minimum wage, creating housing for wage, creating housing for poor people, helping veterans, poor people, helping veterans, and ending segregation.and ending segregation.

BUT, Truman was worried BUT, Truman was worried about the Cold War with the about the Cold War with the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

Cold War – a war fought with Cold War – a war fought with ideas, words, money, and ideas, words, money, and sometimes force.sometimes force.

The U.S. and the Soviet Union The U.S. and the Soviet Union were the 2 most powerful were the 2 most powerful countries – “superpowers.” countries – “superpowers.” They became enemies after They became enemies after WWII.WWII.

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The “Iron The “Iron Curtain”Curtain”

Soviet Union sent troops Soviet Union sent troops into Eastern Europe and into Eastern Europe and put these countries under put these countries under their rule – communism.their rule – communism.

In 1949 the U.S. and the In 1949 the U.S. and the countries of Western countries of Western Europe formed the North Europe formed the North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to Organization (NATO) to fight the spread of fight the spread of communism.communism.

President Truman sent President Truman sent $13 billion in food and $13 billion in food and goods to help Western goods to help Western Europe after WWII. This Europe after WWII. This was called the Marshall was called the Marshall Plan.Plan.

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Korean WarKorean War North Korea led a surprise North Korea led a surprise

attack on South Korea to unite attack on South Korea to unite the 2 countries by force.the 2 countries by force.

On July 5 U.S. troops rushed On July 5 U.S. troops rushed to help South Korea.to help South Korea.

16 countries sent soldiers to 16 countries sent soldiers to South Korea under the South Korea under the leadership of the United Nation leadership of the United Nation (UN).(UN).

The UN was formed after The UN was formed after WWII.`WWII.`

The UN was an organization The UN was an organization created to keep world peace, created to keep world peace, promote justice, and protect promote justice, and protect human rights.human rights.

Forces kept North Korea from Forces kept North Korea from overpowering South Korea.overpowering South Korea.

North Korea was mainly North Korea was mainly helped by China and the helped by China and the Soviet Union while South Soviet Union while South Korea had help from the UN Korea had help from the UN and mainly America.and mainly America.

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The Arms RaceThe Arms Race In early 1950s the U.S. and In early 1950s the U.S. and

Soviet Union were in a costly Soviet Union were in a costly race to build the world’s most race to build the world’s most powerful weapons.powerful weapons.

Many people feared that a war Many people feared that a war involving nuclear weapons involving nuclear weapons might end all life on the earth.might end all life on the earth.

Some families built bomb Some families built bomb shelters.shelters.

People were afraid of the People were afraid of the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

Senator Joseph McCarthy tried Senator Joseph McCarthy tried to rid the country of people to rid the country of people whether they were communists whether they were communists or not.or not.

The word McCarthyism is used The word McCarthyism is used today to describe false today to describe false accusations made to damage accusations made to damage people because of the political people because of the political beliefs.beliefs.

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