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CHAPTER 24COLD WAR AND

HOT WAR

1945–1953

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“…the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce…”

American diplomat, George Kennan, calling for the containment of Soviet

expansion, 1946

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TIMELINE1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

Smith v. Allwright1945 United Nations created1946 Morgan v. Virginia

Mendez v. WestminsterPresident Truman stops railroad workers and coal miners strikesChurchill warns of Russian “iron curtain”Philippines independenceIndian Claims Commission

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TIMELINE continued1947 Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers

Britain unable to provide financial assistant to Greece and TurkeyPresident’s Committee on Civil RightsTruman’s federal employee loyalty programNational Security Act

1948 UN Human Rights CharterShelley v. KraemerAnticommunist, apartheid regime takes control in South AfricaBritain withdraws from PalestineHarry Truman wins Presidency

1949 Leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted of promoting overthrow of U.S. governmentNational Secuirty Act amendments

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TIMELINE continued1950 Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma

U.S. forces arrive in KoreaAlger Hiss convicted of perjuryMcCarthy’s list of 250 Communists in the State DepartmentNational Security Councils-68

1952 McCarran-Walter Act1953 Rosenbergs executed for treason

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COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview

The Uncertainties of VictoryThe Quest for SecurityA Cold War SocietyThe United States and Asia

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THE UNCERTAINTIES OF VICTORY

Global DestructionVacuums of PowerPostwar ReconversionContesting Racial HierarchiesClass Conflict

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Global Destruction60 million lives lost in World War IIAmerica’s trading partners, Europe and

Asia, lost their purchasing powersU.S. versus Russia hampers postwar

reconstruction

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Vacuums of PowerFascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism:

Losers at the end of WWIISocialists, communists, and radicals fill the vacuum

Labor party in Britain Soviet Union Socialist and communist parties in France, Italy, Belgium, and Scandinavia Indonesia gains independence from Dutch India gains independence from Britain Ho Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam

United Nations created by Allies in April, 1945

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Postwar ReconversionThe “boys come home”: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

of 1944Financial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college

and vocational trainingFactories: convert from war materials to consumer

productsWar-time rationing liftedHousing scarce: 1/3 still live in povertyWomen: returning men push women from jobs; federal

daycare facilities discontinued

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Contesting Racial Hierarchies

Returning from fighting racism, minority challenges Return to violence, lynchings, beatings, segregation Segregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in voting

primaries, interstate transportation, contracts for house sales, graduate schools

Popular culture crosses racial lines: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jackie Robinson,

Segregation overturned for Mexican Americans in California schools; Native Americans help pass anti-discrimination law in Alaska

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Class ConflictLabor unions suffer blows

Major railroad workers and miners strikes crushed

CIO’s attempt to organize a diverse group of southern workers fails

The Republican Party victorious in 1946 elections

Taft-Hartley Act

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THE QUEST FOR SECURITY

Redefining National SecurityConflict with the Soviet UnionThe Policy of ContainmentColonialism and the Cold WarThe Impact of Nuclear Weapons

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Redefining National SecurityThe United States primary goal:

The creation and preservation of a free-trading capitalist world order

The Soviet Union and western Europeans consideration of communism

Secretary of State Acheson: “Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.”

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Conflict with theSoviet Union

U.S.: capitalism and openessSoviet Union: communism and border protectionGermany: (U.S.) rebuilt to a trading partner, or (Soviet)

kept impoverished to protect the Soviet UnionPoland: Allies insist on free elections, Soviets

want control of PolandIran: Soviet encouraged uprisingTurkey and Greece: Soviets desire for control of the

Bosporus and Dardanelles

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The Policy of ContainmentKennan: “Soviet hostility as a function of

traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with newer Marxist justifications”

Churchill: the Russian “iron curtain” across Europe Continued U.S. military presence around the worldThe Truman DoctrineThe rebuilding of Germany and Japan

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Colonialism and the Cold War

NATO: colonial powers of Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, and Portugal

Independence to avoid revolutionsPhilippinesVietnam (France holds onto)Palestine and the Jewish settlers of Israel

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Europe Divided by the Cold War

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The Impact of Nuclear Weapons

Bikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experience high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests occurred

Navajo uranium minersWeapon plans leak radioactivity into

groundwaterRadioactive waste and where to put it?

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A COLD WAR SOCIETYFamily LivesThe Growth of the South and the WestHarry Truman and the Limits of Liberal

ReformThe Cold War at HomeWho is a Loyal American?

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Family LivesSuburbia

Levittown1950: housing construction at 1.7 millionSegregation by moves to suburbia“The Perfect Family” with highly

defined gender roles, and the importance of child-rearing

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The Growth of the South and the WestU.S. military bases in the South and on the

west coast; and the Alaska-Canada highwayThe Sunbelt in the South: the car and air-

conditioningCalifornia’s agricultural boom

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Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform

National health care program stopped by conservatives calling it communist policy

Truman courts the black vote in swing states with a platform of Civil Rights

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The Cold War at HomeThe Rosenbergs“Henry Wallace and his Communists”Internal Security Act of 1950: requires

Communist party members to register with government and allows emergency incarceration

House Un-American Activities CommitteeMcCarthyism

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Who is a Loyal American?Family life becomes primary and religion growsBlack America:

NAACP distances themselves from any perceived socialism/communism

W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul RobesonNative Americas

Indian Claims Commission and Dillon MyerAsian Americans

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

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THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA

The Chinese Civil WarThe Creation of the National Security StateAt War in Korea

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The Chinese Civil WarChina: missionaries and America’s marketChinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong

October 1, 1949: China becomes the People’s Republic of China

Nationalists retreat to Taiwan

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The Creation of the National Security State

Soviet Union and their first nuclear bombNational Security Council document 68

(NSC-68)Imperatives of military powerGlobal involvementIncreased defense spending

Central Intelligence AgencyNational Security Council

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At War in KoreaJune 25, 1950: Communist North Korea

crosses the 38th parallel into South KoreaLate June 1950, U.S. forces arrive in

KoreaPolice action, not declared warRussia perceived as instigatorMcArthur

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The Korean War