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1832-1848

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 12 Peoples in Motion

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“I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone along the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the might ocean.”

Frederick Douglass,

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

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TIMELINE1832 Treaty of Payne’s Landing

1834 Philadelphia race riots

National Trades Union formed

1836 The Alamo

1837 Sam Houston, President of the new nation, Texas

1838 Trail on Which We Cried

1839 Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi

1841 Amistad case before the Supreme Court

1844 The first telegraph lines

1845 Texas statehood

1846 War with Mexico

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TIMELINE1847 Brigham Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City

Mexico surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe

1848 The Oneida Community established (Communiarians)

1843 The Oregon Trail and the Great Migration

1846 Canadian-U.S. boundary in northwest established

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PEOPLES IN MOTION Overview

Mass MigrationsA Multitude of Voices in the National

Political ArenaReform ImpulsesThe United States Extends Its Reach

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MASS MIGRATIONSNewcomers from Western EuropeThe Slave TradeTrails of TearsMigrants in the WestGovernment-Sponsored ExplorationThe Oregon TrailNew Places, New IdentitiesChanges in the Southern Plains

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Newcomers from Western Europe: Irish

1820s: 50,000 Irish arrived in America1830s: 200,000 Irish arrived in America1840s-1850s: 1.7 million Irish emigrated to U.S.

The potato famine and English imperialism in Ireland drove emigration Irish settled mainly in eastern states Irish Catholics faced with discrimination from Protestant employers Competition with African Americans for low paying jobs Violence: 1834: Charleston, MA-Ursuline convent; 1837: Boston City

Guards attacked Irish Montgomery Guards By 1850: some success in the U.S. Catholic church and in the Democratic

Party

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Newcomers from Western Europe: Germans

1831-1850: Over 1/2 a million Germans arrived in AmericaRebellion in Prussia in 1848 fueled German

immigrationAlso revolutions against the Austrian Empire sent Italians,

Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S.

Germans settled mainly in the MidwestFarmers, merchants

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The Slave TradeSlave trade between the Upper South

and the Lower South1800-1860: price of a slave increases; 670,000 people

sold, 1 out of every 10 Upper South slave children sold to Lower South

Some reasons for sale: workers considered poor or “uppity”; ready cash; merchants profit from sale

Mexico abolished slavery in 1829; some Texas slaves freed

Voluntary migrations: Slaves ran to northern cities; many found supportive black communities; but found competition with white menial workers (Irish)

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Expansion of the Cotton Belt and Slave Trading Routes, 1801-1860

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Trails of Tears1832: Treaty of Payne’s Landing: Seminoles

out of Florida and to Indian TerritoryOsceola and the Second Seminole War

Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks Eneah Emothla and his resistance movement

Cherokee NationTreaty Party versus John Ross1838: Trail on Which We Cried

Concentration camps, followed by treacherous journey of malnutrition, disease, family separation, theft by white agents

4,000 die

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Indian Removal

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The Oregon Trail1834: Protestant missionaries settle near modern day

Walla-Walla, but meet hostile resistance from IndiansThe Great Migration of 1843The Oregon Trail: 2,000 miles long, six-month journey

through hazardous environmentsIndian resentment of perceived land grabMeasles epidemic

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Outfitting a Party of Four for the Overland Trail

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Western Trails

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New Places, New IdentitiesIn the Midwest and the land between

U.S. and Spanish territories:Outside of the South, black became white (for example,

the Gilliam’s experience, see textbook p. 405)Tejanos in Texas: Spanish-speaking with North

American cultureCatholics intermingled with ProtestantsFur traders easily crossed between Spanish, French,

Native American communitiesMétis: children from white men and Indian women

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A MULTITUDE OF VOICES IN THE NATIONAL POLITICAL ARENA

Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837

Suppression of Antislavery SentimentNativists as a Political Force

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Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837

Van Buren defeats 3 Whig candidates with electoral college votes in 1836

Emerging trade unions and journeymen1834: National Trades Union formed

Depression brought on by speculation, crop failures and British loans recalled

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Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment

1830-1840s: A rise in abolitionist feelingsGarrison, The LiberatorAmerican Anti-Slavery SocietyWomen empathized with the black struggle

Whites fear freed blacks taking jobs1834: New Haven, CT school for young women of color

attacked1837: Alton, Illinois abolitionist Rev. Lovejoy, publisher of

Alton Observor murdered1841: Amistad case. John Q. Adams won the Supreme Court

case for the Africans and abolitionists

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Nativists as a Political ForceNativists: oppose immigration and immigrants

Fueled by fear: of job loss to immigrants willing to work for lower wages, of Catholicism, of alcohol, of the “unknown” immigrant

Nativist Samuel F.B. Morse and the first telegraph line (1844), Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States

1844: The American Republican Party 1849: The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (the Know-

Nothing Party)The riots of May 1844 in Philadelphia between Catholics and

Protestants

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REFORM IMPULSES

Public EducationAlternative Visions of Social LifeNetworks of Reformers

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Public EducationHorace Mann, first secretary of board of education in

Massachusetts, “Education…beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men…”

Reform movement of Finney’s “perfectability,” “making angels out of men” prompts schooling to know only educate, but to promote hard work, punctuality, and sobriety.

Mann’s principle not wholly realizedSlaves forbidden education; free blacks in need of the child’s

labor to survivePoor whites do not benefit as the wealthy do

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Alternative Visions of Family Life

Communitarians1825: Robert Owen, New Harmony in Indiana (condemnation of

private property, organized religion, and marriage)1848: John Humphrey Noyes, Oneida Community (complex

marriages) Women’s rights and temperance Women’s rights and abolition

1839: Married Women’s Property Law in MississippiElizabeth Cady Stanton

Transcendentalism: (the primacy of the spirit and the essential harmony between people and the natural world)

Margaret FullerEmerson and Thoreau

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Networks of ReformersDorothea Dix

Crusade for mentally ill Supported by other prominent reformersFeminization of nursing profession

Abolitionism and Women’s RightsTemperance and Women’s RightsMargaret Fuller

Transcendentalisms

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THE UNITED STATES EXTENDS ITS REACH

The Lone Star RepublicThe Election of 1844War with Mexico

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The Lone Star Republic1835: 1 out of every 8 in Texas was a Tejano; the rest

were U.S. born1836: Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready for

independenceFebruary 1836: The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican

troops killed 187 Alamo defenders including CrockettApril 1936: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto River.

A new nation declared.1837: Sam Houston first president of the Republic of

Texas.Texas constitution legalized slavery and prohibited free

blacks.

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The Election of 1844The Annexation of Texas and Oregon the

big issue (54˚40’ or Fight); slavery ignoredDemocrats: Polk is pro-annexationWhigs: Clay is anti-annexation, but later changes policyLiberty: Birney (a split among Abolistionists occurs: change

through moral suasion or through politics)

1846: Polk compromises with Britain and accepts the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border

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War with MexicoDecember 1845: Texas statehood

confirmed by CongressThe Polk-Slidell California/Texas deal fell

through with MexicoJanuary 1846: General Zachary Taylor

provoked armed conflict by crossing the disputed border between Mexico and Texas

Dissent from transcendentalists (a land grab), nativists (more immigration), abolitionists (Wilmot Proviso)

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War with MexicoThree-pronged

Northern Mexico: Gen. TaylorNew Mexico and California: Gen. KearnyVera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico coastline: General-in-Chief Scott

The San Paticio soldiers Irish soldiers deserted U.S. Army and sided with Mexico citing

atrocities of U.S. on Mexican civilians, and the desire to side with Catholics against the Protestant U.S.

September 1847: Mexico City surrendered and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave Texas to the U.S. and their northern half in exchange for $18,250,000

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The U.S.-Mexican

War