©2006 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1861-1865 created equal jones wood ...

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1861-1865

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 14 “To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil

War


“As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this…is not democracy.”

Abraham Lincoln


TIMELINE1860 December: South Carolina secedes from the Union

1861 January: Crittenden Compromise defeated in Senate

February: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede from the Union

February: Confederate States of America formed

April: Fort Sumter surrenders to the Confederates

April: Scott given power by Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus laws

May: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina secede from Union

July: Battle of Bull Run


TIMELINE1862 March: Davis authorizes military conscription law

March: Battle of Elkhorn Tavern

May: Butler’s “Woman Order”

July: Union’s Second Confiscation Act

August: Second battle of Manassas

September: Battle of Antietam Creek

September: Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation of January

October: Twenty-Negro Law passed by Confederate Congress

December: Burnside’s Slaughter Pen

1863 April: Richmond women riot for food

May: Battle at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Jackson killed.

July: Battle of Gettysburg

August: Quantrill’s army’s destruction of Lawrence, Kansas

November: Lincoln’s address at Gettysburg


TIMELINE1864 January: The French occupy Mexico City

September: Sherman overtakes Atlanta

April: Confederates massacre at Fort Pillow

September: Sherman burns Atlanta and marches to Savannah

November: Union massacre of Indians at Sand Creek

1865 April: Grant overpowers Lee at Petersburg, Virginia

April 3: Lincoln enters Richmond

April 9: Lee surrenders to Grant and Meade at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

April 14: Lincoln assassinated at Ford Theatre


THE CIVIL WAROverview

Mobilization for War, 1861-1862The Course of War, 1862-1864The Other War: African-American

Struggles for LiberationBattle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy,

1864-1865


MOBILIZATION FOR WAR, 1861-1862

The Secession ImpulsePreparing to FightBarriers to Southern MobilizationIndians in the Service of the

ConfederacyThe Ethnic Confederacy


“As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy.

Whatever differs from this…is not democracy.”Lincoln

Lincoln elected in 1860 Presidential ElectionElectoral votes: 180 to 123Six out of ten Americans voted for candidates other than

LincolnNo votes from the Deep South and only four percent from

upper SouthRepublicans failed to gain control in House Five Supreme Court Justices upheld institution of slavery


The Secession Impulse

Lincoln’s threat to halt slavery expansion to West

Lincoln’s appointments to Supreme CourtThe Republican Party in the Executive BranchFear of “Anti-Slave Power Conspiracy”

spreading to SouthNorthern evils of unions and women’s rights



Crittenden Compromise: would have curtailed federal government restrictions on slave trade and its spread

Peace conference in February of 1861Lincoln’s inaugural address appeals to keep

Union together


Slavery in the United States, 1860



December 20, 1860: South Carolina secededFebruary 1, 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,

Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secededFebruary 4, 1861: Confederate States of America

formedApril 13, 1861: Fort Sumter fell to ConfederatesMay, 1861: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North

Carolina seceded


The Confederate States of America

South Carolina

Mississippi

Florida

Alabama

Georgia

Louisiana

TexasVirginiaArkansasTennesseeNorth Carolina


Preparing to Fight

The SouthCotton for military support, diplomatic recognition,

and financial assistance from European powersHogs and corn to feed the troopsA defensive war. They need only fend off the Union

to survive.“Our new government is founded upon the great

truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery. . .is his natural and normal condition.”


Preparing to Fight

The NorthGreat manufacturing abilities and most of the railroadsGreater population to draw from.Diverse economy with food and textilesAnaconda Plan: seal off the South from supply linesPolitical offensive to undermine Confederate sympathizers“. . . Essentially a people’s contest. . .to lift artificial weights

from all shoulders. . .to afford all an unfettered start, and a fair chance in the race for life.”


Barriers to Southern Mobilization

Farmers and ranchers in West switched to Union after being raided by rebels

Blockade deprived Confederacy money and required the South to float bonds, tax farm produce, and raise taxes

Failure of volunteer army gave way to conscriptionWealthy draftees with $300.00 paid someone else to

fight for themSouth with 209,852 versus North force of 527,204


Occupational Categories of

Union and Confederate

Soldiers


Indians in the Service of the Confederacy

Cherokee leader, John Ross committed to Confederacy

Stand Watie and the United Nations of Indians Battle of Elkhorn Tavern in March 1862

Indians abandoned the battle and demanded to fight in their style

Comanche and Kiowa joined Union troops


Mescalero Apache Battle

Confederates, Central New Mexico, 1861


The Ethnic Confederacy Judah P. Benjamin, Jewish lawyer and Confederacy cabinet

member John Mitchel, Jr., captain of the Irish Volunteers of Charleston Lt. Heros von Brocke, Prussian in Stuart’s staff French Prince Camile Armand de Polignac, Confederate

brigadier general German and Irish immigrant workers From New Orleans, Greek, Spanish, Cuban, Scandinavian,

Scottish, Belgian, and Polish immigrants 2,500 men of Spanish descent, and 2,500 Hispanos


THE COURSE OF WAR, 1862-1864

The Republicans’ WarThe Ravages of WarThe Emancipation ProclamationPersistent Obstacles to the

Confederacy’s Grand Strategy


The Republicans’ War

Suspension of habeas corpusAbolitionists frustrated with Union policies towards slaveholdersWar profiteers and the changing face of manufacturing

John D. RockefellerU.S. Sanitary Commission

Dorothea DixAct to Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlers on the Public DomainMorrill Act (land grant colleges)Pacific Railroad Act (right-of-way along Platte River)


The Republicans’ War

Lincoln revoked directive to seize property and emancipated slaves in effort to not alienate slaveholders on the fenceCapture of Port Royal, SC: blacks treated as “contraband of war” Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862New Orleans fell to Union army in April of 1862General Butler: returned runaway slaves to Unionist slaveholders and the Woman Order


The Ravages of War

Second Battle of Manassas: 26,000 casualties“The Army is full of sick men”: disease claimed

many

Native Americans Pledges unfulfilledRebellion at Wood Lake. 38 Indians hangedApache leader Mangas Colorado murderedCarson’s campaign of terror against Navajos

Antietam Creek: 20,000 casualties


The Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863All slaves in Confederate territory freed

Slavery left intact in Border States and territory conquered by Union (1 million blacks excluded)

Lincoln favored black colonization in Central America and West Indies

Copperheads: Democrats opposed to the warWorking class resentment rose

They paid higher taxes as well as lose their lives


Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy

Union forces established beachheads on the southern east coast despite the Merrimack, Alabama, and Florida

Trent affair and Mason and SlidellEnglish textile mills and their workersMexico’s alliance with the Union


THE OTHER WAR: AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLES FOR

LIBERATION

The Unfolding of FreedomEnemies Within the ConfederacyThe Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice


The Unfolding of Freedom

Black combatants in different formsStory of Nancy and Boson Johnson

Harboring deserters from Confederate armyNew set of personal and public relations

between slaves and ownersUnion soldiers desperate for food and

clothing, raided plantation


Enemies Within the Confederacy

Runaway slaves and individual uprisings against masters

July 1862: Second Confiscation ActSlaves “shall be deemed captives of war and

shall be forever free”Union generals preferred male slaves to use

as manual laborers; women and children ignored


The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice

Although 33,000 northern blacks enlisted many were not allowed to fight, were used for menial labor, denied advancement, paid less than whites. More black men died of disease than white men.

Southern blacks escaped from the South encountered exploitation, no pay for enlistment, and raids on their newly accumulated property.


BATTLE FRONTS AND HOME FRONTS IN 1863

Disaffection in the ConfederacyThe Tide Turns Against the SouthCivil Unrest in the NorthThe Desperate South


Disaffection in the Confederacy

“scarred and blood-spattered land” widespread hungerConfederate soldiers desertHeroes of America in western North Carolina and

“Free State of Jones County” in northern AlabamaWomen riot in Richmond for bread (April, 1863)


The Tide Turns Against the South

Burnside’s Slaughter Pen (December, 1862)

Chancellorsville, Virginia (May, 1863)

Gettysburg (July, 1863)


The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863


Civil Unrest in the North

High taxes and prices bred resentmentWorking class loss of life; wealthy bought

substitutes for battleDraft brought riots to New York City,

Hartford, Troy, Newark, and BostonJuly 11-15: 105 die, burning of Colored

Orphan Asylum and mutilation of victims20,000 Union troops sent to New York


The Desperate South

August 21, 1863: A day of “fasting, humiliation, and prayer.”

Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence, KansasFrench occupation of Mexico

Austrian Archduke Maximilian Grant’s successes at Missonary Ridge and

Lookout Mountain


THE PROLONGED DEFEAT OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1864-1865

“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians

“Father Abraham”Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the

SeaThe Last Days of the Confederacy


“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians

Fort PillowConfederate General Forrest destroys Union

garrison. Black soldiers systematically murdered, survivors bayoneted or burned to death.

Sand CreekUnion Col. Chivington massacres 125 to 160

Cheyenne and Arapaho


African Americans in Civil War Battles, 1863-1865


“Father Abraham”

Election of 1864Lincoln defeats McClellan

Peace PlatformCarried majority of army vote: Union troops loyalty to

“Father Abraham”

Popular Vote Electoral Vote

Lincoln 2,213,655 212 (11 secessionist states did not participate

McClellan 1,805,237 21


Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the Sea

South’s physical environmentNov. 15, Sherman’s army leaves

Atlanta to march to coastlineBlack men work as Corps of

EngineersUnion army burned railroads and left

a devastated landscape


The Last Days of the Confederacy

General Lee in need of troops offered freedom to slaves who would fight

April 9th: Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse

April 14th: Lincoln shot at the Ford Theatre by Booth

©2006 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1861-1865 created equal jones wood ...

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