©2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1832–1848 chapter 12 peoples in...

©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1832–1848

CHAPTER 12 PEOPLES IN MOTION

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ


“I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone along the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the might ocean.”

Frederick Douglass,

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass


TIMELINE1832 Treaty of Payne’s Landing1834 Philadelphia race riots

National Trades Union formed1836 The Alamo1837 Sam Houston, President of the new nation, Texas1838 Trail on Which We Cried1839 Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi1841 Amistad case before the Supreme Court1844 The first telegraph lines1845 Texas statehood1846 War with Mexico


TIMELINE continued1847 Brigham Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City

Mexico surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe1848 The Oneida Community established (Communiarians)1843 The Oregon Trail and the Great Migration1846 Canadian-U.S. boundary in northwest established


PEOPLES IN MOTION OverviewMass MigrationsA Multitude of Voices in the National

Political ArenaReform ImpulsesThe United States Extends Its Reach


MASS MIGRATIONSNewcomers from Western EuropeThe Slave TradeTrails of TearsMigrants in the WestNew Places, New Identities


Western Trails


Newcomers from Western Europe: Irish

1820s: 50,000 Irish arrive in America1830s: 200,000 Irish arrive in America1840s-1850s: 1.7 million Irish emigrate to U.S.

The potato famine and English imperialism in Ireland drive emigration Irish settle mainly in eastern states Irish Catholics faced with discrimination from Protestant employers Competition with African Americans for low paying jobs Violence: 1834: Charleston, MA-Ursuline convent; 1837: Boston City Guards

attack Irish Montgomery Guards By 1850: some success in the U.S. Catholic church and in the Democratic Party


Newcomers from Western Europe: Germans

1831-1850: Over 1/2 a million Germans arrive in AmericaRebellion in Prussia in 1848 fuels German

immigrationAlso revolutions against the Austrian Empire

send Italians, Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S.

Germans settle mainly in the MidwestFarmers, merchants


The Slave TradeSlave trade between the Upper South and the Lower

South1800-1860: price of a slave increases; 670,000 people sold, 1 out

of every 10 Upper South slave children sold to Lower SouthSome reasons for sale: workers considered poor or “uppity”;

ready cash; merchants profit from saleMexico abolishes slavery in 1829; some Texas slaves freedVoluntary migrations: Slaves run to northern cities; many find

supportive black communities; but find competition with white menial workers (Irish)


Expansion of the Cotton Belt and Slave Trading Routes, 1801-1860


Trails of Tears1832: Treaty of Payne’s Landing: Seminoles out of Florida and to

Indian TerritoryOsceola and the Second Seminole War

Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks Eneah Emothla and his resistance movement

Cherokee NationTreaty Party versus John Ross1838: Trail on Which We Cried

Concentration camps, followed by treacherous journey of malnutrition, disease, family separation, theft by white agents

4,000 die


Indian Removal


Migrants in the WestThe Mormons

1847: After the lynching of a dictorial John Smith and his brother by non-Mormons, Brigham Young leads Mormons from Illinois to Salt Lake City

Missionaries in the Northwest1834: Protestant missionaries settle near modern day Walla-

Walla, but meet hostile resistance from Indians1843-1844: Frémont and the Oregon TrailThe Great Migration of 1843


New Places, New IdentitiesIn the Midwest and the land between U.S.

and Spanish territories:Outside of the South, black can become white (for

example, the Gilliam’s experience, see textbook p. 405)Tejanos in Texas: Spanish-speaking with North American

cultureCatholics intermingle with ProtestantsFur traders easily crossing between Spanish, French,

Native American communitiesMétis: children from white men and Indian women


A MULTITUDE OF VOICES IN THE NATIONAL POLITICAL ARENA

Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837Suppression of Antislavery SentimentNativists as a Political Force


Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837

Van Buren defeats 3 Whig candidates with electoral college votes in 1836

Emerging trade unions and journeymen1834: National Trades Union formed

Depression brought on by speculation, crop failures and British loans recalled


Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment

1830-1840s: A rise in abolitionist feelingsGarrison, The LiberatorAmerican Anti-Slavery SocietyWomen empathize with the black struggle

Whites fear freed blacks taking jobs1834: New Haven, CT school for young women of color attacked1837: Alton, Illinois abolitionist Rev. Lovejoy, publisher of Alton

Observor murdered1841: Amistad case. John Q. Adams wins the Supreme Court case for

the Africans and abolitionists


Nativists as a Political ForceNativists: oppose immigration and immigrants

Fueled by fear: of job loss to immigrants willing to work for lower wages, of Catholicism, of alcohol, of the “unknown” immigrant who isolates in their own communities

Nativist Samuel F.B. Morse and the first telegraph line (1844), Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States

1844: The American Republican Party 1849: The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (the Know-Nothing

Party)The riots of May 1844 in Philadelphia between Catholics and

Protestants


REFORM IMPULSESPublic EducationAlternative Visions of Family Life


Public Education Horace Mann, first secretary of board of education in

Massachusetts, “Education…beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men…”

Reform movement of Finney’s “perfectability”, “making angels out of men” prompts schooling to know only educate, but to promote hard work, punctuality, and sobriety.

Mann’s principle not wholly realizedSlaves forbidden education; free blacks in need of the child’s

labor to survivePoor whites do not benefit as the wealthy do


Alternative Visions of Family Life

Communitarians 1825: Robert Owen, New Harmony in Indiana (condemnation of private property,

organized religion, and marriage) 1848: John Humphrey Noyes, Oneida Community (complex marriages)

Women’s rights and temperance Women’s rights and abolition

1839: Married Women’s Property Law in MississippiElizabeth Cady Stanton

Transcendentalism: (the primacy of the spirit and the essential harmony between people and the natural world)

Margaret FullerEmerson and Thoreau


THE UNITED STATES EXTENDS ITS REACH

The Lone Star RepublicThe Election of 1844War with Mexico


The Lone Star Republic 1835: 1 out of every 8 in Texas was a Tejano; the rest were U.S.

born 1836: Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready for

independence February 1836: The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican troops kill

187 Alamo defenders including Crockett April 1936: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto River. A new

nation declared. 1837: Sam Houston first president of the Republic of Texas Texas constitution legalizes slavery and prohibits free blacks


The Election of 1844The Annexation of Texas and Oregon the big issue

(54˚40’ or Fight); slavery ignored Democrats: Polk is pro-annexation Whigs: Clay is anti-annexation, but later changes policy Liberty: Birney (a split among abolistionist occurs: change

through moral suasion or through politics)

1846: Polk compromises with Britain and accepts the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border


War with Mexico: the set-upDecember 1845: Texas statehood confirmed by

CongressThe Polk-Slidell California/Texas deal falls through

with MexicoJanuary 1846: General Zachary Taylor provokes armed

conflict by crossing the disputed border between Mexico and Texas

Dissent from transcendentalists (a land grab), nativists (more immigration), abolitionists (Wilmot Proviso)


War with Mexico: the campaignThree-pronged

Northern Mexico: Gen. Taylor New Mexico and California: Gen. Kearny Vera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico coastline: General-in-Chief Scott

The San Paticio soldiers Irish soldiers desert U.S. Army and side with Mexico citing atrocities

of U.S. on Mexican civilians, and the desire to side with Catholics against the Protestant U.S.

September 1847: Mexico City surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gives Texas to the U.S. and their northern half in exchange for $18,250,000

©2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1832–1848 chapter 12 peoples in...

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