2010 tobias ternent school of computer science · 2010-12-06 · 20th century, through written...
TRANSCRIPT
Exploring Electronic Standards For Ancient Nubian Remains
A dissertation submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree
of MSc BioHealth Informatics in the Faculty of Faculty of Engineering
and Physical Sciences
2010
TOBIAS TERNENT
SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
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Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 1
DECLARATION......................................................................................................................... 2
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ........................................................................................................ 3
Dedication .............................................................................................................................. 4
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................. 5
1 Introduction And Background ............................................................................................. 6
1.1 Project aims .................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Exploration ................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Nubian region ............................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Aswan Dams ................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Ancient Egyptian time periods ................................................................................... 10
1.6 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 11
1.6.1 Written Records .................................................................................................. 11
1.6.2 Electronic Patient Records .................................................................................. 12
1.7 Introduction Summary ............................................................................................... 14
2 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.1 Ontology Option ......................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Database Option ......................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Why an ontology ........................................................................................................ 19
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2.4 Written Information ................................................................................................... 20
2.5 Methods Summary ..................................................................................................... 21
3 Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 22
3.1 Ancient Nubian Ontology ........................................................................................... 22
3.1.1Site........................................................................................................................ 22
3.1.2 Person ................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.3 Diagnosis ............................................................................................................. 29
3.1.4 Medical Test ........................................................................................................ 30
3.1.5 Body Part ............................................................................................................. 30
3.1.6 Artefact................................................................................................................ 31
3.1.7 Medical Treatment .............................................................................................. 31
3.1.8 Time Period ......................................................................................................... 31
3.1.9 Publication Record .............................................................................................. 32
3.1.10 Religion .............................................................................................................. 33
3.1.11 Value Partition .................................................................................................. 33
3.1.12 Data Properties ................................................................................................. 34
3.2 OCR processing ........................................................................................................... 34
3.3 Analysis Summary ....................................................................................................... 34
4 Validation .......................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Ancient Nubian content ............................................................................................. 35
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4.2 Ontological structure .................................................................................................. 39
4.3 Validation Summary ................................................................................................... 42
5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 43
5.1 EPR Relevance ............................................................................................................ 43
5.2 Literature Key Aspects ................................................................................................ 44
5.3 Ontology complexity .................................................................................................. 46
5.4 Fit for purpose ............................................................................................................ 47
5.5 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 49
5.6 Conclusions Summary ................................................................................................ 50
6 Further Study..................................................................................................................... 51
6.1 Current work............................................................................................................... 51
6.2 System Implementation ............................................................................................. 51
6.3 Draft proposal ............................................................................................................. 53
6.4 Further Study Summary ............................................................................................. 54
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................... 56
References ............................................................................................................................ 73
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 74
Final Word Count: 16, 320
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Abstract
There are currently no real standards employed to put material concerning forensic
Egyptology as an electronic format. Examinations of ancient remains - mummies and
skeletons - are hidden away in physical reports, often from publication during early parts
of the last century. In comparison, there is a large push towards electronic records in
healthcare for patients to aid clinicians to become more efficient, and for studies to take
place. The aim of the proposed project is to explore the feasibility for constructing
electronic records of these ancient remains.
This dissertation outlines the material necessary to understand the scope of the problem.
The ancient Nubian region is detailed in relation to its geographic region, along with how
it has changed over the past century due to dam construction. In the healthcare field,
medical coding has been of high importance during the involvement of computers to
describe disease, prescriptions, and procedures. In addition, molecular biological
standards for the management of databases and meta data descriptions for experiments
have been defined in recent years.
Through the construction of an ontology to represent this knowledge, it has been
validated against experts of the field. Both good content and structural problems have
been identified, paving the way for potential further study through a PhD to implement a
software system and database, and to define a draft standard for capturing information
about ancient Nubian remains, electronically.
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DECLARATION
I declare that no portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in
support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other
university or other institute of learning.
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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
The following three notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights:
i. Copyright in text of this dissertation rests with the author. Copies (by any process)
either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by
the author. Details may be obtained from the appropriate Graduate Office. This page
must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made
in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing)
of the author.
ii. The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this
dissertation is vested in the University of Manchester, subject to any prior agreement to
the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written
permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such
agreement.
iii. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may
take place is available from the Head of the School of Computer Science (or the Vice-
President and Dean of the Faculty of Life Sciences for Faculty of Life Sciences’ candidates.)
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Dedication
I dedicate this dissertation to my late father, Dr. Thomas Ternent, who passed away
suddenly last year.
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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my MSc course tutor, Prof. Andy Brass for his support and guidance
throughout. I would also like to thank my classmates Andrew, Mohammad, Sharvena,
Steve, and Pete.
My thanks also goes out to my family, close friends, and Manchester Tyrants teammates
who have helped me thoroughly enjoy this past academic year.
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1 Introduction And Background
In this section, the author will outline the aims of my project, and what exactly is to be
explored in the investigation as well as detailing background information regarding
ancient Nubia, studies performed regarding that region, and modern methods of keeping
health records.
1.1 Project aims
The aim of this project is to investigate how modern computer science could change the
way information is recorded and worked upon in the field of biomedical and forensic
aspects of Egyptology, of the Nubian region. Original investigations into human remains –
skeletons and mummies - found in mass cemeteries were carried out at the start of the
20th century, through written records and publications. Now in the 21st century, there is
a renewed effort to re-examine the remains and reports as the capability of medical and
biological science has progressed greatly in recent years. For instance, DNA can now be
easily extracted and sequenced. The potential to analyse and form conclusions about how
the people of ancient societies lived and died is immense. There does not appear to be
any current major electronic infrastructure in place to store, retrieve, analyse information
about these investigations. A significant amount of medical information needs to be
stored and accessed, but doing so based solely upon physical written records is not
optimal.
1.2 Exploration
In today’s society, particularly in the UK, there has been a real push towards the use
computers for the medical sector. One aspect of this is the conception of the Electronic
Patient Record (EPR). Although designed to record current health information, this
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perhaps could be applied to ancient Nubian remains. Even though examinations of
remains may be more of a post mortem performed thousands of years after death, it may
be useful to record medical information as individual EPRs. Many aspects of an ancient
Nubian’s life could be determined, such as sex, height, weight, cause of death, existing
medical conditions, and previous medical history. EPRs to store all this information would
be useful as there are approximately 20,000 Nubian remains that could be examined.
Creating EPRs for all the remains could indeed lead towards analysis or conclusions that
were previously not possible by looking at various specific aspects across a larger
population.
The aim of this intended project is not to deliver a final system to support EPRs for
ancient Nubians. Such a system would take much longer to develop than the allocated
summer period for an MSc. Project. Rather, this project will explore and investigate to see
whether this application of EPRs is viable, feasible, and useful. Through the comparison
with the BioHealth Informatics field, it may also be possible to identify standards that
should be adhered to when recording forensic Egyptology experiments. If successful, this
project could become a platform to consult a future PhD research project, to actually
implement a system over the course of a few years. This proposed MSc. project could be
looked upon as a requirements gathering process as avenues of possibilities and
capabilities for the use of computers need to be explored.
The rest of this document shall provide suitable background information regarding my
MSc project. Areas will include the history behind ancient Nubia, and record systems from
the past and present. This background report is arguably unusual in the parent subject of
computer science, as the author will be delving into details of neither software algorithms
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nor hardware architecture. All the following information is indeed relevant in order to
understand, as a whole, what the problem is and how it is being addressed.
1.3 Nubian region
Nubia is an area of land running along the River Nile in southern Egypt across into
northern Sudan [1]. In order to define the region in question, most consideration should
be given to areas where the Nubian language is spoken. It has not been determined which
precise points this should cover as the Nubian region spans across two sovereign
countries today. The majority of the inhabitants live on the Nile valley as the river
supports life and trade. People generally have not spread out far into the dry surrounding
deserts.
1.4 Aswan Dams
Historically, since ancient Egypt, the Nile River flooded downstream every year at
summer, due to the large drainage basin around East Africa and its two main tributary
rivers, the White Nile and the Blue Nile. Floods brought large volumes of water, rich in
nutrients and minerals. These flood waters act as a natural fertiliser for the surrounding
soil. This watered, fertilised soil would then be capable of supporting intensive farming.
Farming a rich, large area of plants produces a lot of food. Since more mouths could be
fed, perhaps this meant reduced rates of child mortality. This abundance of food thus
enables the support for a larger surrounding population over time. The problem with this
scenario is around natural variances regarding the flood. If too much flood water passes
through, then crops may drown and die. If there is not enough flood water over a few
years a drought could be present. A drought would cause crops to die from desiccation.
Due either of the unfortunate circumstances, even entire crop harvests could be lost.
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Without enough food produced at the harvests, inhabitants would experience a famine
causing starvation, potentially leading to malnutrition or death. To avoid these cases, it
would be beneficial if a dam was implemented in order to form a reservoir. Water would
be stored, and released in a controlled way [1].
After the British Empire invaded and occupied Egypt in 1882, the British built the Nile’s
first dam in 1902 at Aswan, now called the, “Aswan Low Dam”. The Aswan Low Dam
formed a new reservoir, called Lake Nasser. This dam was deemed to be insufficient for
stopping flood waters, and so its height was increased in 1907-1912 and again 1929-1933.
In 1946, the dam was close to overflowing again so it was deemed unfit for purpose once
more. Instead of raising the dam yet again, another dam 6 km upstream was planned in
1956, the, “Aswan High Dam”. It was opened in 1970. The dams have enabled an increase
farmland size, and the generation of electricity through hydro-electric turbines.
Despite using the reservoir for farmland irrigation, heightening the Aswan Low Dam had
many harmful consequences. The silt present in flood water was held back behind the
dam, preventing the nutrients to be delivered further down the Nile. This means that
farmland is no longer sufficiently fertilised, and artificial methods have to be employed.
Chemicals from artificial fertilisers may be toxic and have an adverse effect on crop
quality. Without the silt, river banks became eroded causing the river to be less
structurally stable. At the mouth of the Nile, at the Mediterranean Sea, fishing in steadily
declining as there are no longer much nutrients entering the sea to attract marine life. In
addition to poorly designed irrigation systems, keeping water levels at a fixed height has
led to a massive increase in water-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis – a huge cost to
the Egyptian economy and healthcare standards.
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Another important consequence about the Aswan Low Dam construction was that sites of
archaeological importance have been submerged underwater. One example of this is the
Philae temple. When construction began to heighten this dam further in 1907, the
unavoidable result would be an increase to the height of Lake Nasser as well. This would
put even more land underwater, which would include further archaeological sites of
interest. Such sites would be many cemeteries. At the time, these cemeteries were going
to be lost in the name of progress. The Egyptian government sanctioned work to excavate
the remains found in the cemeteries in order to enable studies about the culture and
diseases of ancient Nubians. H. G. Lyons directed this project, with Elliot Smith heading
the excavations personally.
1.5 Ancient Egyptian time periods
Ancient Egypt history encompasses a large passage of time, from over 7,000 years ago.
This can be divided into 12 recognised time periods. This overview is generally recognised
by most Egyptologists as being a correct, common order of events (chronology). Although
some Egyptologists disagree about various dates of events and pharaohs, it is an area of
research in its own right [2].
Since this is a long period of time, there were many graveyards, cemeteries, across Nubia.
These cemeteries contained the remains of many Nubians, and more importantly,
included different burial practices. Each time periods typically has a common religion and
burial practice observed by the population. This has a direct consequence about how
ancient remains are preserved.
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1.6 Literature Review
There are essentially two ways that resources are kept: by a written by hand, or entered
electronically. These methods to describe ancient Nubia and modern healthcare are
detailed below, respectively.
1.6.1 Written Records
As mentioned earlier, Elliot Smith carried out excavations of the Nubian cemeteries which
were to be soon flooded, in 1907 [3]. Initial results from these examinations were
published in 1907-1910 in a small series of Bulletins. Larger reports were then published
separately from 1910 onwards. The Bulletins explained the work that was being carried
out with brief introductions explaining the area and conditions of remains found. It was
very much an archaeological expedition, with various characteristics of bodies recorded,
e.g. age, sex, size of bones. Another aspect of these reports concentrated on
anthropology, in particular about racial features. All the published material, the Bulletins
and even large reports, are very much generalised. Smith admitted at the time that he
was out of his depth when it came to pathology, and there was by no means the time or
resources available to put towards any adequate account of all the remains that were
found. The idea was that at a later date they should be examined in close detail, but this
time never passed for Smith.
After reading through the Bulletin reports, it can be plainly seen the confusion about
what diseases are being referred to for which remains, for what reasons. It is similarly not
possible to determine the prevalence of diseases amongst the dead because not all the
remains were examined in the same way. Only the most complete remains were kept and
shipped onwards for further study. Much of the incomplete ones were left behind. This
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makes current analysis rather more difficult than simply reading detailed, high-quality
reports. Furthermore, a century has now passed since these remains were examined and
(potentially) shipped onwards. Some might have been lost, misfiled, or collections broken
up. Particularly apparent common diseases seemed to be documented well, i.e.
osteoarthritis, but others were misdiagnosed due to the current popular diseases, i.e.
tuberculosis (TB) [4].
To take these descriptions a step further there are two other problems. Often conditions
were written as a general form rather than specific forms even if they might be a
combination of many together. At other times, different terms were being used for the
exact same condition. As such, precision to determine which remains were examined
exactly is lost. Also is information to learn how these ancient people lived and died.
1.6.2 Electronic Patient Records
EPRs are about retaining the periodic care given by a health provider. Typically this would
mean a clinician, which is including but not limited to a General Practitioner (GP) doctor, a
hospital specialist doctor, or a nurse. Such information would be recorded on an
electronic format [5].
EPRs have the potential to benefit clinicians delivering healthcare. Such as:
• Electronic prescription of drugs. Reducing errors from incorrectly writing or
reading the wrong drug or dosage.
• Enabling evidence based medicine & clinical decisions support. By performing
studies looking at different treatments, the best course of action can be identified,
implemented and backed-up by scientific evidence.
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• Medical coding for interoperable information exchange & administrative tracking,
and improving adherence to clinical guidelines. Drug history, images, laboratory work,
diagnosis, can all be shared and followed between clinicians seamlessly, reducing waste
and saving costs. This also enables clinicians to prove what treatment is being given to
patients for what reasons.
Even though all NHS General Practitioners (GPs) in the UK use EPRs, they cannot
necessarily be linked directly to systems used by hospitals (a lack of interoperability). The
reason for this current state of affairs is wide-ranging, from the government offering
incentives and making the painful process of change easier for GPS, and the complexities
(with increase costs) of integrating computer systems with hospitals. In addition, there is
an inherent resistance from clinicians and NHS managers to change with computers, as
systems have time and again failed to deliver up to expectations in the past. Under the
Department of Health in 2005, a group was created to be responsible for delivering
joined-up computerised healthcare solutions throughout the NHS, named Connecting for
Health (CfH) [6].
The main problems for EPR are in two main areas: the data itself and the costs involved.
The data is describing a patient, used by clinician’s working through the NHS for the
benefit of the patient. Who owns this record is in question as many parties are involved.
Another point in question is who governs the data. How the information is stored,
distributed and used is mainly left up to the NHS Trust in the area, but the data belongs to
the patient after all. Data security is of paramount importance and healthcare records are
very personal and should never remain public. If records are accessible from potentially
thousands of terminals across a Trust or country, then that must be a security problem.
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The other area, about cost, is very important as hospitals have to buy into a software
package in order to comply with CfH. Such packages may be of hindrance to clinicians
rather than a help. Perhaps due to improper training, personal resistance to change, or
the system failing to perform to specifications.
In contrast to GP surgeries, traditional paper records are still used throughout in hospitals
today. In many areas, EPRs are running in conjunction with, or alongside paper based
records. Such is the case for maternity and the use of “client held records” – EPRs are
entered onto a midwife’s computer system, and a physical paper copy of medical notes
are held by the expectant mother, with other physical copies also held by the midwife [7].
Even though this situation of record keeping is sub-optimal, healthcare is still delivered to
a high standard as the history of care can be quickly and accurately accessed. That being
the case, time (and thereby money) is wasted entering redundant information onto
multiple places. The mother’s held record is the primary record, if that is lost potentially
important information is also permanently lost with it. If different clinicians are writing or
adding other information (such as images) into the same record, potentially the use of
different terms (or different meaning of terms) could be misinterpreted leading to
wrongful treatment. The EPR in this case is rather just for administrative purposes to
track movement, appointments and drug history in order to produce correct receipts for
invoicing costs.
1.7 Introduction Summary
In summary, the ancient Nubian region and the ancient remains found from the area is a
subject that is heavily based upon physical records and expert knowledge obtained large
from inaccessible sources. Modern electronic methods of defining what information is
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relevant, as well as storing such information so that it is publically available could help
improve studies by ensuring all necessary information is kept, a common understanding is
developed, and studies compared in a more consistent manner.
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2 Methods
There are many different methods that could be employed in order to address the need
to capture, store, and reason about data relating to ancient Nubian skeletons or
mummies.
2.1 Ontology Option
One option, which the author chose for this project, is to create an ontology.
An ontology is the representation of knowledge through concepts. It can be thought
about as a directed acyclic graph. Ontologies are made up of components put together,
giving rise to a concept. Typical components include: individuals (objects), relations, rules,
and events. Examples of concepts might be: “A car” -> “hasWheels” -> “4”. “A car” ->
“IsAKindOf” -> “Vehicle”. If such concepts are applied, if you have a car and it has four
wheels, by this definition it can be reasoned that this car is a kind of a vehicle. Even
though the fact might not be explicitly said in the car’s own description. That is not to say
that all vehicles are cars, or that all cars have four wheels, or if something has four wheels
that makes it a car. Depending on how components are described leads to specific
implications.
After performing a literary survey, it appears that no good ontologies about ancient Egypt
or Nubia have been constructed by Egyptologists. It is important not be confused with the
original, less widely used meaning for the word, “ontology” which is to do with ancient
Greek philosophy.
Ontologies offer the chance to spell out exactly what something is, or means, or relates to
something else. It offers a common vocabulary or terminology to be set and used. This is
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important because information can often be missing or misinterpreted. Two terms could
have different names but the same meaning. One term could have different meanings in
different contexts. Terms could be assumed implicitly (not mentioned explicitly). All these
aspects put together can create confusion and a lack of understanding between all sorts
of parties, ranging from when dealing between experts in the field, to novices new to the
area. Experts may have conflicting points of views or definitions, and novices may miss
information because it is implicit.
The four main points that an ontology achieves are as follows [8]:
Sharing common understanding [9]. Information can be structured in a certain
way that enables a person to access the terms used in a standardised way. This
can be made publically available so that anyone can be granted access. Further
analysis or studies can be potentially made with similarly compatible information.
Reuse domain knowledge. Different ontologies might describe a certain area – a
domain – in different manners. When creating an ontology which includes
information relating to a different domain, specific ontologies can be imported so
that desired domain descriptions are used, avoiding conflicts or confusion.
Specific domain assumptions. Spelling out assumptions about domains explicitly
enables them to be changed quickly and easily. Novices can gain all relevant
information about the constituent parts of a domain enabling greater
understanding.
Separate domain and operational knowledge. Domain knowledge about entities –
such as an item, a person, or a place – can be separate from operational
knowledge, about how tasks are carried out or completed. This helps to enable
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domains to be reused as information can be accurately segregated into different
parts.
Domain knowledge analysis. Formally analysing domains enables reasoning about
information. This means that different parts of a domain can be worked out or
proved, through their relationships with other parts. Entire ontologies can be then
imported into other ontologies, and built upon further to describe a greater range
of information.
2.2 Database Option
Another option of this project would be to design a database to represent knowledge. A
database enables storage of information contained in rows, contained in tables. These
tables can be linked to other tables in the database forming relationships. In order to
access the information, an accessible computer server and client system would need to sit
alongside the database to interpret queries for searching, inserting, editing, and deleting.
Only simple relationships can be formed between tables. Ontology concepts are not
featured, and relationships almost entirely would revolve around one column of a table
being the same as one column in a different table.
The main purpose of a database is to store information permanently. If access has been
set up so that remote users can query the database, the information can thus be shared.
Interfacing one database with another database is often a difficult task, as there is a high
likelihood of incompatibility. The structure of databases can vary wildly between different
authors, even for the same type of information. With the added complication of different
and perhaps implicit terminology, plugging two together can become very complex.
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Often a change to a small part of a database can have large consequences as relationships
with other tables are affected in turn. This causes maintenance of databases to be an
important task, requiring technical knowledge of how to alter the database, as well as
updating any systems that are interlinked. A novice can become overwhelmed by the
sheer volume of information presented, and an expert could feasibly not be able to find
the exact information desired due to poor navigational design.
2.3 Why an ontology
With the aim of managing knowledge relating to ancient Nubian remains, the author
decided to create an ontology. Conceptually, it enables a more detailed representation of
items and how they are related to one another. Such as: a cemetery contains graves, a
cemetery is at a certain location, and ancient skeletons are found in these graves. the
author can thus accurately define what an ancient skeleton is by explicitly describing the
relationships and attributes around the domain. A database would simply not be able to
easily capture these relationships, show them to a user, and reason about their
correctness or relevance.
For both ontologies and databases, software is freely available. An ontology can be
described using a standardized description language – OWL. A newly developed syntax,
“Manchester OWL” was developed enabling easier writing and reading of quantifiers to
describe relationships [10]. The author chose to use a Java program called Protégé-2000,
version 4.1 to create my ontology as it is freely available and fully supports Manchester
OWL [11].
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For free databases, MySQL and PostgresSQL appear to be the two most popular choices
across the world [12, 13]. Both support close to unlimited sizes of tables and rows held
inside them, fully supporting the globally used database query language, SQL.
2.4 Written Information
Information relating to analysis of ancient Nubian remains, as mentioned earlier, is mainly
held in large published books of from the early 20th century. For some remains, these are
the only available written records in existence. As such, these reports are highly
inaccessible. There are only a small number of these report books published, and they
cannot be simply loaned out. The Forensic Egyptology department at the University of
Manchester has one copy of each of the volumes, but the physical reading of them if
difficult. Apart from the text being a little awkward to understand as certain volumes are
now over a century old, the books are physically falling apart since they are so old and
worn. No digital copies are in existence for these texts either, which increases the reliance
upon and value of the hard copy even further.
The books cannot be loaned out to outside of the department, and only one person can
work upon the books at any one time. One option to help solve the supremacy of the
hard copy book would be to digitize the books into a PDF format, for example. This is not
a trivial task. Digitizing a book normally involves running the pages through or onto a
scanner. Both such methods involve removing the pages from the book’s spine, or
opening the book up fully and laying it flat down (much like a photocopier). These books
are so valuable and fragile that scanning in these ways are simply not feasible options.
Another way would be to scroll down with a hand-held scanner, but these devices can be
expensive, error-prone, inaccurate and incompatible with computer operating systems.
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The author decided to undertake another option which occurred to me: using a camera to
take photographs of pages, and then run it through Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
software to process text. This method is non-destructive, causes no harm to the physical
book, and should create a useful digital output. The only other possible option, which the
author did not do, would be to painstakingly retype the volume by hand into a word
processor. Although this would perhaps grant the greatest accuracy in capturing text into
a digital format, there was simply not enough time in this project to budget.
2.5 Methods Summary
The two explored methods of defining an electronic standard were essentially through
either an ontology, or through a database. In order to represent knowledge in a more
meaningful way, an ontology was chosen. A database was not chosen; even though a
database would be a good practical solution to storing records regarding hundreds of
ancient remains, relationships may be limited because everything cannot be explicitly
mentioned.
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3 Analysis
The author created an ontology to represent ancient Nubian remains knowledge using
Protégé-2000 - see Appendix 1 for the source code. This ontology is described below.
3.1 Ancient Nubian Ontology
The ontology has the following main sections, discussed in detail in turn.
3.1.1Site
The Site class is to describe information relating to places, divided into various subclasses.
These are listed as follows: Cataract, Cemetery, Country, Dam, Grave, Lake, Region, River,
and Town.
The author has defined relationships between these sites to try and explicitly point out
how one is associated to another. Going from top – down,
A Region has a minimum of one country. (Region hasCountry min 1 Country).
An instance – individual – of region exists, called Nubia. (Nubia).
A Country may or may not have rivers, or towns. (Country hasSiteContents some
River. Country hasSiteContents some Town).
Two countries exist, Egypt and Sudan. (Egypt, Sudan).
Nubia includes Egypt and Sudan as its countries. (Nubia hasCountry Egypt. Nubia
hasCountry Sudan).
A River may or may not have cataracts, dams, or lakes. (River hasCataract some
Cataract. River hasDam some Dam. River hasLake some Lake).
One River exists, the River Nile. (RiverNile).
Egypt has a river called the River Nile. (Egypt hasRiver RiverNile).
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Six cataracts of the Nile exist. (FirstNileCataract … SixthNileCataract).
The River Nile has six cataracts along it. (RiverNile hasCataract FirstNileCataract …
RiverNile hasCataract SixthNileCataract).
One Lake exists, Lake Nasser. (LakeNasser).
The River Nile has a lake called Lake Nasser. (RiverNile hasLake LakeNasser).
Two dams exist, the Aswan High Dam and the Aswan Low Dam. (AswanHighDam,
AswanLowDam).
The River Nile has two damns, the Aswan High Dam and the Aswan Low Dam.
(RiverNile hasDam AswanHighDam. RiverNile hasDam AswanLowDam).
A town exists, called Biga. (Biga).
Egypt has the town, Biga. (Egypt hasSiteContents Biga).
A cemetery has an accession ID, and contains at least one grave site. (Cemetery
hasCemeteryAccessionID some ID. Cemetery hasGraveSite min 1 Grave).
Five cemeteries exist. (CemeteryOne … CemeteryFive).
Each cemetery has its own accession ID. (CemeteryOne hasCemeteryAccessionID
“1”^^ID … CemeteryFive hasCemeteryAccessionID “5”^^ID).
Biga contains the number 5 cemetery. (Biga hasCemetery CemeteryFive).
A Grave may or may not contain some ancient human remains, a Grave has some
grave accession ID, and a grave can be of either Shallow Grave or Tomb type.
(Grave hasAncientHumanRemains some AncientHumanRemains. Grave
hasAccessionID some ID. Grave hasGraveType some GraveTypeVP. Grave
hasGraveTypeOnly some GraveTypeVP.
Various graves exist that are in cemeteries and they contain a set of human
remains, e.g. Grave number 1 in Cemetery number Five. (GraveFive-1
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hasGraveAccessionID “1”^^ID. GraveFive-1. GraveFive-1 haGraveType only
ShalllowGrave. GraveFive-1 hasGraveType some ShallowGrave. GraveFive-1
hasAncientHumanRemains Individual0000001. CemeteryFive hasGraveSite
GraveFive-1.
There is also a functional property applies to the main Site class, that any Site may or may
not have a free text description, and may or may not have some locational data. (Site
hasFreeTextDescription some string. Site hasLocationData some string).
In addition the author has defined that CemeteryFive has a free text description of,
“Cemetery 5 was situated ….” (CemeteryFive hasFreeTextDescription “Cemetery 5 was
situated …”). And that this cemetery also has specific latitude and longitude coordinates,
and is currently inaccessible because it is underwater. (CemeteryFive hasLatitideData
“32.886626“. CemeteryFive hasLongditudeData “24.021111”. CemeteryFive
hasAccessibilityStatus “Submerged”). Latitude and Longitude data are achieved because
the author has defined a Data Property hasLocationData, with two sub-properties
contained within – hasLatitudeData and hasLongditudeData.
3.1.2 Person
Now that initial understanding of the region has been captured and explained, the
ancient human remains have been listed under the next main class, Person. Person
contains two subclasses: AncientPerson and ResearchPerson. Two are two types of an
AncientPerson, AncientHumanRemains and ImportantAncientPerson. There is further one
kind of ImportantAncientPerson, DoctorIAP.
25
Each person may or may not have a free text description, and each person may or
may not have a sex. (Person hasFreeTextDescription some string. Person hasSex
some SexVP).
An Ancient Person has to be from some ancient time period. An Ancient Person
may or may not have a publication record. And an Ancient Person may or may not
have locational data. (AncientPerson hasAncientTimePeriod some
AncientTimePeriod. AncientPerson hasAncientTimePeriod only
AncientTimePeriod AncientPerson hasDescriptionOrigin some PublicationRecord.
AncientPerson hasLocationData some string).
A Research Person has to be from a modern time period. (ResearchPerson
hasModernTimePeriod some ModernTimePeriod. ResearchPerson
hasModernTimePeriod only ModernTimePeriod).
Three research people exist. (GeorgeAndrewReisner, HGLyons, RosalieDavid).
Ancient Human Remains may or may not have a type of burial dressing.
(AncientHumanRemains hasBurialDressing some BurialDressingVP).
Ancient Human Remains may or may not have a type of burial position.
(AncientHumanRemains hasBurialPosition some BurialPositionVP).
Ancient Human Remains may or may not have some completeness to them.
(AncientHumanRemains hasCompleteness some CompletenessConditionVP).
Ancient Human Remains may or may not have some condition to them.
(AncientHumanRemains hasConditionQuality some ConditionQialityVP).
AncientHumanRemains may or may not have diagnoses. (AncientHumanRemains
hasDiagnosisSomeDiagnosis).
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AncientHumanRemains may or may not have medical tests.
(AncientHumanRemains hasMedicalTest some MedicalTest).
AncientHumanRemains have some type of remains. (AncientHumanRemains
hasRemainsType some RemainsTypeVP. AncientHumanRemains hasRemainsType
only RemainsTypeVP).
AncientHumanRemains may or may not have medical treatments.
(AncientHumanRemains hasTreatment some MedicalTreatment).
The author has defined two instances of type AncientHumanRemains –
Individual00000001 and Individual00000007.
Individual00000001 is unwrapped, partially complete, has a diagnosis of Spondylitis, is a
skeleton, and is male. The remains have been researched by George Andrew Reisner, is
from the Middle Nubian ancient time period, and was originally described in The
Archaeological survey of Nubia report for 1907-8 Volume 1. There are many
measurements of bones taken and so recorded.
(Individual00000001 hasBurialDressing some Unwrapped. Individual00000001
hasCompleteness only PartiallyComplete. Individual00000001 hasCompleteness some
PartiallyComplete. Individual00000001 hasDiagnosis only Spondylitis. Individual00000001
hasDiagnosis some Spondylitis. Individual00000001 hasRemainsType only
SkeletonRemains. Individual00000001 hasRemainsType some SkeletonRemains.
Individual00000001 hasSex only Male. Individual00000001 hasSex some Male.
Individual00000001 isResearchedBy GeorgeAndrewReisner. Individual00000001
hasAncienttimePeriod MiddleNubian. Individual00000001 hasdescriptionOrigin
The_archaeological_survey_of_Nubia. _Report_for_1907-8. Individual00000001
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hasRightFemurLength 449. Individual00000001 hasRightClavicleLength 150.
Individual00000001 hasSyphysisMentiHeight 35. Individual00000001 hastotalFacialHeight
93. Individual00000001 hasRightHumerusLength 234. Individual00000001
hasFreeTextDescription “An old white-haired man…”. Individual00000001
hasCranialCapacity 1750. Individual00000001 hasBigonialBreadth 105.
Individual00000001 hasUpperFacialHeight 70. Individual00000001
hasNoseLengthBreadth “50x26. Individual00000001 hasCraniumHeight 128.
Individual00000001 hasPalateLengthBreadth “49x43”. Individual00000001
hasMaxCreaniumLength 195. Individual00000001 hasLeftOrbitLengthBreadth “42x38”.
Individual00000001 hasCranialBaseLength 104. Individual00000001 hasFacialBaseLength
97. Individual00000001 hasInterorbBreadth 25. Individual00000001
hasSigmoudNotchHeight 54. Individual00000001 hasMaxCreaniumBreadth 150.
Individual00000001 hasBizgomaticBreadth 140. Individual00000001
hasRightOrbitOLengthBreadth “43x36”.).
Individual00000007 has a diagnosis of a fractured bone, is a skeleton, and is female. The
remains have been researched by George Andrew Reisner, is from the Middle Nubian
ancient time period, and was originally described in The Archaeological survey of Nubia
report for 1907-8 Volume 1. There are many measurements of bones taken and so
recorded.
(Individual00000007 hasDiagnosis only BoneFracture. Individual00000007 hasDiagnosis
some BoneFracture. Individual00000007 hasRemainsType only SkeletonRemains.
Individual00000007 hasRemainsType some SkeletonRemains. Individual00000007 hasSex
only Female. Individual00000007 hasSex some Female. Individual00000007
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isResearchedBy GeorgeAndrewReisner. Individual00000007 hasAncienttimePeriod
MiddleNubian. Individual00000007 hasdescriptionOrigin The_archaeological_survey
_of_Nubia.Report_for_1907-8. Individual00000007 hasCranialBaseLength 102.
Individual00000007 hasRightOrbitOLengthBreadth “40x33”. Individual00000007
hasPalateLengthBreadth “46x39”. Individual00000007 hasAurciularHeight 108.
Individual00000007 hasMaxCraniumBreadth 136. Individual00000007
hasFreeTextDescription “A middle-aged woman…”. Individual00000007
hasLeftHumerusLength313. Individual00000007 has leftFemurLength 437.
Individual00000007 hasSigmoidNotchHeight 48. Individual00000007
hasLeftClavicleLength 135. Individual00000007 hasLeftOrbitLengthBreadth “40x33”.
Individual00000007 hasFacialBaseLength 92. Individual00000007 hasUpperFacialHeight
68. Individual00000007 hasLeftHumerusLength 248. Individual00000007
hasCraniumCircumference 520. Individual00000007 hasrightClavicleLength 133.
Individual00000007 hasFacialBaseLength 88. Individual00000007
hasRightHumerusLength 313. Individual00000007 hasTotalFacialHeight 115.
Individual00000007 hasSymphysisMentiHeight 33. Individual00000007
hasrightFemurLength 436. Individual00000007 hasMaxCraniumHeight 124.
Individual00000007 hasNoseLengthBreadth “48x25”. Individual00000007
hasInterorbBreadth 27.5).
Throughout the description of Person, The author has included many other classes that
are involved with further relationships. Perhaps the next most relevant class to Person, is
Diagnosis.
29
3.1.3 Diagnosis
The author has defined a Diagnosis with a few chosen subclasses: AncientPersonDiagnosis
and InjuryDiagnosis. AncientPersonDiagnosis attempts to describe the various diagnosis
that have been made about a set of ancient remains, and so it contains appropriate
subclasses e.g. AgeDiagnosis. InjuryDiagnosis has been divided up into BoneFracture,
DegenerativeDisease, DentalProblem, and InfectiousDisease. There are two types of
DegenerativeDisease, Osteoarthritis and Spondylitis. There is one DetalProblem, a
DentalAbscess. And there are three infectious diseases – AlveolarAbscess,
Schistosomiasis, and Tuberculosis.
A Diagnosis generally may or may not have some certainty, a free text description, a
medical coding, related to a medical test, and has to be researched by a ResearchPerson.
(Diagnosis hasCertainty some CertaintyVP. Diagnosis hasFreeTextDescription some string.
Diagnosis hasMedicalCoding some string. Diagnosis isDiagnosedFrom some MedicalTest.
Diagnosis isResearchedBy some ResearchPerson. Diagnosis isResearchedby only
ResearchPerson).
An AncientPersonDiagnosis may or may not be valid, and so has an added validity value
attached to it. (AncientPersonDiagnosis hasValidity some ValidityVP).
And InjuryDiagnosis may or may not have a potential cause and severity. In a similar
manner, this fact has been added to the definition. (InjuryDiagnosis hasInjuryCause some
InjuryCauseVP. InjuryDiagnosis hasInjurySeverity some InjurySeverityVP).
Both BoneFracture and Spondylitis can only be diagnosed from imaging, and so a further
constraint has been added to them. (BoneFracture isDiagnosedFrom only
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(ImagingPhotograph or ImagingXray. Spondylitis isDiagnosedFrom only
(ImagingPhotograph or ImagingXray).
Spondylitis has its own ICD9 medical code, and so has been added to its definition.
(Spondylitis hasICD9 “721.90”).
3.1.4 Medical Test
The MedicalTest class groups together the various medical tests that can be taken place
upon ancient human remains. These include the subclasses, DNAsequenceMedicalTest,
EndoscopyMedicalTest, HistologyMedicalTest, ImagingMedicalTest, and ImmunoCyto
ChemistyMedicalTest. ImagingMedicalTest has four subclasses contained within:
ImagingCTscan, ImagingMRIscan, ImagingPhtograph and ImagingXray.
MedicalTests are said to may or may not have some free text description, performed
using a body part and is researched only by a ResearchPerson. (MedicalTest
hasFreeTextDescription some string. MedicalTest isPerformedUsing some BodyPart.
MedicalTest isResearchedBy some ResearchPerson. MedicalTest isResearchedBy only
ResearchPerson).
3.1.5 Body Part
As MedicalTest involve performing a test on a body part (BodyPart), this class defines the
various body parts potentially available to researchers. Subclasses include: Bone, Brain,
Heart, Liver, and Tooth. Bones are divided up into subclasses, resembling the similar areas
they are found in the body: ArmBone, BackBone, ChestBone, LegBone, and SkullBone.
Each of these are then divided up further, e.g. in the ArmBone, subclasses are: HandBone,
Humerus, Radius, Ulna.
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All BodyParts may or may not have some completeness to them, as well as some
laterality. (BodyPart hasCompleteness some CompletenessConditionVP. BodyPart
hasLaterality some LateralityVP).
3.1.6 Artefact
Although this Artefact class is not directly used by other classes, the author has included it
as often graves contain more than just human remains. Sometimes artefacts are present,
which can also be similarly described. In have defined my artefact class to contain the
following subclasses: AncientClothing, AncientJewellery, AnimalRemains, Bowl, Noose,
Plant, Pot. Artefacts all may or may not have completeness to them, a condition, a free
text description or locational data. (Artefact hasCompleteness some ComplnetenessVP.
Artefact hasConditionQuality some ConditionQualityVP. Artefact hasFreetextDescription
some string. Artefact hasLocationData some string).
3.1.7 Medical Treatment
Similar to artefact, the author has included this class to describe any medical treatment
that an ancient person received (potentially thousands of years ago). Even though not
present on the vast majority of reports about the remains, the capacity is still present.
MedicalTreatments include Drug and Splint. MedicalTreatments may or may not have a
free text description and are only performed by ancient doctors. (MedicalTreatment
hasFreeTextDescription some string. MedicalTreatment hasTreatmentOrigin some
DoctorIAP. MedicalTreatment hasTreatmentOrigin only DoctorIAP).
3.1.8 Time Period
The author has defined a class TimePeriod to describe different time periods that are
involved with the ancient human remains and research done. They are segregated into
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two different main subclasses – AncientTimePeriod and ModernTimePeriod. The
ModernTimePeriod contains centuries (individuals) of the modern era where analysis was
carried out– 19thCentury, 20thCentury and 21stCentury. The AncientTimePeriods
contains the groups (individuals) of recognised similar civilisation phases. These
AncientTimePeriods may also have the same name meaning the same period, e.g.
MiddleKingdom is identical to MiddleNubian, TwelfthDynastyNubian and C-group.
Each TimePeriod has a data property of a StartDate and EndData. These are of Gregorian
year format, of the rough time-frames which are involved, e.g. MiddleNubian
hasStartDate 2066 BC. MiddleNubian hasEndDate 1781BC.
AncientTimePeriods are defined to may or may not have main burial practices, and
religions. E.g. MiddleNubian hasBurialPosition some LegsStraight. ChristianPeriod
hasMainReligion Christianity.
3.1.9 Publication Record
A Publication Record describes how ancient remains have been studied. Much like
TimePeriod, it is one main class, PublicationRecord, divided into two subclasses –
AncientPublicationRecord and ModernPublicationRecord. Ancient records include
Hieroglyphs and Papyrus. Modern records include Drawing, PhotographRecord,
ResearchBook, ResearchPaper and ManchesterAncientEgyptianBioBank.
All PublicationRecords may or may not have a free text description. Modern records are
only from modern time periods, and ancient records are only form ancient time periods.
Ancient records are authored by an important ancient person, and modern records are
only authored by ResearchPersons. (PublicationRecord hasFreeTextDescription some
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string. AncientPublicationRecord hasAncientTimePeriod only AncientTimePeriod.
AncientPublicationRecord hasAncientTimePeriod some AncientTimePeriod.
AncientPublicationRecord has Author only ImportantAncientPerson.
AncientPublicationRecord has Author some ImportantAncientPerson.
ModernPublicationRecord hasAuthor only ResearchPerson. ModernPublicationRecord
has Author some ResearchPerson. ModernPublicationRecord hasModernTimePeriod only
ModernTimePeriod. ModernPublicationRecord hasModernTimePeriod some
ModernTimePeriod.
One instance of ModernPublicationRecord exists, The_archaeological_survey_of_
Nubia._Report_for1907-8. This individual has both HG Lyons and George Andrew Reisner
as its authors. (The_archaeological_survey_of_ Nubia._Report_for1907-8 hasAuthor
HGLyons. The_archaeological_survey_of_ Nubia._Report_for1907-8 hasAuthor
GeorgeAndrewReisner).
3.1.10 Religion
Religion simply exists a class of its own, with the following individuals:
AncientEgyptianMythology, AncientGreekMythology, AncientRomanMythology,
Christianity, and Islam. Each religion is associated to a god through the data property:
hasGod some String. E.g. Christianity hasGod “Jesus”. AncientGreekMythology hasGod
“Zeus”.
3.1.11 Value Partition
As mentioned throughout the earlier classes, the author has separated out values that are
attached to classes in relationships into a class of their own, called ValuePartition. This
gives the ontology some additional structure in which to manage information regarding
34
quantities. E.g. SexVP has two subclasses Female and Male. SexVP is used in the Person
class to define the sex of an individual.
3.1.12 Data Properties
Data Properties are used essentially to define attributes for classes or individuals. These
can be defined to have a particular type, which is useful for searching or comparisons. For
example, Accession IDs are of type “ID”, and measurements are of type “double”. This
allows unique identifiers and numerical values with decimal places, respectively.
(hasCemeteryAccessionID Ranges ID. hasLeftClavicleMeasurement Ranges Double).
3.2 OCR processing
Photographs taken on a 10 megapixel camera were imported into the OCR software,
ABBY FineReader 10 and processed over [14]. This program produced an output text
document of the descriptions of the cemeteries. Most pages contained incorrect
characters and had to be manually corrected through proof reading. This enabled the
author to have access to passages contained in the physical book, enabling use of the text
outside of the laboratory. Through using Protégé-2000, it was not possible to attach
photos to individuals, and so have been left aside for possible future project use in the
KNH Centre of Forensic Egyptology.
3.3 Analysis Summary
The above mentioned analysis has detailed the decisions made on how the author
converted flowing natural language knowledge about ancient Nubia and ancient remains
from that region into a formal computerized language.
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4 Validation
Discussion about the ontology that the author created can be done through two avenues:
1. About the content relating to ancient Nubia, the ancient remains, and the study
thereof.
2. About the structure to the content, about how information is organised and
knowledge obtained through relationships.
4.1 Ancient Nubian content
In order to validate the ontology against correct information about ancient Nubia, the
author has managed to talk to researchers at the Forensic Egyptology department, in the
KNH Centre of the University of Manchester. Originally the author had planned to
interview Dr. Rosalie David, but unfortunately the ontology development took longer
than anticipated, and no such meeting was possible due to scheduling conflicts. Instead,
the author managed to talk to two other individuals – Angela Thomas, and Dr. Jenefer
Cockitt [15].
Angela Thomas is the current keeper of the International Mummy Database and Tissue
Bank. Information about thousands of Tissue Samples are kept, indexed, and maintained
as well as the listings of dozens of mummies. The current state of tissue samples are up-
to-date against any studies that have been carried out upon them. From talking to Angela
the author found a greater appreciation of what essential information needs to be
recorded for particular tissue samples, for forensic studies, and how to track where
samples are.
36
In this context, the ontology makes sense. The AncientRemains are of highest importance,
because most of the relationships are to do with it, and every other class is either directly
or indirectly linked. One problem with the current setup that Angela has to deal with is
poor searching functionality. That is, if a diagnosis has been made of a study about a
tissue sample, unless an exact term is entered, and then searched upon, the diagnosis can
be easily missed. Or if diagnoses have been omitted because they are assumed to have
been present automatically. The ontology overcomes this problem by the introduction of
medical coding. Using a specific ICD or SNOMED-CT term to uniquely identify a particular
type of disease diagnosis makes it very easy for all relevant remains samples to be found.
Of a study, every medical test done against a set of ancient remains can be explicitly
defined. This can help aid tracking to see what tests have been carried out for what
samples, by whom. Including such information can help further research by making
previous studies more accessible so that tests are not unnecessarily repeated or lost.
What is currently lacking from the ontology is a proper means of sample tracking. Of the
ancient Nubian remains described in the physical books, some remains are missing or
lost, but others are present. The ontology currently does not capture information relating
to this, about if ancient remains are held by an institute, or their loan history. In addition,
the exact dates of medical tests or diagnoses are not recorded. Even though exact dates
are not used, at the very least the closest modern century has been listed which is at least
useful to determine how available study documentation may be. Research books and
papers from the 21st Century should be readily available in a physical or digital format,
whereas 20th Century material would likely only be in a physical format.
37
Dr. Jenefer Cockitt is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the KNH Centre and is currently
performing investigations relating to ancient Nubian disease. To answer questions
relating to ancient Nubian knowledge, Dr. Cockitt is more than adequately qualified. Upon
describing the ontology in detail for each class, it became clear that the information is
along the correct lines. For instance, if Site is considered: the River Nile does flow through
Egypt and Nubia does span two countries today, through Egypt and the Sudan. Cemetery
Five which is at Biga is currently submerged underwater, and Biga is a place in Egypt. And
so if a particular set of ancient remains are said to be in a particular grave in Cemetery
Five, and from an ancient time period, it can be easily deduced that they are indeed
ancient Nubian remains. For an expert such as Dr. Cockitt, dealing with remains from this
submerged Cemetery Five might be assumed that they were Nubian, from a particular
time period, and what the word Nubian means. For a novice, all this information is
expressed explicitly. This makes the definition of what Nubian is much better refined,
without missing information. To a good extent, knowledge related to places has been
captured and reasoned through by relationships.
One specific aspect of the ontology the author was wary of was related to accession IDs.
Through the physical book where the information was obtained from, cemeteries were
just given numbers, e.g. “Five”. In addition, Graves were just given numbers too, e.g.
“One”. This seemed very arbitrary and not particularly unique. When queried, such
accession IDs are actually correct and still used to reference the exact same cemeteries
and graves. Even though this may be correct, the author believes a newer version of
accession IDs should be constructed perhaps based upon the old ones. The author
attempted to do this through listing grave number 1 of Cemetery Five as GraveFive-1.
38
One problem is that the first grave of, for example, Cemetery Five is called “1”, and the
first grave of Cemetery Four is also called, “1”. They both have the same accession IDs,
and so when used in isolation, they don’t cannot be told apart unless implied from the
context. That means that their cemetery accession ID has to be used in conjunction which
is not ideal because this can easily be omitted.
The concept that a set of ancient remains is from a certain ancient time period is correct,
as a person did live, die, and was buried at some rough point, however many centuries
ago. These ancient time periods initially contained in the ontology were the generally
recognised ancient Egyptian time periods, e.g. MiddleKingdom. Upon further discussion,
it was revealed that ancient Nubian time periods are not exactly the same as the ancient
Egyptian time periods [16]. Due to the fact that many centuries ago, Egypt was not such a
well-defined country by today’s modern standards and that most of the Egyptian dating
to obtain an accurate time period is done through historical events, such as a pyramid
been built. These events mainly happened in other areas of Egypt, away from the Nubian
region. As such, ancient Nubian time periods cannot be as accurately defined. Instead,
dating of Nubian remains has to be done archeologically through artefacts held inside the
grave, the burial position and practice of the ancient remains found inside the grave, and
radiocarbon dating. In one of the physical books from 1908, it has defined the ancient
Nubian time periods with their corresponding ancient Egyptian periods. These terms are
correct and still used today.
As a consequence, the author updated the ontology to include additional ancient time
periods, e.g. MiddleNubian. MiddleNubian is said to be an identical individual to
MiddleKingdom. And so the term MiddleNubian can be interchanged with
39
MiddleKingdom as they both roughly mean the same thing. In other volumes of the
research books in this series, one term is not used consistently throughout. This is an
example of implicit information held inside the research papers – if the term Middle
Nubian is used, of course it refers to the same time as the Middle Kingdom, although the
term Middle Nubian is not explained anywhere apart from an obscure single paragraph
held inside one page out of hundreds, from a single book volume out of dozens in a
series.
4.2 Ontological structure
To validate the ontology in terms of its structure, the author managed to talk to Dr.
Robert Stevens [17]. Dr. Stevens is a senior lecturer at the School of Computer Science at
the University of Manchester. His main research area includes the use of ontologies to
describe biological knowledge in a useful way for understanding and collaboration. Upon
navigating through the ontology, Dr. Stevens managed to identify many aspects which
were not fully correct when describing information and expressing knowledge.
The ontology originally listed the class Gender, and contained two individuals: Female,
make, and Unknown. And then a Person hasGender GenderVP. It was revealed that this
was not a particularly good way to describe what the author was intending to – that a
person is either female, male, or it is not known. In actuality the ontology described that
there were only one instance of male or female, and unknown meant absolutely anything
else. A suggestion was made that the author was actually trying to define a person’s sex,
which can either be female or male, and that if it is not known that it is simply not
mentioned explicitly. The author managed to implement this solution relatively quickly by
40
making a class called Sex, with subclasses Female and Male, with a relationship Person
hasSex some SexVP. This now adequately defines whether a person is male, or female, or
not known.
Another aspect that was defined at first was the class Area, which contained subclasses
Region, Country, River, and so-forth. This entered very complicated domain of ontological
knowledge. A country is defined by what land mass it occupies, and if describing various
parts of a country that is contained within it, then these should be referred to as Sites
which contain land. And so the class Area was renamed to Site. The Nubian Region spans
part through Egypt and part through the Sudan, and so it is not particularly accurate that
the Nubian region contains Egypt and Sudan, because this does not include the entirety of
the two countries. The River Nile flows through Egypt, but there comes the question
about how to define a river. Is a river the land that the river flows through, i.e. the river
bed? Or is it the water that flows above the land? For the purposes of this ontology, the
River Nile was simply mentioned that it exists, has various aspects to it, e.g. Lake Nasser.
Though this does not properly convey the knowledge of what it means for the River Nile
to be a river.
Moving onto much more important parts of the ontology relating to the ancient remains
themselves, further discussion took place. Originally, an individual of BoneFracture was
created as an InjuryDiagnosis. This was incorrect as, like with Gender, what this meant
that was only one BoneFracture ever in existence. The intention was instead to define
that a human remains could have an diagnosis of a bone fracture. Instead, the suggestion
was to create a class BoneFracture under InjuryDiagnosis, and state that the ancient
remains which contained a broken bone, e.g. Individual0000007 hasDiagnosis some
41
BoneFracture. This suggestion was carried out, and the ontology updated to reflect this
relationship.
Moreover, a more critical problem occurred with describing the various measurements of
the bones of ancient remains. There are current many data properties relating to bone
measurements, i.e. hasLeftClavicleLength, hasRightClavicleLength, hasLeftFemurLength,
etc. This is arguably an over-use of data types. Instead a more correct solution may be to
define, for example, a Clavicle class which has a relationship hasLaeralitySelector
LateralityVP, and this LateralityVP class has subclasses Left and Right. This Clavicle class
would then also have a hasLength property, relating to measurement. Such a
measurement would have two aspects to it: quantity (written as a “double” number type)
and measurement unit type (in this case, the SI unit of Metre). This would then enable to
describe which side of Clavicle is being described, and its length in terms of units. Using
the hasLeftClavicleLength data type as it is now, it simply records a value. This value is
arguably lacking in meaning because it does not record the unit of measurement. Thus to
describe length as a measurement, an ontology about the measurement domain should
be imported and used to reflect bone measurements in an ontologically recognized,
standardized way. The ontology was not updated with this suggestion as there was no
development time left to overhaul how bone measurements were being captured.
With the discovery of ancient Nubian time periods, and their relationships to ancient
Egyptian time periods, it was identified that other solutions could be employed to convey
this information. Instead of creating new Individuals of different names, but of said to be
identical, what could be done would be to create a singular time period and then add
multiple labels onto it, e.g. MiddleKingdom hasLabel MiddleKingdom. MiddleKingdom
42
hasLabel MiddleNubia. This reduces the complexity of time periods which share the same
name by reducing the number of individuals created, so that they are easier to manage,
and that a single time period is being consistently used throughout.
The class Religion takes another step further in dealing with ontological complexities. The
author has defined my Religion class to have individuals with a data type of, hasGod
string. This means that the related god to the religion is simply stated. This can be a
problem because the word god means different things to different people. To an atheist,
Religions having the data type hasGod seems fine as he believes god does not really exist.
To a Christian, hasGod is wrong because he believes God exists and should then be
defined as a class. This then can be taken a step further because Christians worship one
God, but there are three parts to this one God – the Holy Trinity. One part of the Holy
Trinity is Jesus who was a man, a Person. The Person class is not defined to be a God
though. The ancient Greek and Roman Gods should then also be listed as their own class
too, and they should in turn be regarded as Female or Male. Greek and Roman mythology
share the same type of Gods, e.g. Zeus and Jupiter being the head Gods, respectively.
Perhaps then a new relationship should be defined between the two, Zeus isEquivalentOf
Jupiter.
In light of these complications, the Religion class was not changed and was left mainly as
a stub to be properly addressed perhaps sometime in the future.
4.3 Validation Summary
This chapter has discussed the validation for the constructed ontology through
researchers, to quantify how good or bad aspects were in terms of both ancient Nubian
content and ontological structure.
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5 Conclusions
The main aim of this dissertation has been to develop a standard on how to capture and
represent knowledge and information about ancient Nubian remains. The created
ontology represents an attempt to define this standard. To determine how close such a
goal has been met, the following topics should be taken into consideration.
5.1 EPR Relevance
The concept of what an EPR is and what sort of information is held within such records
were a template to being this investigation, as mentioned in Chapter 1. Relevant medical
information should be accurately recorded explicitly, in a consistent manner. This avoids
implicit knowledge, which would result in missing information. Missing information can
lead to studies becoming incomplete as data simply cannot be identified because it simply
does not exist.
A modern EPR is not entirely sufficient or appropriate to meet the needs for recording
ancient Nubian remains. When dealing with a modern patient, there is a greater emphasis
on treatment of disease. Patients live at an address, and receive treatment from
clinicians. Patients also have personal information to form unique identifiers, such as a
Surname, First Name, Date of Birth, Address, and NHS Number.
In contrast to a modern patient, a set of ancient Nubian remains can differ drastically.
They do not have an address in the traditional sense – they were held inside a grave,
which was part of a cemetery. Generally no treatment has been received, and can only be
figured out by looking at either bones or tissue samples. This is true for the diagnoses of
diseases. There are very little unique identifiers that can be used to simply identify a set
of remains – there is no name, no date of birth, no NHS number. Even the time period
44
that the remains are from has to be determined from other archaeological evidence,
which casts doubt from even which century they are from.
Although ancient remains are very different in these aspects from a modern patient,
similarities can still be found. These ancient remains are of people that lived hundreds of
years ago. Even though lifestyles may be seen to be different from today’s modern age,
people still have suffered from the same types of disease. For example, schistosomiasis is
still very prevalent throughout Egypt – a parasitical disease spread through water of the
Nile. People still suffer from broken bones, but perhaps not in the same prevalence as in
ancient times. Those that live now to an elderly age still are beset by the same diseases
too, e.g. osteoarthritis.
If changed to accommodate a different emphasis on what information needs to be held,
EPRs are still a valid aim for ancient Nubian remains. An EPR created for this purpose is
effectively for a person who happened to die long ago, and is retrospectively putting that
person’s medical history together.
5.2 Literature Key Aspects
One key aspect found inside the physical books relating to the previously studied ancient
Nubian remains is about inconsistency. Remains can range from being described fully in
great detail over the course of paragraphs, measurements taken of all the bones, and
even photographs taken. Of other remains, barely even a word can be mentioned, and no
bone measurements are recorded. Everything in-between these two extremes are
possible. In addition, various potentially incorrect diagnosis are given. Through modern
forensic analysis, the sex of a set of remains is determined by primarily examining the
pelvic bones. The records found inside the physical books often are based upon markings
45
on the grave, marks upon the skull bones, or size of individuals. These then inaccurately
determine the sex of the ancient remains. In addition to sex, height is another potential
measurement which is not recorded accurately. Modern forensics determines height
primarily through a function of femur length. The lengths of femurs can be missing on
ancient remains descriptions, and thus cannot be corrected.
Arguably another large hurdle to overcome, apart from the potential misdiagnosis or
incorrect recording of disease and bone measurements, is to do with racial diagnosis. The
initial research that was carried out, described in the physical books from early last
century, heavily spells out the theory of different races according to skull appearances
and measurements. These racial diagnoses are said to be wholly incorrect. Even at the
time of publication, the theories were not accepted and later proved to be entirely false.
That is not to say that such theories or diagnosis does not exist, though. Electronic
records should be able to capture all medical test and diagnosis made, by whom, and at
what time. If they are proved to be correct or incorrect, widely accepted or widely
rejected, then so be it – add such appropriate information explicitly.
Just as ancient remains lack unique identifiers, the same problem is faced for the graves
and cemeteries. A complexity arises because multiple ancient remains can be found in a
single grave. For example, if one grave is said to contain two sets of ancient remains, one
man and one woman, but then upon re-examining the remains it is revealed that in fact 3
women were contained inside the grave. Representing such a case in an ontology, or
indeed a database, is not a trivial task.
46
5.3 Ontology complexity
Throughout the description of the ontology in Chapter 3 as well as the validation
discussion in Chapter 4 there is a clear theme throughout. The ontology regarding ancient
Nubian remains is complex because many different domains of knowledge have to be put
together to form a complete understanding.
Out of each and every section of the ontology, there is no absolutely simple way to give a
description. Site is a class that is arguably an awkward description of something that can
be easily understood in when speaking a language naturally – that the River Nile flows
through Egypt, Lake Nasser is part of the Nile because the Aswan dams have been built,
which has caused Cemetery Five at Biga to become inundated. The constructed ontology
does not meet this resolution of understanding, but rather instead covers the facts
superficially.
For other classes, people – including experts - can disagree on how classes should be
represented, or what the most correct (or rather, least wrong) way is. If areas of land can
have deep-rooted opinions on how countries and land-masses should be described, then
of course such conflicts arise from describing religions and god. Although for other classes
standards can be agreed upon, i.e. when it comes to SI units of measurement.
The issues of accurately describing Sites, Religion, and BodyPart measurements have
been identified but not totally fixed. Instead of completely addressing and solving the
problem, they have all been only partially resolved by covering all the basic information
and using it is a reasonable manner. E.g. Religion has individuals listed, which are all
associated with some God.
47
Dr. Stevens gave an additional opinion that using Protégé-2000 was a good choice in
order to construct an ontology as it is fairly straightforward to use, as well as for choosing
to use the established Manchester OWL Syntax. That being the case, many changes would
be needed for the ontology to be of publishable standard to be shared globally. Firstly,
textual annotations should be used everywhere in order for users to fully understand the
intentions of what is being described. Secondly, all the Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URI)s should be converted into Resource Description Framework labels (RDFs) so that the
ontology can be read in an easier way, textually, in other graphical editor programs, as
well as through manual text editing.
5.4 Fit for purpose
If an electronic standard is to be defined to record ancient Nubian remains, it should be
publically available so that others, particularly experts from within the field, can critique
and identify which parts represent good and correct knowledge, and other parts which
are not and should be approved. An ontology fits this role very well because it can be
hosted as a simple file that can be downloaded. When opened through an editor, every
aspect of the ontology can be navigated – each class, object property, data property and
individual. An ontology can be just as easily edited and a newer version uploaded with
changes. If another party decides to take the ontology in a different direction, or describe
something differently, then an alternate ontology can be sat alongside the standard
ontology. If a newer standard is defined by the original or a new author, it can replace the
old standard effortlessly.
An important way to demonstrate how useful the ontology is to researchers is to explore
how easily it would be to link to current records that are kept within the KNH Centre.
48
A replacement for the International Mummy Database and Tissue Bank is currently being
developed, so-called the Manchester Ancient Egyptian Biobank (MAEB). MAEB is a
computer system using a database to record existing information about tissue samples,
with its primary function to enable easy searching of Tissue Samples through uniquely
generated barcodes that can be printed for thousands of recorded tissue samples. A
sample includes information about where it was originally from, or what it actually is, as
well as where it currently is and where it has been in the past. The trouble with using such
a database is that there is no real demonstration of knowledge – if a sample was from a
grave in Cemetery Five, it would not explicitly mention that Cemetery Five is at Biga, and
currently submerged and unavailable to be travelled to. The ontology can still be of use
for MAEB because ontology concept IDs can be added to the database. For instance, if
Cemetery Five is entered as a row on the database as a source location for a grave that a
tissue sample was originally from, another field can be entered, e.g. “CemeteryFive”.
When searched in the ontology, this ID can be found, showing all the relevant information
about that particular cemetery and what in general the Cemetery class has been defined
as, with its relationships to other classes and data properties.
The same can work in reverse – the ontology can hold additional information relating to
which entries in the database that are in common. Using the a slightly different example,
if on the ontology a new data type property is defined for some ancient remains,
hasBarcode some String, then a particular set of ancient remains can hold the unique
database identifier. (Individual00000001 hasBarcode “G123.456”). If entered into MAEB,
this barcode then would bring up all the information for this tissue sample. Although this
works for a tissue sample such as for a bone, it is unlikely that something like a cemetery
49
would have a barcode in the same manner – barcodes are being used to uniquely identify
tissue samples for improved storage and indexing. As such there is not an exact mapping
then from between a real-world software implementation and an ontological electronic
data standard. That being the case, this highlights the problem that exists of entirely
unique accession numbers not being used throughout to refer to ancient remains, graves,
and cemeteries.
5.5 Limitations
Although the ontology has been validated with researchers about ancient Nubian and
ontology knowledge there are still limitations to be dealt with.
Ontologies are traditionally rooted within computer science and so are not particularly
easily understood from persons outside of the discipline. If experts on ancient Nubia are
to be consulted regarding agreement on a standard, all aspects of what makes up an
ontology have to be fully understood. That is, users of the ontology have to be trained
and brought up to speed with knowledge is possible to be described, and how it can be
done.
Further validation is indeed required if a standard is to be agreed. Two researchers are
not enough, but fortunately Dr. David – a leading expert on ancient Egypt - will be able to
be interviewed regarding this ontology. Other experts from outside the KNH Centre
would be most welcome for opinions because often with experts from different
backgrounds, different opinions about what knowledge is correct can be voiced.
Since no other ontology on this subject has been created already, it is difficult to gauge
interest. An ontology might not already exist because simply other expert Egyptologists
50
are unaware of the existence, or capability, of an ontology. Another reason might be for
the disinterest for defined electronic standards. If most studies are carried out only from
within a small community, so that critical information is identified arbitrarily without
further studies being performed or compared against one another, then the need for
electronic standards has been diminished. Even is such a standard was defined, there is
another question as to whether it would be adhered to or not. If other studies involving
similar remains are not capturing the similarly required essential information, future
ontologies that might be constructed may be incompatible.
5.6 Conclusions Summary
From weighing up the importance of why an electronic standard for capturing ancient
Nubian knowledge is useful, in conjunction with the issues of complexity and its
limitation, it can be said that the constructed ontology is an adequate solution. Although
its impact may be in question, as adherence or acceptance from external Egyptologists
towards a standard is unknown, the use-case of MAEB clearly demonstrates that linking
information to and from the ontology is possible, and can prove to be useful for
researchers looking up information about ancient remains. Although modelling problems
such as the most correct definition for a land area, or bone measurements have not been
elegantly solved the currently deployed less-correct definitions are something that can be
used and reasoned about.
The ontology is successfully classified through HermiT reasoned, and so can
computationally be proved to make sense structurally.
51
6 Further Study
As mentioned in the first chapter, this project was to define an electronic data standard.
What this could mean for the future is discussed below.
6.1 Current work
The most similar work that is currently being carried out is to do with MAEB. MAEB is a
practical solution to managing large volumes of information in a more organised way so
that more accurate results through searching can be obtained, as well as for organising
tissue samples more accurately by generating unique barcodes.
In the previous chapter, it has been determined that the defined ontology for the data
standard has adequate functionality, and could feasibly be integrated with some data
held in MAEB and vice versa. Only a little extra development on both ends would be
required.
No other ancient Nubian or Egyptian ontologies exist, so there is no prospect of
integrating already defined domains into this ontology.
6.2 System Implementation
There is still a need to move away from physical copies of research books because there is
much too great a reliance placed upon them. If these records were to become further
damaged, lost, or destroyed then crucial information would be gone forever.
The first priority would be to fully digitize all books related to ancient Nubian reports. This
would enable the books to be kept mainly in storage so as to not be worn out further
through day-to-day reading. Furthermore, specific terms can be searched and found in
order to jump directly to the next relevant section, enabling increased accessibility to the
52
information held inside the books. Currently, if browsing through a physical book, in-
depth knowledge of all the volumes in the series is required to properly identify which
sections to examine inside a book, or indeed what book to look through in the first place.
A fully functional hand-held scanner would be needed so as to not destroy the fragile
physical books, or a camera set-up correctly using a tripod to take consistently good
photographs. Scanned or snapped imaged could be saved in their raw format to produce
a PDF, and processed through OCR software so that text can be recognised for searching.
A practical software system could be run alongside the ontology, and MAEB, in order to
hold the information about remains described inside the physical books. This could be
achieved, for instance, using a Java Enterprise server running a Java (or MySQL,
PostgresSQL) database. Such a server could be accessible through a Java client, or
through a web-browser JavaServerPage. This would enable potentially global access of
the system, regardless of computer platform or location as long as an Internet connection
is present. The database would be designed based upon the ontology. Although the two
do not map up exactly one-to-one, important relationships can easily be identified and
ensured to be recorded correctly, e.g. a set of ancient remains is found within a Grave
One of Cemetery Five, and Cemetery Five is at Biga.
The accomplishment of digitizing all the records might be a long, tedious task as there are
hundreds of pages out of dozens of volumes to scan. Then if OCR is used, pages have to
be read manually to ensure that each word has been recognized correctly. Furthermore,
then all this information has to be entered then into the system to be stored in the
database. This is not so easily achieved either because even though the words may
already be in text format for computer software to parse over, the records themselves
53
are very inconsistent. There are no unique identifiers for ancient remains, and various
bone measurements, disease diagnosis are not entered in a consistent systematic way.
The most accurate way to ensure all information is kept would be to enter the
information by hand. Again this would an arduous tedious task because there are perhaps
hundreds of ancient remains present in each cemetery.
Deployment of this system would not be a particular problem, as all is required is a
machine with access to the Internet, leaving the server running. The main problem would
be management from there on. If issues are discovered with the system, they would need
to be fixed by a systems developer or database administrator. If current functionality is
lacking, and further features are required, the software needs to be extended to cover
the future needs of users. Again this would require specialised computer knowledge.
Additional budget requirements would have to be requested from university IT services,
or through staff and students of the School of Computer Science.
6.3 Draft proposal
Once the ontology has been improved fully to a point where Dr. Stevens is entirely
satisfied with the structure, further validation can be made through Dr. David in terms of
content. Assuming that content is then updated satisfactorily, the ontology can be
submitted for further validation – to ancient Nubian and ontology experts from outside of
the university. Once a small group of experts have validated the ontology to a degree that
no mistakes are made, or information left out, endorsement should be obtained from
these researchers. With all this evidence for correct structure, content, and usefulness, an
article could be submitted to a forward-thinking Forensic or Egyptologist journal defining
a draft proposal for electronic standards about ancient (Nubian) remains.
54
This proposal would have to adequately prove its correctness and usefulness to forensic
Egyptology studies through an explanation of is suitability, structure, content, and
validation. This article would invite other experts in the field to contribute to the
standard, sharing understanding and opinions about what is represented in a good way,
and what is not. If a consensus can be agreed throughout the community, then the
standard could be set and then adopted by future studies. If enough future studies
involve using the standard, then journals could require future study submissions to
adhere to these electronic standards.
There is some precedent to explore this draft proposal. In the community of micro-
biology, a number of years ago a group of biology researchers formed in order to
standardise micro-array experiment studies. They identified and started what information
should exactly be included as a minimum when performing such a study, in order to easily
follow, analyse, form conclusions and compare to other similar studies. The Minimum
Information About a Micro-array Experiment (MIAME) standard was drafted, and then is
now widely adopted throughout the community by researchers adhering to points laid
out, and journals requiring all relevant information to be present before publishing [18].
6.4 Further Study Summary
In summary, this project was originally planned to investigate the feasibility of creating
electronic standards for ancient Nubian Remains in order to represent information and
knowledge. Thorough investigation of this subject, both regarding ancient Egypt and
forensic Egyptology has taken place, with appropriate methods identified and carried out
by way of an ontology. This ontology was defined and validated by researchers for both
content about ancient Nubia and structure in terms of relationships. Problems and
55
limitations were identified, as well as functionality for displaying knowledge. Even use
with another concurrent Egyptology computer project, MAEB, is possible without much
change. Success of the ontology has been contrasted against the issues found, and on
balance the ontology the ontology is an adequate first attempt at trying to formally
describe ancient remains from centuries ago, and how they are related to the ancient
time periods that such people lived in.
A PhD could be based upon this work, in order to fully design and implement a software
system, as outlined above, in addition to potential journal publications defining electronic
standards for ancient Nubian remains. This can be taken even a step further, and for
electronic standards to be defined for other kinds of ancient remains study, perhaps
outside of the Nubian region.
56
Appendix 1
Prefix: xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> Prefix: owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> Prefix: xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> Prefix: rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> Prefix: rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> Prefix: skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> Ontology: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl>Datatype: xsd:ID Datatype: xsd:decimal Datatype: xsd:gYear Datatype: xsd:string Datatype: xsd:double Datatype: xsd:integer ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBurialPosition> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveOf> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>InverseOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientHumanRemains> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasVailidity> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValidityVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart>Range:
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LateralityVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isPerformedUsing> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCountry> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Region>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Person>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainBurialPractice> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPracticeVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasConditionQuality> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#AncientHumanRemains> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PublicationRecord>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImportantAncientPerson> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCertainty> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CertaintyVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCemetery> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Town>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isGraveSiteOf> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery>InverseOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveSite> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTreatmentOrigin> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DoctorIAP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveTypeVP>
57
ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isDiagnosedFrom> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDiagnosis> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSiteContents> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: InverseFunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Town> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveSite> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>InverseOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isGraveSiteOf> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBurialDressing> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialDresingVP> ObjectProperty: owl:topObjectProperty ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDescriptionOrigin>
SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPerson>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PublicationRecord> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInjuryCause> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTreatment> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBoneFractureType> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFracture>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureTypeVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientHumanRemains> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>InverseOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveOf>
ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCompleteness> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLake> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Lake> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInjurySeverity> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityVP> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsContents> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAccessibility> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPerson> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPublicationRecord>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalTest> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>Range:
58
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> ObjectProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDam> SubPropertyOf: owl:topObjectPropertyCharacteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River>Range: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Dam> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCemeteryAccessionID> Domain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery>Range: xsd:IDSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveAccessionID> Domain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>Range: xsd:IDSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftFemurLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFemurMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMaxCraniumBreadth> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasHeight> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSigmoidNotchHeight> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightRadiusLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRadiusMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasWeightMeasurement>
SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftOrbitLengthBreadth> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSide> SubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEthnicity> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasICD10> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasICD> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftTibiaLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTibiaMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightOrbitLengthBreadth> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasClavicleMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuricularHeight> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement>
DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFemurMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBigonialBreadth> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftRadiusLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRadiusMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasNoseLengthBreadth> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalCoding> Characteristics: FunctionalDomain: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis>SubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTotalFacialHieght> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasPalateLengthBreadth> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLatitudeData> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLocationData> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftHumerusLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasHumerusMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMaxCraniumLength>
59
Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSNOMED-CT> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalCoding> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasREAD> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalCoding> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBizgomaticBreadth> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTibiaMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasICD> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalCoding> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAccessionID> Range: xsd:IDSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMinFrontalBreadth> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumCircumference> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> Range: xsd:gYearSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDate>DisjointWith:
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftClavicleLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasClavicleMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> SubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInterorbBreadth> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumHeight> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLocationData> SubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAccessabilityStatus> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCranialBaseLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLongditudeData> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLocationData> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRadiusMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightTibiaLength>
Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTibiaMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAge> Range: xsd:integerSubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasICD9> Range: xsd:stringSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasICD> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDate> SubPropertyOf: owl:topDataProperty DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightClavicleLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasClavicleMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSymphysisMentiHeight> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasHumerusMeasurement> SubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLengthMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCranialCapacity> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightFemurLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFemurMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasUpperFacialHeight> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFacialBaseLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumMeasurement>
60
DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightHumerusLength> Range: xsd:doubleSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasHumerusMeasurement> DataProperty: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> Range: xsd:gYearSubPropertyOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDate>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Vertabra> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BackBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DNAsequenceMedicalTest> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Certain> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CertaintyVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainBurialPractice> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPracticeVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFracture> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBoneFractureType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureTypeVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#isDiagnosedFrom> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingPhotograph> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingXray>) Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DentalProblem> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Dam> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Osteoarthritis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DegenerativeDisease>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isDiagnosedFrom> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingPhotograph> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingXray>)DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Spondylitis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Spondylitis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DegenerativeDisease>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isDiagnosedFrom> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingPhotograph> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingXray>), <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasICD9> value "721.90"DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Osteoarthritis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityUnhealed> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bowl> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CatBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AnimalRemains> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LateralityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseOccupational> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientJewellery> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Schistosomiasis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InfectiousDisease> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LateralityVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tooth> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
61
l#BodyPart>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FullyComplete> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NameDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityFatal> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPublicationRecord> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PublicationRecord>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImportantAncientPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImportantAncientPerson> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Brain> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tooth>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SupraOrbitalForamen> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DentalAbscess> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DentalProblem> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureSpiral> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureTypeVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseShield> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#War> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkeletonRemains> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsContents> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Clavicle> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ChestBone>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Rib> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPerson> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#Person>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDescriptionOrigin> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PublicationRecord>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLocationData> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#IndeterminateValidity> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValidityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveSite> min 1 <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCemeteryAccessionID> some xsd:ID Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegsStright> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseSpear> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#War> Class: owl:Thing Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityHealed> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityVP>
62
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMRIscan> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isPerformedUsing> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Ulna> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmBone>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality>) Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TimePeriod>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FootBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseParasite>
SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Unwrapped> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialDresingVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LyingFaceUp> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCompleteness> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasConditionQuality> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLocationData> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BackBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PartiallyComplete> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Heart> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PhotographRecord> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DegenerativeDisease>
SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Pronate> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TimePeriod> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> some xsd:gYear, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> some xsd:gYear Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Papyrus> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PublicationRecord>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod>
63
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tuberculosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InfectiousDisease> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InfectiousDisease> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCompleteness> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LateralityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchBook> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LyingFaceDown> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NasalBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CertaintyVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Valid> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValidityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AlveolarAbscess>
SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InfectiousDisease> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PublicationRecord> EquivalentTo: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPublicationRecord> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord>SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTreatmentOrigin> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DoctorIAP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTreatmentOrigin> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DoctorIAP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBurialDressing> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialDresingVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBurialPosition> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCompleteness> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasConditionQuality> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDiagnosis> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalTest> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> some
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTreatment> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ZygomaticBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AnimalRemains> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Lake> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#War> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FishBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AnimalRemains> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cranium> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tibia> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegBone>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality>)
64
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TombGrave> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveTypeVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Humerus> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmBone>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality>) Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasVailidity> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValidityVP>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RelationshipDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmsCrossed> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveTypeVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis> SubClassOf: owl:Thing, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCertainty> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CertaintyVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isDiagnosedFrom> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#MedicalTest>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMedicalCoding> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureTypeVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImmunoCytoChemistryMedicalTest> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPracticeVP>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialDresingVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HandBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OccupationDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Splint> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Fibula> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegBone>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality>) Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseArrow> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#War> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#WeightDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Drawing> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValidityVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Radius> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmBone>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality>) Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Rib> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ChestBone>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Clavicle> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Hieroglyphs>
65
SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FrontalBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientClothing> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DentalDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#EthnicityDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Pot> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MummyRemains> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Drug> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PhysicalAppearanceDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Liver> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseSword> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#War> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Wrapped> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialDresingVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LateralityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingCTscan> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HistologyMedicalTest> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionMedium> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Person> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BirdBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AnimalRemains>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialDresingVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPracticeVP>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Person>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPaper> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HeightDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSiteContents> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSiteContents> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Town> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Region> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCountry> min 1 <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country>
66
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ChestBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Uncertain> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CertaintyVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SphenoidBone> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AgeDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Femur> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegBone>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLaterality> only (<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LeftLaterality> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RightLaterality>) Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Invalid> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValidityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Noose> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureCompound> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFractureTypeVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionGood>
SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#EndoscopyMedicalTest> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDam> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Dam>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLake> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Lake> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ShallowGrave> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveTypeVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> some xsd:string, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLocationData> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingPhotograph> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ManchesterAncientEgyptianBioBank> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernPublicationRecord> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Town> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingXray> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> some xsd:string Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Glabella> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientHumanRemains> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveTypeVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveTypeVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveAccessionID> some xsd:ID Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryDiagnosis> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Diagnosis>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInjuryCause> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseVP>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInjurySeverity> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityVP>DisjointWith: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPersonDiagnosis> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPracticeVP> EquivalentTo: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
67
l#BurialDresingVP> or <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BurialPositionVP>SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Plant> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RemainsTypeVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsContents> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjuryCauseExecutioner> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#War> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImportantAncientPerson> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientPerson> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionBad> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ConditionQualityVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NotAtAllComplete> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CompletenessConditionVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMedicalTest> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DoctorIAP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImportantAncientPerson>
Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Female> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexVP> Class: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InjurySeverityVP> SubClassOf: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ValuePartition> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MoslemPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Islam> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleKingdom> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#C-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TwelfthDynastyNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TwelfthDynastyNubian> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#C-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleKingdom>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientGreekMythology> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> "Zeus" Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Zeus>
Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CemeteryThree> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LakeNasser> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Lake> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveFive-7> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ShallowGrave>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ShallowGrave>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientHumanRemains> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Individual00000007A>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveAccessionID> "7"@ Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GeorgeAndrewReisner> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#19thCenturyAD>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#20thCenturyAD> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Biga> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
68
l#Town>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCemetery> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CemeteryFive> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Coptic> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ChristianPeriod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#A-group> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#EarlyDynasticPeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ProtoDynasticPeriod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Egypt> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSiteContents> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Biga>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSiteContents> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RiverNile> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArchaicNubian> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#B-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldKingdom>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveFive-1> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ShallowGrave>,
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ShallowGrave>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientHumanRemains> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Individual00000001>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveAccessionID> "1"^^xsd:ID Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HGLyons> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#19thCenturyAD>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasModernTimePeriod> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#20thCenturyAD> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SixthNileCataract> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#X-group> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Byzantine-PaganPeriod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Christitanity> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> "Jesus" Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Ptolmaeic-RomanPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#AncientTimePeriod>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientRomanMythology> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PredynasticPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Nubia> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Region>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCountry> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Egypt>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCountry> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Sudan> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CemeteryFive> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveSite> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveFive-1>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveSite> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GraveFive-7>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAccessabilityStatus> "Submerged", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCemeteryAccessionID> "5"^^xsd:ID, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> "Cemetery 5 was situated in a depression on the eastern side of the island of Biga, alongside the Biga temple and directly facing Philae. It was a Christian burial-place in which more than five hundred bodies had been interred. Many of these were the remains of some foreign people, others were those of local Nubians and Egyptians, and there were a considerable number of hybrids of these different racial types.", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLatitudeData> "32.886626", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLongditudeData> "24.021111" Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Islam> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
69
l#Religion>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> "Allah" Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FirstNileCataract> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AswanHighDam> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Dam> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Sudan> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSiteContents> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RiverNile> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NewEmpire> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NewKingdom> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#19thCenturyAD> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> "1899"^^xsd:gYear, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> "1800"^^xsd:gYear Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ProtoDynasticPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#A-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#EarlyDynasticPeriod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#21stCenturyAD> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod>Facts:
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> "2099"^^xsd:gYear, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> "2000"^^xsd:gYear Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Individual00000007A> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDiagnosis> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFracture>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFracture>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkeletonRemains>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Female>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDiagnosis> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFracture>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkeletonRemains>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Female>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDescriptionOrigin> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#The_archaeological_survey_of_Nubia._Report_for_1907-8>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GeorgeAndrewReisner>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuricularHeight> 108, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCranialBaseLength> 102, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumCircumference> 520, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumHeight> 124, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#hasFacialBaseLength> 88, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFacialBaseLength> 92, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> "A middle-aged woman 1-486 metres in height; long, straight, dark hair intermingled with white; coronal and sagittal sutures partly obliterated; orbits square, somewhat oblique and moderately far apart: exceptionally prominent supra-orbital ridges for a woman's skull; cranium a large ovoid, with marked obelic flattening; face also ovoid, with no trace of Negro influence; malar suture joins the infra-orbital suture on both sides. Dental abscess around the roots of R. pm2 and ml opening on palate and face. Smaller abscesses around other carious teeth. Fracture of humerus."@, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInterorbBreadth> 27.5, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftClavicleLength> 135, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftFemurLength> 437, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftHumerusLength> 248, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftHumerusLength> 313, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftOrbitLengthBreadth> "40 x 33", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMaxCraniumBreadth> 136, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMaxCraniumLength> 182, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasNoseLengthBreadth> "48 x 25", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasPalateLengthBreadth> "46 x 39", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightClavicleLength> 133, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightFemurLength> 436, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightHumerusLength> 313, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightOrbitLengthBreadth> "40 x 33", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSigmoidNotchHeight> 48, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSymphysisMentiHeight> 33, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTotalFacialHieght> 115, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasUpperFacialHeight> 68DifferentFrom: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Individual00000001> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RosalieDavid> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchPerson>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
70
l#Female>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Female> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AswanLowDam> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Dam> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldNubian> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArchaicNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#B-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldKingdom> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#B-group> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArchaicNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldKingdom>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#C-group> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleKingdom>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TwelfthDynastyNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ThirdNileCataract> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Individual00000001> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientHumanRemains>,
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBurialDressing> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Unwrapped>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCompleteness> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PartiallyComplete>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDiagnosis> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Spondylitis>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkeletonRemains>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCompleteness> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PartiallyComplete>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDiagnosis> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Spondylitis>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRemainsType> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkeletonRemains>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSex> only <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Male>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAncientTimePeriod> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDescriptionOrigin> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#The_archaeological_survey_of_Nubia._Report_for_1907-8>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#isResearchedby> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GeorgeAndrewReisner>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBigonialBreadth> 105, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBizgomaticBreadth> 140, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCranialBaseLength> 104, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCranialCapacity> 1750, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCraniumHeight> 128, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.ow
l#hasFacialBaseLength> 97, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription> "An old white-haired man with the alien type of broad beloid or sphenoid cranium characteristic of the people buried in thin cemetery; abort broad face; all upper teeth gone ; in the lower jaw all the molars and the left second incisor gone; all the premolars carious. Of the cranial sutures the lambdoid and the right half of the coronal are obliterated. Complete ankylosis of the sternum and ossification of the perichondrium of the first left costal cartilage. Pronounced superciliary ridges. Oval oblique orbits. Pronounced spondylitis.", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasInterorbBreadth> 25, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLeftOrbitLengthBreadth> "42 x 38", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMaxCraniumBreadth> 150, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMaxCraniumLength> 195, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasNoseLengthBreadth> "50 x 26", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasPalateLengthBreadth> "49 x 43", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightClavicleLength> 150, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightFemurLength> 449, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightHumerusLength> 234, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasRightOrbitLengthBreadth> "43 x 36", <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSigmoidNotchHeight> 54, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasSymphysisMentiHeight> 35, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasTotalFacialHieght> 93, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasUpperFacialHeight> 70DifferentFrom: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Individual00000007A> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleNubian> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasBurialPosition> some <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegsStright>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientEgyptianMythology>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> "1781 BC"@, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> "2066 BC"@SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#C-group>,
71
<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MiddleKingdom>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#TwelfthDynastyNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#The_archaeological_survey_of_Nubia._Report_for_1907-8> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ResearchBook>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#GeorgeAndrewReisner>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAuthor> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HGLyons> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CemeteryFour> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#EarlyDynasticPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#A-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ProtoDynasticPeriod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SunGod> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CemeteryTwo> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ChristianPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Christitanity>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Coptic> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SecondNileCataract>
Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldKingdom> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArchaicNubian>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#B-group>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OldNubian> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NewKingdom> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NewEmpire> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Byzantine-PaganPeriod> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientTimePeriod>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMainReiligion> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientGreekMythology>SameAs: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#X-group> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ForthNileCataract> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CemeteryOne> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasAccessionID> "1"^^xsd:ID Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FifthNileCataract> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RiverNile>
Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FifthNileCataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FirstNileCataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ForthNileCataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SecondNileCataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SixthNileCataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCataract> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ThirdNileCataract>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDam> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AswanHighDam>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDam> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AswanLowDam>, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasLake> <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LakeNasser> Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#20thCenturyAD> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ModernTimePeriod>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasEndDate> "1999"^^xsd:gYear, <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasStartDate> "1900"^^xsd:gYear Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientEgyptianMythology> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> "Sun God"
72
Individual: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientRomanMythology> Types: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Religion>Facts: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGod> "Jupiter" DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientClothing>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AncientJewellery>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AnimalRemains>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bowl>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Noose>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Plant>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Pot> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BirdBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#CatBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FishBone> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HandBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Humerus>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Radius>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Ulna> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Femur>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Fibula>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FootBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tibia> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Brain>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tooth> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingCTscan>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingMRIscan>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingPhotograph>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ImagingXray> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FrontalBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Glabella>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NasalBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SphenoidBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SupraOrbitalForamen>
,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ZygomaticBone> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Artefact>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BodyPart>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTest>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#MedicalTreatment>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Person>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Site> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cataract>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cemetery>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Country>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Dam>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Grave>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Lake>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Region>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#River> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BoneFracture>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DegenerativeDisease>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DentalProblem>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#InfectiousDisease> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AgeDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#DentalDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#EthnicityDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#HeightDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NameDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#OccupationDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#PhysicalAppearanceDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#RelationshipDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SexDiagnosis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#WeightDiagnosis> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Bone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Brain>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Heart>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Liver>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tooth> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ArmBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#BackBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ChestBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies
/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#LegBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SkullBone> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Cranium>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#FrontalBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Glabella>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#NasalBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SphenoidBone>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#SupraOrbitalForamen>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#ZygomaticBone> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#AlveolarAbscess>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Schistosomiasis>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Tuberculosis> DisjointClasses: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#IndeterminateValidity>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Invalid>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#Valid> DisjointProperties: <http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasCemeteryAccessionID>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasDate>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasFreeTextDescription>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasGraveAccessionID>,<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2010/6/AncientNubia1280094080171.owl#hasMeasurement>
73
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