No. Corresponding Author Title Page

KEYNOTE PAPER

I Yoshihiko Ohama RECENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CONCRETE-POLYMER COMPOSITES IN JAPAN Keynote-1 I-VII

II Wahid Omar MANAGING UTM 9TH MALAYSIA PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Keynote-2 VIII-XIV

III Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE: BEYOND THE HORIZON Keynote-3 XV-XVIII

Construction and Environmental Issues - CE

1 Asyran Syafiq An Overview of Reusing and Recycling of Material Waste and Its Benefit Environment-1 214-216

2 Iraj Nikookar Sustainable Management in International Construction Environment and Cultural Issues Environment-2 217-221

3 Khairulzan Yahaya A Life Cycle-Assessment Of Clay Brick Production: Comparing The Sawdust With Petroleum Coke Energy Environment-3 222-225

4 Mansooreh Rakhshanifar Construction Disputes and Negligence’s on Living Environment Environment-4 226-230

5 Nur Syaheera Othman The Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Environment-5 231-236

6 Nurizan Rahman Implementing 3R Concept in Construction Waste Management at Construction Site Environment-6 237-239

7 Rozana Zakaria A Sustainable Tourism Area – In A Way to Preserve the Environment: An Overview Environment-7 240-243

8 Zaiton Haron Automated Prediction Of Noise From Construction Sites Environment-8 244-249 Construction Management - CM

9 Adnan Enshassi The Effectiveness of Planning Technique on Construction Projects Achievement Management-1 282-286

10 Alireza Valipour Analytic Network Process Approach in Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership projects Management-3 287-291

11 Aminah binti Md Yusof Dispute Resolution in Malaysia: The Potential of Graph Model (GMCR) Management-4 292-295

12 Bachan Singh Standard Quality Achievement Level For Mont Kiara 11 (MK 11) Project – Case Study Management-5 296-300

13 Bahman Salami Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) in Power Plant Projects in Iran Management-6 301-305

14 Favilla Zaini Knowledge Sharing Barriers in Construction Industry in Sarawak Management-7 306-310

15 Kumalasari Kipli The Implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sarawak, Malaysia Management-8 311-315

16 Mohamad Nizam Yusof Knowledge Management and Growth Performance: Construction industry perspective Management-9 316-320

17 Mohamad Syazli Fathi A Review of Value Creation from Procurement Contracts and Business Models for District Cooling Systems In Malaysia Management-10 321-329

18 Suhaila Remeli Towards A Framework To Integrate The Usage Of Standard Method Measurement In Building Services Works Management-11 330-335

19 Shaza Rina Knowledge Sharing in Malaysian Construction Organisation Management-12 336-342 Composite Structures - CS

20 Hanan Eltobgy Structural Behavior of fibre Reinforced Concrete Filled Steel Box Columns Composite-1 110-116

21 Ibrisam Akbar Partial and Full Interaction Behaviour of CFRP Plated Steel Member Due to The Yielding of Steel Composite-2 117-124

22 Ibrisam Akbar The flexural behaviour of tubular steel member strengthened with CFRP Composite-3 125-129

23 Mahmood Tahir Application Of Component Method On Partial Strength Connections Connected Between Column Flanges Composite-4 130-136

24 Mazizah Ezdiani Mohamed Influence of Roughness, Cohesion and Friction on the Interface Shear Strength of Composite Concrete-to-Concrete Bond Composite-5 137-143

25 Mohd Hisbany Structural Performance Analysis of Fibres Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Bonding System Under Tropical Climates Composite Structures Composite-6 144-152

26 Redzuan Abdullah Modelling Of Shear Bond With Cohesive Element And Slenderness Study Of Composite Slabs Composite-7 153-161

27 Tan Cher Siang Flexural Behaviour of Composite Slab Panel With Cold-formed Steel Section Composite-8 162-166 Disaster Mitigation - DM

28 Ali Yousefi Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approach to Evaluate Strategic Importance of Lifeline Components Disaster-1 167-170

29 Choo Kok Wah Seismic Zone Mapping In Johor Bahru For Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Disaster-2 171-175 Earthquake Engineering - EE

30 Babita Sah Performance based analysis and retrofitting of a RC Building –A Case Study Earthquake-1 176-180

31 Behrouz Gordan Dominate Frequency Tailing Embankment Interface to Bridge by 3D Finite Element Method Earthquake-2 181-185

32 Budy D. Notohardjono Earthquake Resistant Mainframe Computer Structure Analysis Design and Testing Earthquake-3 186-192

33 Kadid Abdelkrim Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Infilled Frames Under Seismic Loads Earthquake-4 193-198

34 Gede Adi Susila A Comparison of the Structural Performance of Low-Rise Timber Framed Buildings and Masonry Buildings in a Developing Country (Indonesia). Earthquake-5 199-207 Engineering Education and Training - EET

35 Coenraad J Nel A Formal Program to Deliver Experience Civil Engineering Professionals : Education-1

208-213 A possible solution towards Skill Shortage and Infrastructure Development Skills needs in South Africa, Africa and other Developing Countries

Industrialised Building System - IBS

36 Asmah Alia Mohd Bohari Adaptation of Green Technology (Industrialised Building System) in Sarawak Construction Industry IBS-1 250-254

37 Farzan Ghavami Rad Assessment Of Indoor Environmental Quality Of Fast Track Wall System House IBS-2 255-261

38 Riduan Yunus An Integrated Approach to Enhance Sustainability in Industrialised Building Systems IBS-3 262-267

39 Rozana Zakaria Selection Factors of Formwork System IBS-4 268-272

40 Siti Mazuanna Shamsuddin Drivers and Challenges of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Sustainable Construction IBS-5 273-278

41 Siti Nurul Asma' Comparative Study of Conventional and Industrialized Building System (IBS) Construction Methods in Government Projects IBS-6 279-281 Innovative Construction Materials - ICM

42 Abdullah Zawawi The Effectiveness of Metal Straps Strengthening In Layers At High Strength Concrete Column Material-1 343-348

43 Abdullah Zawawi Behaviour of Externally-Confined High Strength Concrete Column Under Uniaxial Compression Load Material-2 349-357

44 Ahmad Farhan Bin Roslan Lightweight foamed concrete investigation on microstructure integrating various additives Material-3 358-365

45 Alireza Ahankoob Make Concrete as a Sustainable Material for the Environment Material-4 366-372

46 Hilmi Bin Mahmud Oil palm shell structural lightweight aggregate concrete with low cement content Material-5 373-377

47 Jauhar Fajirin New Concept for Optimal Application of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastic (NFRP) in Building Construction Material-6 378-385

48 Mohammad Ali Nekooie Application of Semi-Delphi Method in Material Selection for Concrete Pontoons Material-7 386-392

49 Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to 2% Sulphuric Acid for 1 year (Acid Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete) Material-8 393-398

50 Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin Chloride Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete (Chloride Resistance & Microstructural Analysis) Material-9 399-404

51 Mohd Fadzil The potential of Recycle Fine Cement Brick Aggregates (RFCBA) as Fine Aggregate in Concrete Material-10 405-409

52 Norazlan Khalid The Potential of Coal Bottom Ash As Additives In Road Sub-Base Aggregate Material-11 410-416

53 Petr Máca Mixture Design and Testing of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Material-12 417-423 Material Behaviour - MB

54 A.S.M Abdul Awal Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash Material-13 424-428

55 Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta Durability of Geopolymer Mortar Using Blended Ash from Agro-Industrial Waste Material-14 429-434

56 Azman Mohamad The Effect of Underside Shaped Concrete Block On Pavement Rutting Material-15 435-440

57 Fouad B. A. Beshara Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Deep Beams Material-16 441-448

58 Gamal Abdelaziz Fresh and hardened properties of concrete made with used-engine oil and chemical admixtures Material-17 449-457

59 Mohd Azrul Abdul Rajak Electrical Conductivity Measurement in Evaluating Pozzolanic Activity of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Material-19 458-464

60 Rüstem Gül Investigating Several Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made up with Hasankale Pasinler Pumice Material-20 465-473

61 Taha Mehmannavaz Permeability Of The Roller Compacted Concrete: A Case Study Of Zirdan Dam Of Iran Material-21 474-481

62 Victor Kamara Elastic-Plastic Performance of Calcrete Stabilized Unbound Material for Optimized use in Pavement Layers in Northern Namibia Material-22 482-486

63 Roslli Noor Mohamed Shear Capacity of Precast Beam Half-Joints Made of Steel Fibre Self-Compacting Concrete Material-23 487-491 Non-destructive Test - NDT

64 Rosilawati Mohd Rasol Initial Study of Low Frequency Ultrasound For Mitigation of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) NDT-1 492-495 Structural Analysis and Design - SAD

65 Akilu Muhammad A Review On The Finite Element Modelling of Integral Abutment Bridges Analysis-1 1-6

66 Cheng Fang An Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy Bolts under Tension and Direct-shear Analysis-2 7-11

67 Data Iranata Modeling of Buckling Behavior of Reinforcing Bars Under Monotonic Loading Analysis-3 12-16

68 Data Iranata Static Non-Linear Analysis of RC Simple House Building Analysis-4 17-22

69 Fawzy Mohamed El_Behairy Experimental And Numerical Study On The Fracture Energy Of Early Age Concrete Analysis-5 23-33

70 Hazimah Sarlan Effect of Groove Sizes and Positions on Timber Beams Strengthened with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Analysis-6 34-40

71 Idzwan Mohamad Selamat Extreme Value Analysis And Joint Density Of Metocean Loads For Malaysian Water Analysis-7 41-45

72 Jindrich Fornusek Numerical Analysis of Head Diameter Influence on Headed Studs Capacity in Tension Analysis-8 46-50

73 Mariyana Aida Experimental And Numerical Study On Softening And Pinching Effects Of Reinforced Concrete Frame Analysis-9 51-54

74 Nor Izzah Mokhtar Reinforcing Techniques Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer: A Review(Structural Analysis & Design) Analysis-10 55-65

75 Nurul Ashikin Othman SPECTRAL & CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF METOCEAN DATA FOR MALAYSIAN WATER Analysis-11 66-69

76 Prabowo Setiyawan Strength and Rigidity of Strengthened Cold-Formed Steel Moment Connection Analysis-12 70-74

77 Radzuan Saa'ri Determination of Steel Cold-Form Deformation Behaviour Using Multiple Stereo Image Technique Analysis-13 75-80

78 Roya Kohandel Gargari Finite Element Models for Blind-Bolted End-Plate Connection on Structural Hollow Section Analysis-14 81-84

79 Seyed Esmaeil Mohammadyan Yasouj Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Wide Beams Under Different Shear Reinforcement Analysis-15 85-88

80 Shek Poi Ngian Strength and Initial Stiffness of Extended End-Plate Connection based on the Component Model Analysis-16 89-95

81 Tan Cher Siang Numerical Modelling of Top-Seat Flange-Cleat Connection In Light Steel Framing Analysis-17 96-100

82 Wan Zalikha Anas Reliability in Forecasting Metocean Condition for Offshore Operation and Workability using ARIMA Method Analysis-18 101-105

83 Zuraida Mayeetae Validating Hindcast Metocean Parameter with Measured Environmental Loads of Malaysian Water Analysis-19 106-109 Sustainable Construction and Building - SCB

84 Hassan Ismail Potential Improvement of UTM Existing Buildings to Response to Sustainable Campus Initiatives Sustainable-1 590-594

85 Mohamad Hossein Kashefizadeh Feasibility Study on Potential of Photovoltaic Implementation in Malaysia to Reducing Carbon Emission Sustainable-2 595-601

86 Norliana Sarpin The Promotion Of Sustainability Agenda For Facilities Management Through Developing Knowledge Capabilities Sustainable-3 602-607

87 Ozlem eren Sustainable Buildings With Their Sustainable Facades Sustainable-4 608-613

88 Rozana Zakaria Investigation of Eco-labelling Implementation in Malaysia Sustainable-5 614-622

89 Seied Abolfazl Pezeshkzadeh Parametric Cost-Benefit Analysis of Using Photovoltaic Technology in Commercial Buildings in Malaysia Sustainable-6 623-631

90 Seyed Meysam Khoshnava Integration between Sustainable Design and Constructability Sustainable-7 632-637 Soil-Structures Interaction - SI

91 Azman Kassim Suction Distributions Of Heterogeneous Residual Soils With Relict Discontinuities Soil-1 524-530

92 Ehsan Momeni Numerical Modelling for Prediction on Axial Bearing Capacity of Driven Pile Soil-2 531-536

93 Eko Andy Suryo The Effects of Deep Cracks on the Rain-Induced Instability of Slopes: A Study Case. Soil-3 537-542

94 Fatimah Aqilah Mohamad Nazim Developing Qualitative Index Of Soil Corrosivity For Pipeline Assessment In Tropical Region Soil-4 543-546

95 Hamed Niroumand Pullout Response of Irregular Shape Anchor in Dense Cohesionless Soil Soil-5 547-549

96 Hamed Niroumand Uplift response of square anchor plates in reinforced sand Soil-6 550-557

97 Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen Effect of Soilcrete Characteristics on Surface Settlement during Tunnelling in Vietnam Soil-7 558-562

98 Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen Remedial Structures to Stabilize Long Xuyen Riverbank to Prevent Sliding in An Giang province,Vietnam Soil-8 563-568

99 Mohd Fakhrurrazi Ishak The Effect Of Tree Induce Suction On Soil Stabilization Soil-9 569-574

100 Siti Noor Linda Taib Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis Via MatPIV for Measuring Displacement of Shallow Foundation on Uniform Sand Soil-10 575-580

101 Siti Nor Fariza Mior Mohd Tahir Multiple Regression for Predicting Metal Loss Using In-Situ Parameter Soil-11 581-584

102 Ahmad Safuan A Rashid DETERMINATION OF FAILURE SURFACE PATTERN DUE TO STRIP FOOTING Soil-12 585-589 Safety and Reliability - SR

103 Essam Dabbour Investigating Risk Factors Leading to Single-vehicle Rollover Collisions Safety-1 496-500

104 Hassan Ibrahim Ogiri Corrosion Characterisation Of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed To Marine Environment Safety-2 501-506

105 Libriati Zardasti Integrated Risk-Based Inspection Planning For Corroded Oil And Gas Pipeline Safety-4 507-510

106 Noor Amila Bt Wan Zawawi Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Decommissioning Alternative for Offshore Platforms in Malaysia Safety-5 511-517

107 Silvianita Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment of Mobile Mooring System Safety-6 518-523 Transportation Infrastructure - TI

108 Anil Minhans MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR EFFECTIVENESS AND DIFFICULTY OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN DISASTERS Transport-1 638-647

109 Hudzaifah Kamarul Baharin Potential Adoption of Rubberised Asphalt Concrete (RAC) in Malaysia towards Green Road Construction Transport-2 648-651

110 Mastura Binti Bujang Performance of Steel Slag As Potential of Aggregate Replacement Towards Green Highway Transport-3 652-656

111 Othman Che Puan Installation of Midblock U–Turn Facilities on Multilane Divided Highways: An Evaluation of Driver’s Merging Gap Transport-4 657-664

112 Rozana Zakaria The Risk Perspective Of Green Highway Investment Transport-5 665-668

113 Rozana Zakaria Identification of Energy Efficiency Criteria for Malaysia Green Highway Transport-6 669-673

114 Saaed Omer Ahmed A Review of Sustainability Principles as A Comprehensive Approach to Assist Green Site Planning to Design Toll House in Green Road Transport-7 674-680

115 Wan Nur Aifa Binti Wan Azahar Recycling of Pavement towards Sustainable Green Highway Transport-8 681-685

Additional Papers

118 Dicky I. Wahjudi Numerical Implementation in Modeling Hysteretic Cyclic Response Behavior with Pinching of A Reinforced Concrete Beam-to-Column Connection Analysis-20

119 Paulus Karta Wijaya Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Of I Beam With Stiffenner Paralel To Web Analysis-21

120 Paulus Karta Wijaya Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Of I Beam With Lateral Support Analysis-22

121 Mohammad Ghozi Influence of Chromosome Repairing in Genetic Algorithm for 2D Frame Optimization Analysis-23

122 Arie Febry Fardheny High Grade Bolt Failure Concept in Truss Bridge According to Transformation From Static Load Case to Dynamic Vibration Load Analysis-24

123 Rokhmad Joni Catur Utomo Optimization of Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) Steel Structure Using Genetic Algorithm-Sap2000 Analysis-25

124 Iman Wimbadi Study of Peak Ground Acceleration for Earthquake in Banda Aceh City Earthquake-6

125 Ferry Firmawan Environmental Performance Assessment in Construction Projects: A Review Environment-9

126 Miftahul Fauziah The Effect of Waste Ash from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil on The Marshall Properties of Asphalt Concrete Material-24

127 Candra Irawan Prediction of Fly Ash-Concrete Strength under Steam Curing with Maturity Method Material-25

128 Budijanto Widjaja Influence of Clay Fraction on Viscosity in Relation to Mudflow Material-26

129 Triwulan VOLCANIC ASH ON THE STEAM CURING CONCRETE Material-27

130 Theresita Herni Setiawan Risk Factor Analysis in the Manufacturing Process of Hollow Core Slab Safety-7

131 Ni Nyoman Kencanawati Acoustic Emission Weibull Analysis for Reliability Evaluation of Pulsed Power Recycle Coarse Aggregate Concrete under Bending Safety-8

132 Agung Sedayu Design Of Minimum Services Standard Of Public Transport Terminal Infrastructure In Indonesia Transport-9

133 Dicky I. Wahjudi Choice of Beam-to-Column Connection Systems in A Precast Concrete Moment Resisting Frame – Influence on Its Performance and Constructability Composite-9

APSEC-ICCER 2012 Norhazilan Md. Noor et. al. (Eds.)

2 – 4 October 2012 | Surabaya, Indonesia

518 ISSN XXXX-XXXX

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment

of Mobile Mooring System

Silvianita PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Malaysia

Lecturer, Department of Ocean Engineering

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Surabaya, Indonesia

vian_nita@yahoo.com

Mohd Faris Khamidi & V.J Kurian Department of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,

Malaysia

Abstract— Mooring system is a vital component for the safety of

floating structure. Mobile mooring system is responsible for the

positioning of offshore platform. Therefore it is very essential to do

the safety assessment of mobile mooring system. This paper

studies a framework for safety assessment of mobile mooring

system using HAZOP (Hazard Operability) and FTA (Fault Tree

Analysis). HAZOP is a systematic examination of a system that is

helpful to identify and evaluate risk related to accidents/incidents

in mooring system. FTA is a deductive method for conducting

safety assessment. The general objective of this paper is to evaluate

the probability of failure of the mobile mooring system of semi

submersible pipe lay barge. The primary objective of the HAZOP

is to determine the direct causes of mooring failure. This

information is then used to develop fault tree diagram in order to

find the probability of mooring failure. To construct the FTA we

obtained the knowledge and experience of experts on mobile

mooring system. Based on the primary data, the top events for

FTA of mobile mooring system are mooring line breakage (MLB),

anchor failure (AF), anchor handling failure (AHF) and

appurtenance connection failure (ACF). The result shows that the

frequency of mooring system failure is classified as probable.

Assessment, Fault, Hazard, Safety, Tree (key words)

I. INTRODUCTION

Offshore installations are hazardous places because incidents in these environments can lead to enormous consequences (Deacon et al., 2010). A hazard is condition with the potential to cause harm, while risks depend on the likelihood of the harm, the severity of the harm and the number of people who might get injury or illness (Authority, 2006). This paper will explain the hazards that occur in semi submersible column stabilized pipe lay barge which is used mobile mooring system for the positioning. The vessel has a hull with two pontoons and four columns fitted with 12 point mooring system in order to control movement during pipe lay operations. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to identify the possible causes of mooring failure; (2) to develop the possible causes into undesired events of mooring system failure; (3) to determine the frequency of undesired events in mooring system failure.

There are three steps in order to determine the possible causes of mobile mooring failure:

(i) Data Gathering: this activity include gathering the document required for conducting the mooring risk assessment: mooring specification, mooring configuration, operational procedure, etc.

(ii) Hazard Operability (HAZOP): the purpose of this approach is to identify and define the possible causes of mooring failure. This information is then used to develop fault trees of the mooring failure scenarios.

(iii) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): this method is used to break down the possible causes of mooring failure into undesired events. It is also helpful to determine the frequency of mooring system failure.

II. HAZOP (HAZARD & OPERABILITY)

HAZOP is a useful approach for safety analysis and it is important to identify problems by conducting brainstorming with the expert (Dhillon, 2003). To develop the HAZOP, initially was done a brainstorming with the team members about all possible potential hazards in mooring system (Silvianita, 2011). Generally the report of HAZOP was developed according with the scope of study, which are shown in Table I.

TABLE I. HAZOP WORKSHEET

System Identification

Activity: Description of System Activity

Guide

Word Deviation

Possible

Causes

Possible

Consequence Safeguard Action

The descriptions for each column of the presented form are:

a. Guide word: A keyword to create the imagination of a deviation of the system.

b. Deviation: Description of a system in which the process condition may depart from their design.

APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

519 ISSN XXXX-XXXX

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

c. Possible Causes: Description of the causes why the deviation could happen that may result in the worst possible consequence.

d. Possible Consequence: Consequence of the occurrence of the failure or the results of the deviation.

e. Safeguards: A facilities that either prevent the cause or safeguard against the consequence such as regular plant inspections.

f. Action: description of the action that should be taken when the consequence occur. It can be remove the cause and mitigate or eliminate the consequences.

The HAZOP result of mooring system failure is shown in Table II.

TABLE II. HAZOP RESULT

System Identification: Semi Submersible Column Stabilized Pipe Lay Barge

Activity: Moor the vessel in a working pipe lay configuration

Guide Word

Deviation Possible Causes

Possible Consequence

Safeguard Action

Fatigue Fatigue at

sheave or

connection

Overload Crack at

Sheave or

Connection

Routine

maintenance

Checking &

monitoring the

equipment with Remotely

Operated

Vehicle (ROV)

Abrasion Abrasion of wire

rope

Wire rope

contact with seabed

Rocks

/debris

Broken

wires Operation

activities

delayed

Routine

maintenance

Checking &

monitoring the

equipment with Remotely

Operated

Vehicle (ROV)

Corrosion

Corrosion

of wire & chain

Wire &

chain for over time

ingress

with sea water

Crack of

wire and chain

Routine

maintenance, checking for

corrosion.

Proper

maintenance performed by

divers or by

dry docking the vessel

Weather Storm Rain Operation suspend

Checking the

radar plant

Monitored

the radar

plant

Traffic Collision Neighboring facilities

Vessel damage

Checking the

ARPA radar

Monitored

the ARPA

Radar

Anchoring Anchor

Failure

Insufficient

holding

Anchor

Handling

Tug (AHT)

retrieves the buoy &

re-runs the

anchor

Check as well

all monitoring equipment be

fore start the

activities & make good

coordination

with project people

Checking and

monitoring

the equipment

with

Remotely Operated

Vehicle

(ROV)

Anchor wire

breaks

Anchor

Handling

Tug (AHT) retrieves

the buoy &

prepare of a new

anchor

Pennant wire

breaks

Anchor

Handling Tug

(AHT) prepare a

new buoy

&pennant wire

Mooring Winches

Rope &

Chain

Failure

Rope &

chain for over

time

ingress with sea

water

Operation

activities

delayed

Ensure that

mooring

equipment (winch) could

working as

well and make a good

coordination

between mooring crew

and project

people

Checking and

monitoring the

equipment with Remotely

Operated

Vehicle (ROV)

III. FTA (FAULT TREE ANALYSIS)

FTA has been widely used to develop a framework for safety

assessment because of its systematic and logical approach

(Michael Stamatelatos, 2002). There are several stages to

perform fault tree analysis, generally it included:

(i) Definition of the system under study

(ii) Determine the top event of the fault tree

(iii) Developing the fault tree

(iv) Define the basic events

(v) Survey the basic events failure data

(vi) Determine minimum cut sets

(vii) Evaluation of the fault tree

(viii) Analyze the result

(ix) Conclusion The top event of this study is mooring system failure. This

top event then divided into four major events which are mooring line breaks, anchor failure, anchor handling failure and appurtenances connection failure. Each of the major events is break down in order to define the basic event. For this paper, it will generate the fault tree (FT) of anchor failure as can be seen in Fig. 1 - 5. The fault tree was developed using the computational tool DPL software belonged to the Syncopation Software Corporation (Chris Dalton, 2005).

Figure 1. FT of Mooring System Failure

APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

520 ISSN XXXX-XXXX

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

Figure 2. FT of Anchor Failure

Figure 3. FT of Insufficient Holding

Figure 4. FT Part of Anchor Breaks

Figure 5. FT of the Mooring Line Clashed

Figure 6. FT of the Collision

In order to quantify the frequency of failure, the basic event

in a system failure need to be found. But sometimes it is very

difficult to gather the past record data for FTA, therefore we

need the expert opinion and experience to determine the

probabilities of the undesired events (Silvianita, 2012). In this

study the expert gives their judgment based on the IMO

(International Maritime Organization) standard as shown in

Table III (Veritas, 2002).

APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

521 ISSN XXXX-XXXX

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

TABLE III. FREQUENCY INDEX

No Frequency Description FI F (per

ship year)

1 Frequent Likely to occur once per month

on one ship 7 10

2 Reasonably

probable

Likely to occur once per year in

a fleet of ships, i.e. likely to

occur several times during a ships life

5 0.1

3 Remote

Likely to occur once per year in

a fleet of 1000 of ships, i.e. 10%

chance of occurring in the life of 4 similar ships

3 10-3

4 Extremely remote

Likely to occur once in 100 years

in a fleet of 1000 ships, i.e. 1% chance of occurring in the life of

40 similar ships

1 10-5

FTA is a logical and diagrammatic approach which uses the

rules of Boolean algebra to evaluate the occurrence probability

of an accident resulting from sequence of faults and failure

events (Metin Celik, 2010). Mathematically the FT diagram of

mooring system failure (MSF) can be expressed:

ACFAHFAFMLBMSF

ACFAHFAFMLB (1)

TABLE IV. THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUB EVENTS OF MOORING SYSTEM

FAILURE (MSF)

No Sub Events Code

1 Mooring Line Breaks MLB

2 Anchor Failure AF

3 Anchor Handling Failure AHF

4 Appurtenances Connection Failure ACF

The FTA of mooring system failure is developed in Fig. 1. and

the descriptions of top events, sub events and basic events are

listed in Table IV and V.

TABLE V. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIC EVENTS OF MOORING SYSTEM

FAILURE

No Basic Events Code

1 Adverse Environmental Condition AEC

2 Debris in Seabed DiS

3 Design Error DE

4 Electrical Failure of Winch EFoW

5 Exposed Sharp Edges ESE

6 Electrical Failure EF

7 Excessive Waves EWa

8 Excessive Winds EWi

9 Excessive Currents ECu

10 Human Error HE

11 Incomprehensive Data Collection IDC

12 Improper Quality Control IQC

13 Inadequate Winch Maintenance Schedule IWMS

14 Inadequate Coating Protection ICP

15 Inadequate Maintenance Schedule IMS

16 Inappropriate Subsea Assets Inventory ISAI

17 Improper Reading Seismic Data IRSD

18 Improper Soil Data Sampling ISDS

19 Incompetence Crews IC

20 Manufacturing Error ME

21 Mechanical Failure MF

22 Natural Hazard NH

23 Poor Raw Material PRM

24 Rocky Seabed RS

25 Soft Sand SS

26 Uncertified Crews UC

27 Unregular AHT Maintenance UAM

28 Uncertified Equipment UE

29 Wrong Material WM

The evaluation of FTA begins with the calculation of the cut

set. The smallest combinations of basic events that lead to the

top event happen are called the minimal cut set. The minimal

cut set of the mooring system failure is shown in Table VI.

TABLE VI. THE MINIMAL CUT SET OF FT

Code Order ACF AF AHF MLB

AEC 1st 0.03 0.03 N/A 0.03

DiS RS

2nd N/A N/A N/A 0.000012

DE 1st N/A 0.0006 0.0006 N/A

EFoW 1st N/A N/A 0.0003 N/A

ESE 1st N/A N/A N/A 0.0003

EF 1st N/A 0.0006 N/A 0.0006

EWa

EWi ECu

3rd 0.0724 0.0724 N/A 0.0724

HE 1st 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

IDC 1st 0.009 N/A N/A N/A

IQC

PRM 2nd N/A 0.000015 N/A N/A

IWMS 1st N/A N/A 0.0003 N/A

ICP 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A

IMS 1st 0.0005 N/A N/A N/A

ISAI

IRSD 2nd N/A 0.000016 N/A 0.000016

ISDS 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A

IC 1st 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

ME 1st 0.0002 N/A N/A N/A

MF 1st N/A 0.0006 N/A 0.0006

NH 1st N/A 0.03 N/A 0.03

SS 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A

UC 1st 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008

APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

522 ISSN XXXX-XXXX

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

UAM 1st N/A N/A 0.0004 N/A

UE 1st 0.0004 N/A N/A N/A

WM 1st 0.0003 N/A N/A N/A

Probability 0.1736 0.195031 0.0624 0.194728

The formula of minimal cut set for the top event (Andrews,

1998) : T = C1+ C2+ C3+…. + CN (2)

Therefore the probability of mooring system failure is T =

0.1736 + 0.195031 + 0.0624 + 0.194728 = 0.625759 which

classified as reasonably probable. Fig. 7, shows the minimal

cut sets for anchor failure, the highest cut sets is caused by

excessive winds, waves and currents with value 0.0724.

Minimal Cut Sets for Anchor Failure

EWa,Ew i,ECu

HEIC

NH

AEC

UCDE

EF

MF

ISAI,IRSD

IQC,PRM

Figure 7. Importance Index for Anchor Failure

HEImportance

Index

- Conduct mooring analysis- Visual inspect all mooring components- Rescheduling special task- Insure all the assets

- Crew regularly trained - Hired certified crew- Employ competence crew - Highly supervision

EWa, EWi,ECu

IC

AEC NH

Figure 8. The Mitigation of Anchor Failure

In Fig. 8, it can be seen that the most critical component to anchor failure is related to the controllable (inside) factors and uncontrollable (outside) factors. Controllable (inside) factors associated with human error and incompetence crew, while uncontrollable (outside) factors associated with excessive wave, excessive wind, excessive current, natural hazards and adverse environmental condition. This result allows the decision makers to make proper strategy in order to reduce the inside factors failure, the strategy may consist of:

(i) Trained the crew regularly to maintain the skills

(ii) Hired the certified and credible crew

(iii) Employ competent crew with the certification

(iv) Highly supervision during the manufacturing or field

processes. This result allows the decision makers to make proper

strategy in order to reduce the inside factors failure, the strategy may consist of:

(i) Conduct mooring analysis to ensure the moorings are fit

for purpose.

(ii) Visual inspect all mooring components

(iii) Rescheduling special task when necessary

(iv) Insure all the assets of company

IV. CONCLUSION

A framework for the mobile mooring system risk analysis with inexact, incomplete and linguistic information has been developed in order to analyze the safety assessment problem. The paper considers the frequencies of the basic events to determine the possible causes of the mooring system failure. The result of HAZOP analysis then used to develop the fault tree in order to investigate the root cause of mooring failure. A few key points from this paper can be highlighted as follow:

(i) The preliminary analysis has showed the importance of HAZOP to determine and evaluate the problems that may cause injury to the personnel or damage to the equipment.

(ii) FTA begins with top events which include mooring line breakage, anchor failure, anchor handling failure, and appurtenances connection failure. All these top events are further broken down until the undesired events are discovered.

(iii) The FTA shows that the highest frequency of mooring system failure is caused by anchor failure with the probability value 0.195031 per year which is classified as reasonably probable.

APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian

523 ISSN XXXX-XXXX

“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”

REFERENCES

JOURNAL:

Dhillon, B. S. 2003. Methods For Performing Human

Reliability And Error Analysis In Health Care.

International Journal Of Health Care Quality Assurance,

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Deacon, T., Amyotte, P. R. & Khan, F. I. 2010. Human Error

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Approach To Enhance Shipping Accident Investigation.

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Books:

Chris Dalton, T. M. 2005. Syncopation Software.

Michael Stamatelatos, W. V. 2002. Fault Tree Handbook With

Aerospace Applications.

STANDARDS:

Authority, H. A. S. 2006. Guidelines On Risk Assessments And

Safety Assessments.

Veritas, D. N. 2002. Marine Risk Assessment. First Ed.

PROCEEDINGS:

Andrews, J. Year. Tutorial Fault Tree Analysis. In:

International System Safety Conference, 1998.

Silvianita., M.F. Khamidi., V.J. Kurian. (2011) Operational

Risk Assessment Framework Of Mobile Mooring System.

National Postgraduate Conference. Tronoh, Malaysia.

Silvianita., M.F. Khamidi., V.J. Kurian. (2012) An Application

Of Fault Tree Analysis For Mobile Mooring System. In:

International Conference On Civil, Offshore &

Environmental Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.