and · 2017-04-27 · καί conjunction (hom.+), found most frequently by far of all gk. particles...

καί conjunction (Hom.+), found most frequently by far of all Gk. particles in the NT; since it

is not only used much more commonly here than in other Gk. lit. but oft. in a different sense,

or rather in different circumstances, it contributes greatly to some of the distinctive coloring

of the NT style.—HMcArthur, ΚΑΙ Frequency in Greek Letters, NTS 15, ’68/69, 339–49.

The vivacious versatility of κ. (for earlier Gk. s. Denniston 289–327) can easily be depressed

by the tr. ‘and’, whose repetition in a brief area of text lacks the support of arresting aspects

of Gk. syntax.

① marker of connections, and

ⓐ single words

α. gener. Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωσὴφ καὶ Σίμων καὶ Ἰούδας Mt 13:55. χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ

σμύρναν 2:11. ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή Ro 7:12. πολυμερῶς κ. πολυτρόπως Hb

1:1. ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ God, who is also the Father 1 Cor 15:24; cp. 2 Cor 1:3; 11:31; Eph

1:3; Js 1:27; 3:9 al.—Connects two occurrences of the same word for emphasis (OGI 90, 19

[196 B.C.] Ἑρμῆς ὁ μέγας κ. μέγας; pap in Mayser II/1, 54) μείζων κ. μείζων greater and

greater Hv 4, 1, 6. ἔτι κ. ἔτι again and again B 21:4; Hs 2, 6 (B-D-F §493, 1; 2; s. Rob.

1200).

β. w. numerals, w. the larger number first δέκα καὶ ὁκτώ Lk 13:16. τεσσεράκοντα κ. ἕξ J

2:20. τετρακόσιοι κ. πεντήκοντα Ac 13:20.—The καί in 2 Cor 13:1 ἐπὶ στόματος δύο

μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα=‘or’ ([v.l. ἢ τριῶν for καὶ τριῶν as it reads Mt

18:16]; cp. Js 4:13 v.l. σήμερον καὶ αὔριον=‘today or tomorrow’, but s. above all Thu. 1, 82,

2; Pla., Phd. 63e; X., De Re Equ. 4, 4 ἁμάξας τέτταρας καὶ πέντε; Heraclides, Pol. 58 τρεῖς

καὶ τέσσαρας; Polyb. 3, 51, 12 ἐπὶ δυεῖν καὶ τρισὶν ἡμέραις; 5, 90, 6; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2,

28 εἷς καὶ δύο=one or two; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1091 p. 305, 22 W. τριέτης καὶ

τετραέτης) by the statement of two or three witnesses every charge must be sustained, as

explained by Dt 19:15.

γ. adding the whole to the part and in general (Aristoph., Nub. 1239 τὸν Δία καὶ τοὺς

θεούς; Thu. 1, 116, 3; 7, 65, 1) Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι Peter and the rest of the apostles Ac

5:29. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς κ. τὸ συνέδριον ὅλον the high priest and all the rest of the council Mt

26:59. Vice versa, adding a (specially important) part to the whole and especially (πᾶς Ἰουδὰ

καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ 2 Ch 35:24; cp. 32, 33; 1 Macc 2:6) τοῖς μαθηταῖς κ. τῷ Πέτρῳ Mk 16:7.

σὺν γυναιξὶ κ. Μαριάμ Ac 1:14.

δ. The expr. connected by καί can be united in the form of a hendiadys (Alcaeus 117, 9f

D.2 χρόνος καὶ καρπός=time of fruit; Soph., Aj. 144; 749; Polyb. 6, 9, 4; 6, 57, 5 ὑπεροχὴ καὶ

δυναστεία=1, 2, 7; 5, 45, 1 ὑπεροχὴ τῆς δυναστείας; Diod S 5, 67, 3 πρὸς ἀνανέωσιν καὶ

μνήμην=renewal of remembrance; 15, 63, 2 ἀνάγκη καὶ τύχη=compulsion of fate; 16, 93, 2

ἐπιβουλὴ κ. θάνατος=a fatal plot; Jos., Ant. 12, 98 μετὰ χαρᾶς κ. βοῆς=w. a joyful cry; 17, 82

ἀκρίβεια κ. φυλακή) ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν αὐτοῦ they were amazed

at his intelligent answers Lk 2:47. δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα κ. σοφίαν I will give you wise utterance

21:15. τροφὴ κ. εὐφροσύνη joy concerning (your) food Ac 14:17. ἐλπὶς κ. ἀνάστασις hope of

a resurrection 23:6 (2 Macc 3:29 ἐλπὶς καὶ σωτηρία; s. OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f;

GBjörck, ConNeot 4, ’40, 1–4).

ε. A colloquial feature is the coordination of two verbs, one of which should be a ptc. (s.

B-D-F §471; Rob. 1135f) ἀποτολμᾷ κ. λέγει = ἀποτολμῶν λέγει he is so bold as to say Ro

10:20. ἔσκαψεν κ. ἐβάθυνεν (=βαθύνας) Lk 6:48. ἐκρύβη κ. ἐξῆλθεν (=ἐξελθών) J 8:59.

Sim. χαίρων κ. βλέπων I am glad to see Col 2:5. Linking of subordinate clause and ptc.

Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλθεν … καὶ ἰδοῦσα J 11:32 v.l. Cp. παραλαβών … καὶ ἀνέβη Lk 9:28 v.l.

ⓑ clauses and sentences

α. gener.: ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει κ. τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). εἰσῆλθον … κ. ἐδίδασκον Ac

5:21. διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ κ. συνάξει τὸν σῖτον Mt 3:12. κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ

κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία Ro 4:14 and very oft. Connecting two questions Mt 21:23, or

quotations (e.g. Ac 1:20), and dialogue (Lk 21:8), or alternate possibilities (13:18).

β. Another common feature is the practice, drawn fr. Hebrew or fr. the speech of

everyday life, of using κ. as a connective where more discriminating usage would call for

other particles: καὶ εἶδον καὶ (for ὅτι) σεισμὸς ἐγένετο Rv 6:12. καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς …

καὶ (for ὅτι) ἔλεγον and the king learned that they were saying Mk 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW

33, ’34, 90–92; on this JBlinzler, Philol. 96, ’43/44, 119–31). τέξεται υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ

ὄνομα αὐτοῦ (for οὗ τὸ ὄνομα καλ.) Mt 1:21; cp. Lk 6:6; 11:44. καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι

καὶ ποιήσωμεν σκηνάς Mk 9:5. Esp. freq. is the formula in historical narrative καὶ ἐγένετο …

καὶ (like ו יהי … .and it happened or came about … that Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15; Lk 5:1 v.l (ו

(for ἐγένετο δὲ … καὶ; so also the text of 6:12), 12, 17; 14:1; 17:11 al. (Gen 7:10 al.; JosAs

11:1; 22:1). S. MJohannessohn, Das bibl. Καὶ ἐγένετο u. seine Geschichte, 1926 (fr. ZVS 35,

1925, 161–212); KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 29–62; Mlt-Turner 334f;

ÉDelebecque, Études Grecques sur L’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65; JVoelz, The Language of

the NT: ANRW II/25/2, 893–977, esp. 959–64.—As in popular speech, κ. is used in rapid

succession Mt 14:9ff; Mk 1:12ff; Lk 18:32ff; J 2:13ff; 1 Cor 12:5f; Rv 6:12ff; 9:1ff. On

this kind of colloquial speech, which joins independent clauses rather than subordinating one

to the other (parataxis rather than hypotaxis) s. B-D-F §458; Rdm.2 p. 222; Rob. 426; Dssm.,

LO 105ff (LAE 129ff), w. many references and parallels fr. secular sources. This is a

favorite, e.g., in Polyaenus 2, 3, 2–4; 2, 4, 3; 3, 9, 10; 3, 10, 2; 4, 6, 1; 7, 36 al.

γ. It is also coordination rather than subordination when κ. connects an expr. of time with

that which occurs in the time (Od. 5, 362; Hdt. 7, 217; Thu. 1, 50, 5; Pla., Symp. 220c;

Aeschin. 3, 71 νὺξ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ παρῆμεν; s. B-D-F §442, 4; KBrugmann4-AThumb,

Griechische Gramm. 1913, 640*): ἤγγικεν ἡ ὥρα κ. παραδίδοται the time has come when he

is to be given up Mt 26:45. κ. ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν when they crucified him Mk 15:25. κ.

ἀνέβη εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα when he went up to Jerusalem J 2:13. κ. συντελέσω when I will make

Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); cp. J 4:35; 7:33; Lk 19:43; 23:44; Ac 5:7.

δ. καί introducing an apodosis is really due to Hebr./LXX infl. (B-D-F §442, 7; Abel

§78a, 6 p. 341; Mlt-H. 422; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 66–72; but not

offensive to p 495 ears trained in good Gk.: s. Il. 1, 478; Hdt. 1, 79, 2; sim.Thu. 2, 93, 4 ὡς

ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐχώρουν εὐθύς; 8, 27, 5; Herm. Wr. 13, 1 … , καὶ ἔφης; Delebecque [s.

above in β] 130–32) καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ … , κ. ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Lk

2:21; cp. Rv 3:20. Also κ. ἰδού in an apodosis Lk 7:12; Ac 1:10.

ε. connecting negative and affirmative clauses Lk 3:14. οὔτε ἄντλημα ἔχεις κ. τὸ φρέαρ

ἐστὶ βαθύ you have no bucket, and the well is deep J 4:11; cp. 3J 10 (οὔτε … καί Eur., Iph.

Taur. 591f; Longus, Past. 1, 17; 4, 28; Aelian, NA 1, 57; 11, 9; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 2, 4

οὔτε πάντα ἡ Λεσβία, Δωρί, πρὸς σὲ ἐψεύσατο καὶ σὺ τἀληθῆ ἀπήγγελκας Μυρτίῳ ‘It wasn’t

all lies that Lesbia told you, Doris; and you certainly reported the truth to Myrtium’). After a

negative clause, which influences the clause beginning w. καί: μήποτε καταπατήσουσιν … κ.

στραφέντες ῥήξωσιν ὑμᾶς Mt 7:6; cp. 5:25; 10:38; 13:15 (Is 6:10); 27:64; Lk 12:58; 21:34;

J 6:53; 12:40 (Is 6:10); Ac 28:27 (Is 6:10); 1 Th 3:5; Hb 12:15; Rv 16:15.

ζ. to introduce a result that comes fr. what precedes: and then, and so Mt 5:15; 23:32;

Mk 8:34; 2 Cor 11:9; Hb 3:19; 1J 3:19. καὶ ἔχομεν and so we have 2 Pt 1:19. Esp. after the

impv., or expr. of an imperatival nature (Soph., Oed. Col. 1410ff θέσθε … καὶ … οἴσει, El.

1207; Sir 2:6; 3:17) δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου καὶ ποιήσω and then I will make Mt 4:19. εἰπὲ λόγῳ, κ.

ἰαθήσεται ὁ παῖς μου speak the word, and then my servant will be cured Mt 8:8; Lk 7:7; cp.

Mt 7:7; Mk 6:22; Lk 10:28; J 14:16; Js 4:7, 10; Rv 4:1.—καί introduces a short clause that

confirms the existence of someth. that ought to be: ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καὶ ἐσμέν that

we should be called children of God; and so we really are (καλέω 1d) 1J 3:1 (Appian, Bell.

Civ. 2, 40 §161 they were to conquer Sardinia, καὶ κατέλαβον=and they really took it; 4, 127

§531 one day would decide [κρίνειν] the fate of Rome, καὶ ἐκρίθη).

η. emphasizing a fact as surprising or unexpected or noteworthy: and yet, and in spite of

that, nevertheless (Eur., Herc. Fur. 509; Philostrat., Her. 11 [II 184, 29 Kayser]

ῥητορικώτατον καὶ δεινόν; Longus, Past. 4, 17 βουκόλος ἦν Ἀγχίσης καὶ ἔσχεν αὐτὸν

Ἀφροδίτη) κ. σὺ ἔρχῃ πρὸς μέ; and yet you come to me? Mt 3:14; cp. 6:26; 10:29; Mk

12:12; J 1:5, 10; 3:11, 32; 5:40; 6:70; 7:28; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 6:9; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9); Rv 3:1.

So also, connecting what is unexpected or otherw. noteworthy with an attempt of some kind

(JBlomqvist, Das sogennante και adversativum ’79): but ζητεῖ κ. οὐχ εὑρίσκει but he finds

none (no resting place) Mt 12:43. ἐπεθύμησαν ἰδεῖν κ. οὐχ εἶδαν but did not see (it) 13:17;

cp. 26:60; Lk 13:7; 1 Th 2:18. Cp. GJs 18:3 (not pap). Perhaps Mk 5:20. Introducing a

contrasting response καὶ ἀποδώσεις μοι Hv 2, 1, 3.

θ. to introduce an abrupt question, which may often express wonder, ill-will, incredulity,

etc. (B-D-F §442, 8. For older lit. exx. of this usage s. Kühner-G. II p. 247f; for later times

EColwell, The Gk. of the Fourth Gospel ’31, 87f): κ. πόθεν μοι τοῦτο; how have I deserved

this? Lk 1:43. κ. τίς; who then? Mk 10:26; Lk 10:29; J 9:36. καὶ τί γέγονεν ὅτι … ; how

does it happen that … ? 14:22. καὶ πῶς σὺ λέγεις … ; how is it, then, that you say … J 14:9

v.l. W. a protasis εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, κ. τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με; for if I make you sad, who

then will cheer me up? 2 Cor 2:2 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 43; 44 εἰ [ὁ θεὸς] ψεύδεται, καὶ τίς

ἀληθεύει;). Thus Phil 1:22 is prob. to be punctuated as follows (s. ADebrunner, GGA 1926,

151): εἰ δὲ τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί, τοῦτο μοι καρπὸς ἔργου, καὶ τί αἱρήσομαι; οὐ γνωρίζω but if

living on here means further productive work, then which shall I choose? I really don’t know.

καὶ πῶς αὐτοῦ υἱός ἐστιν; how, then, is he his son? Lk 20:44 (cp. Gen 39:9).

ι. to introduce a parenthesis (Eur., Orest. 4, Hel. 393; X., Equ. 11, 2.—B-D-F §465, 1;

Rob. 1182) κ. ἐκωλύθην ἄρχι τοῦ δεῦρο but so far I have been prevented Ro 1:13.

ⓒ oft. explicative; i.e., a word or clause is connected by means of καί w. another word

or clause, for the purpose of explaining what goes before it and so, that is, namely (PPetr II,

18 [1], 9 πληγὰς … καὶ πλείους=blows … indeed many of them.—Kühner-G. II 247; B-D-F

§442, 9; Rob. 1181; Mlt-Turner 335) χάριν κ. ἀποστολήν grace, that is, the office of an

apostle Ro 1:5. ἀπήγγειλαν πάντα καὶ τὰ τ. δαιμονιζομένων they told everything, namely

what had happened to those who were possessed Mt 8:33. καὶ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος that is,

grace upon grace J 1:16. Cp. 1 Cor 3:5; 15:38.—Mt 21:5.—Other explicative uses are καὶ

οὗτος, καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ ταῦτα (the first and last are in earlier Gk.: Hdt., X. et al.; s. Kühner-G. I

647; II 247) and, also ascensive and indeed, and at that Ἰ. Χρ., καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον J.

Chr., (and) indeed him on the cross 1 Cor 2:2. καὶ τοῦτο Ro 13:11; 1 Cor 6:6, 8; Eph 2:8.

καὶ ταῦτα w. ptc. and to be sure Hb 11:12. See B-D-F §290, 5; 425, 1; 442, 9.—The

ascensive force of καί is also plain in Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον a Roman citizen, and

uncondemned at that Ac 22:25. ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ νῦν ἐστιν an hour is coming, indeed it is

already here J 5:25. προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν καὶ κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν

φυλακῇ added this on top of everything else, namely to put John in prison Lk 3:20.

ⓓ After πολύς and before a second adj. καί is pleonastic fr. the viewpoint of modern

lang. (earlier Gk.: Hom. et al. [Kühner-G. II 252, 1]; cp. Cebes 1, 1 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα

ἀναθήματα; 2, 3; B-D-F §442, 11) πολλὰ … κ. ἄλλα σημεῖα many other signs J 20:30 (cp.

Jos., Ant. 3, 318). πολλὰ κ. βαρέα αἰτιώματα many severe charges Ac 25:7. πολλὰ … καὶ

ἕτερα Lk 3:18 (cp. Himerius, Or. 40 [=Or. 6], 6 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα). πολλοὶ καὶ ἀνυπότακτοι

Tit 1:10.

ⓔ introducing someth. new, w. loose connection: Mt 4:23; 8:14, 23, 28; 9:1, 9, 27, 35;

10:1; 12:27; Mk 5:1, 21; Lk 8:26; J 1:19 and oft.

ⓕ καί … καί both … and, not only … , but also (Synes., Dreams 10 p. 141b καὶ ἀπιστεῖν

ἔξεστι καὶ πιστεύειν.—B-D-F §444, 3; Rob. 1182; Mlt-Turner 335) connecting single

expressions Mt 10:28; Mk 4:41; Ro 11:33; Phil 2:13; 4:12. κ. ἐν ὀλίγῳ κ. ἐν μεγάλῳ Ac

26:29. κ. ἅπαξ κ. δίς (s. ἅπαξ 1) Phil 4:16; 1 Th 2:18. Connecting whole clauses or

sentences: Mk 9:13; J 7:28; 9:37; 12:28; 1 Cor 1:22. Introducing contrasts: although … yet

(Anthol. VII, 676 Δοῦλος Ἐπίκτητος γενόμην καὶ σῶμʼ ἀνάπηρος καὶ πενίην ῏Ιρος καὶ φίλος

ἀθανάτοις ‘I was Epictetus, a slave; crippled in body and an Iros [a beggar in Hom., Od.] in

poverty, but dear to the Immortals’) J 15:24; Ac 23:3. καὶ … κ. οὐ Lk 5:36; J 6:36. καὶ οὐ

… καί 17:25; κ. … κ. now … now Mk 9:22. On τὲ … καί s. τέ 2c. Somet. w. ἤ q.v. 1aβ.—

HCadbury, Superfluous καί in the Lord’s Prayer (i.e. Mt 6:12) and Elsewhere: Munera

Studiosa (=WHatch Festschr.) ’46.

② marker to indicate an additive relation that is not coordinate to connect clauses

and sentences, also, likewise, funct. as an adv.

ⓐ simply κ. τὴν ἄλλην the other one also Mt 5:39; cp. vs. 40; 6:21; 12:45; Mk 1:38;

2:26; 8:7 and oft. Freq. used w. pronouns κἀγώ (q.v.). καὶ σύ Mt 26:73. κ. ὑμεῖς 20:4, 7; Lk

21:31; J 7:47 and oft. κ. αὐτός (s. αὐτός 1f).

ⓑ intensive: even Mt 5:46f; 10:30; Mk 1:27; Lk 10:17; J 14:9 v.l.; Ac 5:39; 22:28; Ro

9:24 (ἀλλὰ καί); 1 Cor 2:10; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 2:17; Eph 5:12; Phlm 21; Hb 7:25; 1 Pt 4:19

(but s. d below); Jd 23; Hs 5, 2, 10; 7:1; ἔτι καὶ νῦν Dg 2:3. CBlackman, JBL 87, ’68, 203f

would transl. Ro 3:26b: … even in the act of declaring righteous (cp. the gen. abs. Polemon

Soph. p 496 B 14 Reader καὶ Δάτιδος ἀποπλέοντος=even though Datis was sailing away). In

formulas expressing a wish: ὄφελον καί if only, would that Gal 5:12. In connection w. a

comparative: κ. περισσότερον προφήτου one who is even more than a prophet Mt 11:9. κ.

μείζονα ποιήσει J 14:12.

ⓒ In sentences denoting a contrast καί appears in var. ways, somet. in both members of

the comparison, and oft. pleonastically, to our way of thinking καθάπερ … , οὕτως καί as … ,

thus also 2 Cor 8:11. ὥσπερ … , οὕτως καί (Hyperid. 1, 2, 5–8) Ro 5:19; 11:30f; 1 Cor

11:12; 15:22; Gal 4:29. ὡς … , οὕτως καί Ro 5:15, 18. ὃν τρόπον … , οὕτως καί 2 Ti 3:8.—

οὕτως καί thus also Ro 6:11. ὡσαύτως καί in the same way also 1 Cor 11:25. ὁμοίως καί

(Jos., Bell. 2, 575) J 6:11; Jd 8. ὡς καί Ac 11:17; 1 Cor 7:7; 9:5. καθὼς καί Ro 15:7; 1 Cor

13:12; 2 Cor 1:14; Eph 4:17. καθάπερ καί Ro 4:6; 2 Cor 1:14.—καί can also stand alone in

the second member w. the mng. so also, so. ὡς … καί Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20.

καθὼς … καί Lk 6:31 v.l.; J 6:57; 13:15; 1 Cor 15:49.—οἷος … , τοιοῦτος καί 1 Cor 15:48.

After a comp. ὅσῳ καί by so much also Hb 8:6. καί is found in both members of the

comparison (s. Kühner-G. II 256; 2 Macc 2:10; 6:14) Ro 1:13; 1 Th 2:14. καθὼς καὶ …

οὕτως καί Col 3:13 (cp. Hyperid. 1, 40, 20–25 ὥσπερ καὶ … οὕτω καί; 3, 38).

ⓓ w. expressions that introduce cause or result, here also pleonastic to a considerable

degree διὰ τοῦτο καί for this reason (also) Lk 11:49; J 12:18. διὸ καί Lk 1:35; Ac 10:29; Ro

4:22; Hb 13:12. εἰς τοῦτο καί 2 Cor 2:9. ὥστε καί 1 Pt 4:19 (but this pass. may well fit in b).

ὅθεν καί Hb 7:25; 11:19.

ⓔ after an interrogative (as Thu., X., et al.; s. Kühner-G. II 255. S. also B-D-F §442, 14)

at all, still ἱνατί καὶ τ. γῆν καταργεῖ; Lk 13:7. τί καί; (Hyperid. 3, 14 τί καὶ ἀδικεῖ; what kind

of wrong, then, is he committing?) τί καὶ ἐλπίζει; why does he still (need to) hope? Ro 8:24.

v.l. τί καὶ βαπτίζονται; why are they baptized (at all)? 1 Cor 15:29; cp. vs. 30.

ⓕ used w. a relative, it oft. gives greater independence to the foll. relative clause: Mk

3:14; Lk 10:30; J 11:2 v.l.; Ac 1:3, 11; 7:45; 10:39; 11:30; 12:4; 13:22; 28:10; Ro 9:24; 1

Cor 11:23; Gal 2:10; Col 1:29 al.

ⓖ used pleonastically w. prep.

α. μετά (BGU 412, 6 μετὰ καὶ τ. υἱοῦ) Phil 4:3.

β. σύν (ins in PASA III 612; PFay 108; BGU 179, 19; 515, 17) 1 Cl 65:1.—Dssm., NB 93

(BS 265f).

ⓗ w. double names ὁ καί who is also called … (the earliest ex. in a fragment of Ctesias:

688 Fgm. 15, 51 p. 469, 23 Jac. ῏Ωχος καὶ Δαρειαῖος [s. Hatch 141]; OGI 565; 574; 583; 589;

603; 604; 620; 623; 636; POxy 45; 46; 54; 101; 485; 1279; PFay 30; BGU 22, 25; 36, 4; Jos.,

Ant. 1, 240; 5, 85; 12, 285; 13, 320; 18, 35. Further material in WSchmid, Der Atticismus III

1893, 338; Dssm., B 181ff [BS 313–17]. Lit. in B-D-F §268, 1) Σαῦλος, ὁ καὶ Παῦλος Ac

13:9. Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος ins of all the letters of Ign.

ⓘ with other particles

α. καὶ γάρ for (s. γάρ 1b).—καὶ γὰρ … ἀλλά (or granted that … but) 2 Cor 13:4; Phil

2:27.—καὶ γὰρ οὐ(κ): neither 1 Cor 11:9; for even … not 2 Cor 3:10.

β. καί γε (without intervening word [opp. earlier Gk, e.g. Pla., Phd. 58d; Rep. 7, 531a]:

Hippocr., Septim. 9, VII 450 Littré; Cornutus p. 40, 12; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; Rhetor Apsines

[III A.D.] p. 332, 17 Hammer; TestReub 4:4 al.; for גם always in Theod. [DBarthélemy, Les

devanciers d’Aquila ’63, 31ff]), weakened force: (if) only or at least Lk 19:42 v.l.; intensive:

indeed (Jos. Ant 29, 19) Ac 2:18 (J 3:2 v.l.; Mel., P. 30, 207); Hm 8:5; 9:9. καί γε οὐ

μακράν=and indeed God is not far Ac 17:27.—Kühner-G. II 176b; Schwyzer II 561; B-D-F

§439, 2; Rdm.2 35–37.

γ. καὶ … δέ and also, but also (s. δέ 5b).

δ. καίτοι (Il. 13, 267 et al., ins, pap; 4 Macc 2:6; 5:18; 7:13; Ath. 8, 1 al.; Mel., P. 58, 422)

particle (B-D-F §425, 1; 450, 3; Rob. 1129 and 1154) w. finite verb (Chion, Ep. 3, 1; Jos.

Ant. 5, 78) yet, on the other hand Ac 14:17. W. gen. abs. foll. (BGU 850, 4 [76 A.D.] καίτοι

ἐμοῦ σε πολλὰ ἐρωτήσαντος; 898, 26; Philo, Vi. Mos. 1, 20; Jos., Ant. 2, 321; Ath. 19, 2; 25,

2) Hb 4:3.—καίτοι γε or καί τοι γε (since Aristoph., Ach. 611; but esp. in later Gk. [cp.

Schwyzer II 561; MMeister, De Aiocho dial., Breslau diss. 1915 p. 31, 5]; Ps.-Pla., Axioch.

364b; Jos., Bell. 1, 7, Ant. 5, 36; Epict. 3, 24, 90; Just., A II, 11, 2; D. 7, 3; Ath. 3, 1; 22, 7;

SIG 685, 76 and 82 [139 B.C.]) although J 4:2; Ac 14:17 v.l.; Dg 8:3. W. part. foll. (Jos., C.

Ap. 1, 230; Mel., P. 58, 422) AcPt Ox 849, 18.—Kühner-G. II 151f; B-D-F §439, 1; 450,

3.—For ἀλλὰ κ., δὲ και, ἐὰν κ., εἰ κ., ἢ κ. s. ἀλλά, δέ, ἐάν, εἰ, ἤ.—ERobson, KAI-

Configurations in the Gk. NT, 3 vols. diss. Syracuse ’79. LfgrE s.v. καί col. 1273f (lit.).

DELG. M-M. EDNT.

Walter Bauer, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon

of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed., rev. and ed. by Frederick W.

Danker (Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, 2000), 494-496.

Hom Hom , VIII B.C.—List 5

Gk. Gk. = Greek

NT NT = New Testament

Gk. Gk. = Greek

lit. lit. = literal(ly); literature (refererences to [scholarly] literature)

oft. oft. = often


NTS NTS = New Testament Studies—List 6

Gk. Gk. = Greek

Denniston Denniston = JD., The Greek Particles—List 6

tr. tr. = translate, etc.

Gk. Gk. = Greek

gener. gener. = generally

cp. cp. = compare, freq. in ref. to citation fr. ancient texts

al. al. =alibi (elsewhere), aliter (otherwise), alii (others)

OGI OGI = Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae—List 3

pap pap = papyrus, -yri

Mayser Mayser = EM., Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit—Lists 4, 6

Hv Hv = Visions

B B = Barnabas (the Letter of), II A.D., except in series of uncial witnesses, in which case B refers to Codex Vaticanus (s. also Vat.). When the abbrv. B would ambiguous, Vat. is used for the codex.—List 1

Hs Hs = Similitudes

B-D-F B-D-F = FBlass, ADebrunner, RFunk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature—List 6

Rob. Rob. = ATRobertson, A Grammar of the Greek NT in the Light of Historical Research—List 6

v.l. v.l. = varia lectio (variant reading)



Thu Thu , V B.C.—List 5

Pla Pla , V–IV B.C.; s. also Ps.-Plato—List 5

X. X. = Xenophon, V–IV B.C.—List 5

Pol Pol = Polycarp to the Philippians—List 1

Polyb Polyb , III–II B.C.—List 5

Diod S Diod S , I B.C.—List 5

Fgm. Fgm. = fragment, fragmentary

schol. schol. = scholion, scholia, scholiast

Aristoph Aristoph , V–IV B.C.—List 5



expr. expr. = expression

Alcaeus Alcaeus , lyric poet, VII–VI B.C.—List 5

D D = Didache, except that in a list of manuscripts or as textual variant D refers to Codex Bezae—List 1

Soph Soph , V B.C.—List 5

Polyb Polyb , III–II B.C.—List 5

Diod S Diod S , I B.C.—List 5

Jos. Jos. = Josephus. This abbr. used when follow by title; I A.D.—Lists 5

ZNW ZNW = Zeitschrift für die ntl. Wissenschaft—List 6

ConNeot ConNeot = Coniectanea Neotestamentica—List 6

ptc. ptc. = participle






gener. gener. = generally

oft. oft. = often

e.g. e.g. = exempli gratia (for example)

fr. fr. = from

fr. fr. = from

ZNW ZNW = Zeitschrift für die ntl. Wissenschaft—List 6

Philol Philol , Zeitschrift für das klassische Altertum—List 6


freq. freq. = frequent(ly)




JosAs JosAs = Joseph and Aseneth—Lists 2, 5

fr. fr. = from

ZVS ZVS = Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung—List 6


Mlt-Turner Mlt-Turner = JMoulton/NTurner, A Grammar of NT Greek III: Syntax; IV: Style, by Turner—List 6


ANRW ANRW = Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt—List 6

esp. esp. = especially


Rdm. Rdm. = LRadermacher, Neutestamentliche Grammatik—List 6


Dssm. Dssm. = ADeissmann, various works—List 6

LO LO = Licht vom Osten—s. Dssm., LO in List 6

LAE LAE , s. Dssm. LO—List 6

fr. fr. = from




Od Od , s. Hom.; VIII? B.C.—List 5

Hdt. Hdt. = Herodotus, V B.C.—List 5



Aeschin Aeschin , IV B.C.; spurious letters II A.D.—List 5



LXX LXX = Septuaginta, ed. ARahlfs, unless otherwise specified—Lists 2, beg.

infl. infl. = influence(d)


Abel Abel = FA., Grammaire du Grec biblique—List 6

Mlt-H. Mlt-H. = JMoulton/WHoward, A Grammar of NT Greek II: Accidence and Word-formation—List 6


Gk. Gk. = Greek

Il. Il. = Iliad, s. Hom.—List 5


sim. sim. = similarly


Herm. Wr. Herm. Wr. = Hermetic Writings—List 5



Eur Eur , V B.C.—List 5

Longus Longus , II ?A.D.—List 5

Aelian Aelian , II A.D.—List 5

Lucian Lucian , II A.D.—List 5


fr. fr. = from

impv. impv. = imperative




someth. someth. = something

Appian Appian , I–II A.D.—List 5


Philostrat Philostrat = Flavius Philostratus, the Sophist II–III A.D.—List 5

Her Her = Hermes, Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie—List 6

Longus Longus , II ?A.D.—List 5


otherw. otherw. = otherwise


GJs GJs = Gospel of James (Protevangelium Jacobi), II A.D.—List 1


Hv Hv = Visions



exx. exx. = examples

Gk. Gk. = Greek



Ps. Ps. = pseudo, pseudonymous


prob. prob. = probable, probably

GGA GGA = Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen—List 6






oft. oft. = often

i.e. i.e. = id est (that is)

I.-E. Indo-European

PPetr PPetr = The Flinders Petrie Papyri—List 4




Gk. Gk. = Greek



et al. et al. = et alii (and others)



adj. adj. = adjective

fr. fr. = from

Gk. Gk. = Greek




Cebes Cebes , prominent in Platonic dialogues; ref. is to a dialogue associated with his name, I A.D.—List 5





Himerius Himerius , IV A.D.—List 5

someth. someth. = something

oft. oft. = often

Synes Synes , IV–V A.D.—List 5





Od Od , s. Hom.; VIII? B.C.—List 5

q.v. q.v. = quod vide (which see, see that which has just been mentioned)

i.e. i.e. = id est (that is)

I.-E. Indo-European

Festschr. Festschr. = Festschrift, in ref. to any honorary publication

adv. adv. = adverb, adverbially


oft. oft. = often

q.v. q.v. = quod vide (which see, see that which has just been mentioned)

oft. oft. = often


Hs Hs = Similitudes

Dg Dg = Letter of Diognetus, attributed to an unidentifiable apologist; II A.D.—List 1

JBL JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature—List 6

transl. transl. = translate, translation


gen. gen. = genitive

abs. abs. = absolute



var. var. = various(ly)

somet. somet. = sometimes

oft. oft. = often

Hyperid Hyperid , IV B.C.—List 5


mng. mng. = meaning(s)


comp. comp. = comparative(ly)



pass. pass. = passive (either of grammatical form or of passive experience); also used in reference to literary portion=passage








oft. oft. = often

foll. foll. = followed, following



prep. prep. = preposition(al)

BGU BGU = Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Museen zu Berlin: Griechische Urkunden—List 4

ins Ins, ins = Inscription, Inschrift, inscription(s). Without a period, esp. in lists, as at the beginning of entries; the capitalized form is used in titles. In conjunction with literary works this abbr. refers to the title or description of contents.

PASA PASA = Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens—List 6

PFay PFay = Fayûm Towns and Their Papyri—List 4


1 Cl 1 Cl = 1 Clement—List 1


BS BS , s. Dssm., BS—List 6

ex. ex. = example

Ctesias Ctesias , V–IVB.C.—List 5

Fgm. Fgm. = fragment, fragmentary

Jac. Jac. = Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, ed. FJacoby—Lists 5, 6

Hatch Hatch = WH.—List 3

OGI OGI = Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae—List 3

POxy POxy = Oxyrhynchus Papyri—List 4

PFay PFay = Fayûm Towns and Their Papyri—List 4





BS BS , s. Dssm., BS—List 6



Ign. Ign. = Ignatius; always simply I. when cited with one of his epistles

opp. opp. = opposed to, opposite



Hippocr Hippocr = Corpus Hippocraticum, V–IV B.C.—List 5

Cornutus Cornutus , I A.D.—List 5

TestReub TestReub = Testament of Reuben, s. Test12Patr—List 2


Theod. Theod. = Theodotion, revision of Greek OT, II A.D.—List 2, beg.




Mel. Mel. = Melito of Sardis, II A.D.—List 5

Hm Hm = Mandates

Schwyzer Schwyzer = ES., Griechische Grammatik—List 6


Rdm. Rdm. = LRadermacher, Neutestamentliche Grammatik—List 6

Il. Il. = Iliad, s. Hom.—List 5




Ath. Ath. = Athenagoras, II A.D.—List 5





Chion Chion , IV B.C.; for letters attributed to him, I A.D., s. Ep.—List 5

Ep. Ep. = Epistola/Epistula, when applied to letters mostly pseudonymous; various dates—List 5

ep. = epistle


gen. gen. = genitive

abs. abs. = absolute



Philo Philo = P. of Alexandria, I B.C.–I A.D.—List 5

Vi. Vi. = Vita, Vitae



Aristoph Aristoph , V–IV B.C.—List 5

esp. esp. = especially

Gk. Gk. = Greek


Schwyzer Schwyzer = ES., Griechische Grammatik—List 6

diss. diss. = dissertation

Ps. Ps. = pseudo, pseudonymous



Epict Epict , various works, I–II A.D.—List 5

Just Just , II A.D.—List 5

D D = Didache, except that in a list of manuscripts or as textual variant D refers to Codex Bezae—List 1


SIG SIG = Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum3; superscript omitted in text—List 3


Dg Dg = Letter of Diognetus, attributed to an unidentifiable apologist; II A.D.—List 1




AcPt Ox 849 AcPt Ox 849 = Acts of Peter, POxy 849—List 1


Gk. Gk. = Greek


diss. diss. = dissertation

LfgrE LfgrE = Lexicon des frühgriechischen Epos—List 6

s.v. s.v. = sub voce (under the word, look up the word)

col. col. = column


DELG DELG = PChantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque—List 6

M-M M-M = JMoulton/GMilligan, Vocabulary of Greek Testament—Lists 4, 6

EDNT EDNT = Exegetical Dictionary of the NT—List 6

and · 2017-04-27 · καί conjunction (hom.+), found most frequently by far of all gk. particles...

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