24.4 Revolutions in the Arts

Artistic and Intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800’s

Romantic Movement

The Ideas of RomanticismRomanticism – Interest in nature, preferring

emotion, individuality Romanticism linked to folk traditions and

nationalism. Romanticism rejects the Enlightenment ideas

that elevate reason as the ultimate reality, and validated emotion as an authentic experience of reality. Emotions of trepidation, horror, terror, and awe gain a new emphasis.

Romantic Movement

Romanticism in LiteraturePoetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited to romanticismMany British romantic poets believe nature is the source of beauty

British Romantic Poets William Wordsworth

Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems

Lord ByronDon Juan

Percy Bysshe ShelleyPrometheus Unbound (play)"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty"

John Keats"Ode on a Grecian Urn"

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (not pictured)"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a

Dream: A Fragment"

German writers

Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist.

28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832

He wrote the play Faust about a doctor who sells his soul to the devil to get whatever he wants.

German Writers

Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, known as “The Brothers Grimm” popularized stories like: Rumpelstiltskin Snow White Rapunzel Cinderella Hansel and Gretel The Frog Prince

French Romantics

Victor Hugo Les Miserables The Hunchback of

Notre Dame

Gothic Fiction

Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval castles become popular

The Castle of Otranto(1764) by Horace Walpole is considered the first gothic novel. Walpole built his English

villa Strawberry Hill in the Gothic Revival style much like a medieval castle.

Examples of Gothic Fiction

The “penny dreadful” serialized novels such as The String of Pearls: A Romance (1846-47) which debuts the character Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. “Penny dreadfuls” were the precursors to pulp fiction and the modern comic book.

Another popular penny dreadful was Varney the Vampire or The Feast of Bloodanonymously written for publication (1845-47).

Examples of Gothic Fiction

Stories by Edgar Allen Poe “The Fall of the House

of Usher” “The Pit and the

Pendulum” “The Tell Tale Heart”

Examples of Gothic Fiction The most well known

gothic novel is Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.

Composers Emphasize Emotion

Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music

Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from Enlightenment to romanticism

Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes

Ludwig van Beethoven baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26

March 1827 He was a crucial figure in the

transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and remains one of the most acclaimed and influential composers of all time.

Around 1796, Beethoven began to lose his hearing.

Beethoven's hearing loss did not prevent his composing music, but it made playing at concerts—lucrative sources of income—increasingly difficult.

Franz Liszt

October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886 Was a Hungarian composer,

virtuoso pianist and teacher. Liszt became renowned throughout

Europe during the 19th century for his great skill as a performer.

He was said by his contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced pianist of his age and perhaps the greatest pianist of all time.

Robert Schumann

8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856

German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is one of the most famous and important Romantic composers of the 19th century.

Felix Mendelssohn February 3, 1809 –

November 4, 1847 German composer,

pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.

He was born into a notable Jewish family, although he himself was brought up initially without religion, and later as a Lutheran Christian. He was recognized early as a musical prodigy

Frederic Chopin

1 March 1810 –17 October 1849

Was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the great masters of Romantic music.

The great majority of Chopin's compositions were written for the piano as solo instrument.

Hector Berlioz December 11, 1803 – March 8,

1869 French Romantic composer, best

known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem).

Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians.

Guiseppe Verdi

October 9 or 10, 1813 –January 27, 1901

an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers of the 19th century.

One of his most well known tunes is "La donna è mobile" ("Woman is fickle") from the opera Rigoletto

Richard Wagner 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883 German composer, conductor,

theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas.

Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his works.

Wagner’s music is controversial because Wagner himself was antisemitic in his essays. The Nazis appropriated much of Wagner’s writings and music for their own ends.

The Shift to Realism in the Arts

Realism – art style attempting to depict life accuratelyPaintings and novels in this style

show the working class

Photographers Capture Reality

Daguerreotypes, early photographs, are surprisingly real

They are named after their French inventor, Louis Daguerre

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Daguerreotype photos

The solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 was the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse, using the daguerreotype process.

The first authenticated image of Abraham Lincoln was this daguerreotype of him as U.S. Congressman-elect in 1846, attributed to Nicholas H. Shepard of Springfield, Ill.

The best-known image of Edgar Allan Poe was a daguerreotype taken in 1848 by W.S. Hartshorn, shortly before Poe's death.

Photographers Capture Reality

William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of photograph

Writers Study Society

Charles Dickens and Honore de Balzac write about society and class.

Some realist literature sparks reforms in working conditions.

Honoré de Balzac

French author who wrote a 100 novel series titled La Comédie humaine, “The Human Comedy,” about life in France after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Émile Zola French author who wrote

a series of realistic novels describing the conditions of French life in his time.

One series of his novels was a 21 novel series titled Les Rougon-Macquart about a family between 1852 and 1870.

One of his most famous books, Germinal, was in this series and is considered a classic in French literature.

Charles Dickens Dickens was in favor of liberal

reforms in British society, and used his realistic descriptions of the plight of the poor to promote such reform.

His serialized works were popular in the United States as well.

Works include: A Christmas Carol Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby Little Dorrit Hard Times A Tale of Two Cities David Copperfield Bleak House

Impressionists React Against Realism

A New MovementImpressionism – art style that tries to capture precise moments in time

Life in the Moment

Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of rising middle classEdgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste

Renoir also leading impressionists

Claude Monet 14 November 1840 – 5

December 1926 Founder of French

impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise

Impression, Sunrise

The Lunch on the Grass

The Woman in the Green Dress

Garden at Sainte-Adresse

Edgar Degas

19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917

French artist famous for his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking and drawing.

He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.

The Dance Class

The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of Absinthe

At the Races

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

February 25, 1841 –December 3, 1919

Leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.

The Theater Box

The Swing

On the Terrace and Dance in the City

The Bohemian

Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures

Maurice Ravel Claude Debussy