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Page 1: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas

Page 2: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Content

• Ideal Gas

Page 3: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas

• Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.

• Property relations that involve other properties of a substance at equilibrium states are also referred to as equations of state.

• There are several equations of state, some simple and others very complex.• The simplest and best‐known equation of state for substances in the gas phase is the ideal‐gas equation of state.

or    Where:

P is absolute pressure, (N/m2 or Pa or kg/ms2)v is specific volume (m3/kg)R is called the gas constant (J/kgK)T is absolute temperature (K)

Page 4: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas

• Other forms of the Ideal Gas Equations State• Pv*=RuT• PV=mRT• P=RT• PV=nRuT• P=CRuT• Pv*=MRT

• m = V/v, mass• M = v*/v, molar mass• Ru = RM, universal gas constant• = 1/v, density• C = 1/v*=m/V, mass concentration• V = total volume• n = moles• v* = molar specific volume

Page 5: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas

• Universal Gas Constant values (Ru)• 8.31447 kJ/(kgmol‐K)• 1.98588 Btu/lbmol‐R)• 0.08206 (atm‐liter)/(gmol‐K)• 0.7302 (atm‐ft3)/(lbmol‐R)• 82.057 (atm‐cm3)/(gmol‐K)• 0.08206 (atm‐m3)/(kgmol‐K)• 0.0831447 (bar‐m3)/(kgmol‐K)• 0.0831447 (bar‐liter)/(gmol‐K)• 8.31447 (kPa‐m3)/(kgmol‐K)

• 10.7316 (ft3‐lbf/in2)/(lbmol‐R)• 18510 (in3‐lbf/in2)/(lbmol‐R)• 1545.37 (lbf‐ft)/(lbmol‐R)• 847.7 (kgf‐m)/(kgmol‐K)• 1.9859 cal/(gmol‐K)• 8.3149 x 107 Erg/(gmol‐K)• 4.97 x 104 (lb‐ft2)/(lbmol‐s2‐R)

Page 6: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas

Compressibility Factor (Z)• It is a measure of deviation from ideal‐gas behavior

Percentage of error in assuming steam is an ideal gas

Page 7: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas

Other Equations of State• Van der Waals Equation of State

• Beattie‐Bridgeman Equation of State

• Benedict‐Webb‐Rubin Equation of State

Page 8: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property
Page 9: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

EXAMPLE 3‐10 Temperature Rise of Air in a Tire During a TripThe gage pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 210 kPa before a trip and 220 kPa after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. Assuming the volume of the tire remains constant and the air temperature before the trip is 25°C, determine air temperature in the tire after the trip.

Page 10: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

Data:P1 = 210 kPa, P2 = 220 kPa, Patm = 95 kPaV = constantT1 = 25°C, T2 = ?

⇒ constant

⇒ ⇒

220kPa 95kPa 25 273.15K210kPa 95kPa . . °

Page 11: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

EXAMPLE 3–11 The Use of Generalized ChartsDetermine the specific volume of refrigerant‐134a at 1 MPa and 50°C, using (a) the ideal‐gas equation of state and (b) the generalized compressibility chart. Compare the values obtained to the actual value of 0.021796 m3/kg and determine the error involved in each case.

a) 1000kPa, 50°C, ?

⇒ 0.0815kPam3/kgK TableA1

0.0815kPam3/kgK 50 273.15 K1000 kPa

. /

using ideal gas equation of state

Page 12: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

%error0.026337 0.021796

0.021796. . %

b) 1000kPa, 50°C, ? using compressibility chart

4.059MPa TableA1 ⇒1MPa

4.049MPa 0.246

374.2°C TableA1 ⇒50 273.15 K

374.2K 0.863

Page 13: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

.

.

. ⇒

0.84 0.026337m3/kg

. /

%error0.022123 0.021796

0.021796

. . %

Page 14: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

EXAMPLE 3–13 Different Methods of Evaluating Gas PressurePredict the pressure of nitrogen gas at T = 175 K and v = 0.00375 m3/kg on the basis of (a) the ideal‐gas equation of state, (b) the van der Waals equation of state, (c) the Beattie‐Bridgeman equation of state, and (d) the Benedict‐Webb‐Rubin equation of state. Compare the values obtained to the experimentally determined value of 10,000 kPa.

Page 15: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

Data:T = 175 K, v = 0.00375 m3/kgP = ? (N2)

a) Using ideal gas equation of state

⇒ N 0.2968kPam3/kgK TableA1

0.2968kPam3/kgK 175K0.00375m3/kg

,

%error13851 10000

10000 . . %

Page 16: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

b) Using van der Waals equation of state

175K, 0.00375m3/kg

0.2968kPam3/kgK TableA1

126.2K, 3.39MPa TableA1

2764

27 0.2968kPam3/kgK 126.2K64 3390kPa

0.175m6kPa/kg2

80.2968kPam3/kgK 126.2K

8 3390kPa 0.00138m3/kg

, % . %

Page 17: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

c) Using Beattie‐Bridgman equation of state

1 175K, 0.00375m3/kg

8.31447kPam3/kmolK TableA1

28.013kg/kmol 0.00375m3/kg 0.10505m3/kmol

28.013kg/kmol TableA1

FromTable3 4 a

136.23150.026170.050460.00691

4.80 10

1 102.29

1 0.05378

, % . %

Page 18: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Examples (textbook)

d) Using Benedict‐Webb‐Rubin equation of state

1 1

/

175K, 0.00375m3/kg

8.31447kPam3/kmolK TableA1

28.013kg/kmol 0.00375m3/kg 0.10505m3/kmol

28.013kg/kmol TableA1

FromTable3 4 b

2.54 106.730.002328 0.040747.379 10 8.164 101.272 10 0.0053

,

% . %

Page 19: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Homework 2b

Problems from the textbook (Thermodynamics, Yunus, 8th ed.):• Answer the following conceptual problems:

• Chapter 3, problems: 65, 66, 67, 79, 80, 93

• Choose 5 problems and answer them (those who you consider to provide better understanding to the subject seen in this section)• Chapter 3, problems: 68‐78, 81‐92, 94‐101

Page 20: 2b. Ideal Gas - ITESM. Ideal...Ideal Gas •Any equation that relates the pressure (P), temperature (T), and specific volume (v) of a substance is called an equation of state.•Property

Ideal Gas