30 May 1958, Volume 127, Number 3309

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE TheBoard of Directors

WALLACE R. BRODE, President CurrePAUL E. KLOPSTEG, President Elect mathemLAURENCE H. SNYDER, Retiring President balancePAUL M. GROSSGEORGE R. HARRISON grant thCHAUNCEY D. LAKE as well<MARGARET MEAD the fearTHOMAS PARK with noMINA RbeaWILLIAM W. RUSEYbeautyALAN T. WATERMAN The cPAUL A. ScHERER, Treasurer that couDAEL WOLFLE, Executive 01icer to follol

academiDAzL WOLFLE, Executive Oficer knowled

GRAHAM DuSsHANz, Editor languagJOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor great noROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor

-all miEditorial Board particip:

WALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. LERNER FortuBENTLEY GLASS WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. worked

EDWARD L. TATUMcannot

Editorial Staff head puSARAH S. DEES, LUCILLE GUINARD, NANCY S. EducatiHAMILTON, OLIVER W. HEATWOLE, NANCY L.JACKSON, YUKIE KOZAI, ELLEN E. MURPHY, ume getBETsHSABE PEDERSEN, MADELINE SCHNEIDER, JAC- eral edsQUELYN VOLLMER, MARIA A. WOLSAK ways of

EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative Justif

ately onSCIENCE, which is now combined with THE with fru

SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri- thing mday by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa. additiorThe joint journal is published in the SCIENCEformat. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office memorias second class matter under the Act of 3 March principl1879. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guideto Periodical Literature. a specif

Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- To teence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. involvesManuscripts should be typed with double spacing edge asand submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes noresponsibility for the safety of manuscripts or for the panthe opinions expressed by contributors. For de- questiontailed suggestions on the preparation of manu-scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science the ans125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). the ansi

Display-advertising correspondence should beaddressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42 to lightSt., New York 36, N.Y. WithChange of address notification should be sent to

1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C., impulse4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish an address parablestencil label from a recent issue. Be sure to giveboth old and new addresses, including zone num- suggestbers, if any. than seAnnual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage,

$1.50; Canadiasr postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35¢. with biCable address: Advancesci, Washington. Comnlf

SCIENCEComplete Curriculumnt proposals for increasing the emphasis on natural science andatics in college raise the question of what should be the properin general education between science and the humanities. If we.e need for more people with professional competence in science,as for more citizens with appreciation of the results of science, thenarises that our educational institutions will be turning out graduatesinterest in other forms of human endeavor and no feeling for theof ideas.question of what elements must be included in a course of study ifLrse is to be complete is not new, and the attempts to answer it tendw a definite pattern. Imagine a conference of people with diverseic backgrounds. Each participant will interpret his own specialIge as a necessary part of any plan for general culture. The chief,es, modem history, ancient history, the latest results of science, thevels-and we are still thinking only in terms of Western civilizationist go in. Topic is added to topic until it becomes apparent that theants are not just ignorant but utter dunces.inately, the way to avoid this unpleasant conclusion has also beenout before. It is to argue that a curriculum for general educationbe separated from one for special knowledge. Alfred North White-It the matter very nicely in his collection of essays on The Aims ofion (reprinted as a Mentor Book). In the essay from which the vol-ts its name he writes: "The subjects pursued for the sake of a gen-ucation are special subjects specially studied; and . . . one of theencouraging general mental activity is to foster a special devotion."fication for this union of the general and the special follows immedi-ice it is granted that the goals of education have something to doFitfulness of mind. If the study of a given subject is to mean some-nore than the memorizing of a given routine, then the study ofnal subjects is not necessarily the answer, for it may only mean theizing of additional routines. What is necessary is to set forth theles by which knowledge is come by, but to do so at once in terms ofsc use and at the same time apart from that use.each a branch of science so as to encourage general mental activitys many things. At one level it involves presenting a body of knowl-a body of knowledge-to the extent, that is, that connections amongts have been established not as a set of isolated answers to isolatedns. At a second level, it involves tracing the routes by which bothwers and questions are first suggested and the methods by whichwers become warranted as true. At a third level, it involves bringingthe individual and communal values that make science possible.proposals on hand for increasing the emphasis on science, the first

e for those concerned with general education is to call for a com-increase in emphasis on the humanities. But what we are trying tois that the way to correct specialization in science is more complexeking a point-by-point balance with other disciplines. A concernroad coverage can become the pursuit of an unattainable ideal.eteness in education moves not only horizontally but also verti-J. T.

Write a numeral here

and read it here

on new Bell Labs machineA new device invented at Bell Laboratories "reads" a numeral while it is being written

and instantly converts it into distinctive electric signals. The signals may be employed tomake a numeral light up in a display panel, as above, or they may be sent to a computer orto a magnetic "memory" for storage.

The writing is done with a metal stylus on a specially prepared surface. Two dots, oneabove the other, are used as reference points. Seven sensitized lines extend radially fromthe dots. Transistorized logic circuits recognize numerals according to which lines are crossed.

The concept of a number-reader has interestingnication from humans to machines. For example,in an adjunct to a telephone, it might provide inex-pensive means of converting handwritten data intosignals which machines can read. The signalscould be transmitted through the regular telephonenetwork to a teletypewriter or computer at a distantpoint. In this way, a salesman might quickly andeasily furnish sales data to headquarters, or amerchant might order goods from a warehouse.

Modern communication involves many morefields of inquiry than the transmission and recep-tion of sound. The experimental number-reader isbut one example of Bell Telephone Laboratorieswork to improve communications service.

possibilities as a new means of commu-

Tom Dimond, a B.S. in E.E. from the Uni-versity of Iowa, demonstrates an experi-mental model of his number-readinginvention. A similar device can also be madeto read alphabetical characters. Small sizeand low power requirements result fromtransistor circuitry.

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MeetingsArid Lands Conference

The UNESCO-Iran Symposium onSalinity Problems in the Arid Zones willbe held in Teheran, 11-15 October.Under the Arid Zone Program ofUNESCO, symposia on subjects of topi-cal interest in arid zone research, suchas hydrology, plant ecology, wind andsolar energy, or climatology, have beenorganized each year. The advisory Com-mittee on Arid Zone Research, at its 11thsession, suggested that a symposium

should be organized to deal with prob-lems of salinity of land and water, espe-cially with reference to the purificationof salt water and the utilization of salinewater by plants and animals. The IranianGovernment offered to be host to thesymposium, the aim of which is to bringtogether a number of scientists to presentand discuss original research papers onthese problems.The Iranian Government will invite

selected participants from countries inNorth Africa, the Middle East, andSouth Asia. UNESCO will ensure theparticipation of a number of scientistsfrom other parts of the world. It is hoped

SUBSCRIPTION PRICES SLASHEDON SOVIET CHEMISTRY TRANSLATIONS

Consultants Bureau is pleased to announce a major achieve-ment in our program to reduce the prices of our cover-to-cover translations of Soviet scientific journals.

A grant from the National Science Foundation has made possible reduc-tions of up to 90% in the annual subscription prices of three majorSoviet chemical journals in complete translation. These price slashes,effective with the first issues of 1957, put these cover-to-cover trans-lations well within the reach of even the most limited library andresearch laboratory budgets.

The journals affected are: (Formerprice)

Journal of General Chemistry(Zhurnal Obschei Khimii). Oldestand major Soviet chemical journal-theoretical and experimental re-ports in organic, analytical andphysical chemistry. 12 issues peryear, approximately 3600 pages. $170.00

Journal of Applied Chemistry(Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii). Allaspects of applied chemical research.Reports from research institutes andUSSR factory laboratories. 12 issuesper year, approximately 2000 pages. 95.00

Non-profitNew research andprice* academic

institutions*

$90.00 $30.00

60.00 20.00Bulletin of the Academy of SciencesUSSR, Div. Chem. Sci.(Izvestiya Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdel.Khim. Nauk). Research reports inall fields of chemistry, by leadingmembers of the Soviet Academy ofSciences. General, organic, inor-ganic, physical and biological chem-istry. 12 issues per year, approxi-mately 1500 pages. 150.00 45.00 15.00

*Foreign subscriptions $5.00 higher.These cover-to-cover translations by Consultants Bureau bilingual chemists areclearly reproduced by the multilith process from IBM cold-type composition.All tabular material, diagrams and photographs are reproduced, integral withthe text. Each issue is staple bound and is mailed to subscribers immediatelyon publication.

For free Tables of Contents to these and other CB translations of Russian scientificjournals in the chemical, physical and biological sciences, and for free catalogs,write to Dept. S.

CONSULTANTS BUREAU, INC.227 West 17th Street, New York 11, N. Y.Telephone: ALgonquin 5-0713 Cable: CONBUREAU NEWYORK

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that, in addition, some specialists will beable to attend at their own or their insti-tutions' expense. The total participationwill not exceed 60 persons.The Natural Sciences Department of

UNESCO, 19 Avenue Kleber, Paris 16,will be responsible for the coordinationand scheduling of contributions so as toachieve a well-balanced program. Someof the participants invited by UNESCOwill be asked to present papers of a moregeneral character to serve as an intro-duction to the various sections.The Iranian Government has estab-

lished an organizing committee that isresponsible for all the local arrange-ments. The executive secretary of thiscommittee is Prof. H. Behnia, Rue Han-djani, Avenue Parse, Teheran.

Nuclear Reactor Technology

The Oak Ridge National Laboratoryhas announced that the second confer-ence in a series of unclassified meetingson the role of analytical chemistry in nu-clear reactor technology will be held inthe Civic Auditorium at Gatlinburg,Tenn., 29 September-1 October. Thismeeting is a continuation of the firstconference, which was held at Gatlin-burg in November 1957. Any worker inthe field who feels that he has someworthwhile contribution to offer is in-vited to participate in the program. Pa-pers that may require up to 30 minutesfor presentation will be considered. Ab-stracts of approximately 200 wordsshould be submitted by 1 July. All manu-scripts received before 1 October will bepublished in the proceedings. For fur-ther information write to C. D. Susano,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O.Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Anniversary for Chemical Engineers

The American Institute of ChemicalEngineers will celebrate its 50th anni-versary in Philadelphia, Pa., 22-27 June.Theme of this golden jubilee celebrationwill be "A Look to the Future." Thetechnical program will summarize 50years of progress in chemical engineer-ing. There will be more than 80 papersin 13 different symposia. A keynote ad-dress will be delivered at a special sessionby Monroe E. Spaght, executive vicepresident of Shell Oil Company. Craw-ford H. Greenewalt, president of E. I.duPont de Nemours, will address thebanquet.

American Nuclear Society

A total of 190 papers will be presentedin 24 sessions at the fourth annual meet-ing of the American Nuclear Society, in

SCIENCE, VOL. 127

Los Angeles, Calif., 2-5 June. The Stat-ler Hotel will serve as headquarters, andW. E. Parkins is local program chairman.The program includes two special ses-sions: one on radiation damage in metal-lic fuels and a second on shielding. Othersessions will concern all phases of nuclearscience and engineering. Two sessionsof the Nuclear Codes Group will be heldconcurrently with the meeting.

This is the first ANS meeting to beheld on the West Coast, and the South-ern California Section will act as localhost. Chauncey Starr, vice president ofAtomics International, is honorary chair-man, and W. R. Hainsworth, vice presi-dent for research of the Fluor Corpora-tion, Ltd., is general chairman. Between1200 and 1500 scientists and engineersare expected to attend. For information,write to the American Nuclear Society,Inc., Box 963, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Mucopolysaccharides

A Conference on the Chemical andPhysical Structure of Mucopolysaccha-rides will be held 5-6 June at CastleHill, Ipswich, Mass. The conference issponsored by the National Science Foun-dation and organized by the RetinaFoundation. The proceedings will not bepublished. In addition to the 40 invitedparticipants, only 20 scientists may at-tend because of the limitations of spaceand accommodations. For further infor-mation write to Dr. Endre A. Balazs orDr. Roger Jeanloz (program directors)at 30 Chambers St., Boston 14, Mass.

Forthcoming Events

June29-2. American Astronomical Soc.,

Madison, Wis. (J. A. Hynek, SmithsonianAstrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden St.,Cambridge 38, Mass.)

29-4. National Education Assoc.,Cleveland, Ohio. (W. G. Carr, NEA,1201 16 St., NW, Washington 6.)

30-5. High Energy Nuclear PhysicsConi., annual (by invitation), Geneva,Switzerland. (CERN, Geneva 23.)

July

4-6. Astronomical League, Ithaca, N.Y.(Miss W. A. Cherup, 4 Klopfer St., Mill-vale, Pittsburgh 9, Pa.)

6-12. Cancer Cong., 7th intern., Lon-don, England. (H. F. Dorn, National Inst.of Health, Bethesda 14, Md.)

6-12. Research and Development Engi-neering Seminar, 2nd annual, UniversityPark, Pa. (Extension Conference Center,Pennsylvania State Univ., UniversityPark.)

7-9. Exchange of Knowledge in a Di-vided World, Chicago, Ill. (H. W. Winger,Graduate Library School, Univ. of Chi-cago, Chicago 37.)30 MAY 1958

CAPACITY 2610 Gram SENSITIVITY 0.1 Gram.... ATTACHMENT WEIGHT SET #707This handy weight rack fits under base of scale.Extends capacity to 2610 Gram. List price $5.00

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The Beginnings of Embryonic DevelopmentAAAS Symposium Volume No. 48 Published July 1957

Edited by Albert Tyler, California Institute of TechnologyR. C. von Borstel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Charles B. Metz, The Florida State University

6 x 9 inches, 408 pages, 132 illustrations, references,subject and author index, clothbound

Price $8.75, AAAS members' prepaid order price $7.50

A symposium on "Formation and Early Development of the Em-bryo", held 27 December, 1955, at the Second Atlanta Meeting ofthe AAAS, served as the basis for this volume. Emphasis was placedon the problems of early development and of the initiation of de-velopment. The investigations presented in the various communica-tions cover both descriptive and experimental work on the biologicaland chemical levels. Apart from their intrinsic interest and themeasure of progress that they provide, the specific discoveries andanalyses presented serve to exemplify various approaches towardthe understanding of the manner in which sperm and egg contriveto produce a new individual.

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The American Association for theAdvancement of Science announcesthree new symposium volumes ofthe utmost importance to psychia-trists, neurologists, clinical psy-chologists, physiologists, pharma-cologists, and biochemists-and ofgreat interest to the general public.

Tranquilizing Drugs6" x 9", 205 pp., 32 illus., refer-ences, index, cloth, March 1957.Price $5.00. AAAS Members' cashorder price $4.50.

Psychopharmacology6" x 9", 175 pp., bibliographies,index, cloth, 1956. Price $3.50.AAAS Members' cash order price$3.00.

Alcoholism-Basic Aspects and Treatment

6" x 9", 220 pp., 33 illus., refer-ences, index, cloth, May 1957.Price $5.75. AAAS Members'cash order price $5.00.

AAAS Publications1515 Mass. Aye., NW, Washington 5, D.C.

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7-11. Technical and Industrial Com-munications Inst., Fort Collins, Col.(Chairman, Dept. of English and ModernLanguages, Colorado State Univ., FortCollins.)

7-12. Nuclear Physics, intern. cong.,IUPAP, Paris, France. (C.I.P.N., Institutdu Radium, II, rue Pierre Curie, Paris 50.)

8-11. Institute of the Aeronautical Sci-ences, summer, Los Angeles, Calif. (S. P.Johnston, IAS, 2 E. 64 St., New York 21.)

9-15. Zoological Nomenclature Collo-quium, London, England. (F. Hemming,28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, Lon-don, N.W. l.)

10-14. Research Methods in Soil Zool-ogy, colloquium, Harpenden, Hertford-shire, England. (P. W. Murphy, Rotham-sted Experimental Station, Harpenden.)

15-22. Association Frangaise pourl'Avancement des Sciences, 77th cong.,Namur, Belgium. (AFAS, 28, rue Ser-pente, Paris VI1, France.)

15-23. Educational Treatment of Deaf-ness, Intern. cong., Manchester, England.(A. W. G. Ewing, Dept. of Educationof the Deaf, Univ. of Manchester, Man-chester 13.)

16-23. Zoology, 15th Intern. cong.,London, England. (H. R. Hewer, /oBritish Museum of Natural History,Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.)

21-24. High Polymer Conf., Intern.,Nottingham, England. (Conference Sec-retariat, Dept. of Scientific and Indus-trial Research, Charles House, 5-11,Regent St., London, S.W.1.)

24-25. Computers and Data Process-ing, 5th annual symp., Denver, Col.(Electronics Div., Denver Research Inst.,Univ. of Denver, Denver 10.)

25-29. Chromatic Discrimination inAnimals and Man, ICSU symp., Paris,France. (H. Pieron, College de France,Place Marcelin-Berthelot, Paris 50.)

28-30. Regulation of Cell Metabolism,Ciba Foundation symp. (by invitation),London, England. (G. E. W. Wolsten-holme, 41 Portland PI., London, W.1.)

28-2. Home Economics, 9th intern.cong., College Park, Md. (Congress Di-rector, American Home Economics Assoc.,1600 20 St., NW, Washington 9.)

28-,8. Statistical Summer Seminar, Ded-ham, Mass. (I. Weiss, Bell TelephoneLabs., North Andover, Mass.)

August

7-9. Electron Microscope Soc., annual,Los Angeles, Calif. (C. M. Schwartz,Battelle Memorial Inst., 505 King Ave.,Columbus 1, Ohio.)

10-16. Radiation Research, intern.cong., Burlington, Vt. (H. M. Patt, Ar-gonne National Lab., P.O. Box 299, Le-mont, Ill.)

13-15. Electronic Standards and Meas-urements Conf., Boulder, Colo. (J. F.Brockman, National Bureau of Standards,Boulder.)

13-19. Seaweed Symposium, 3rd In-tern., Galway, Ireland. (C. 0. hEocha,Chemistry, Department, University Col-lege, Galway.)

13-20. International Astronomical Un-ion, 10th general -assembly, Moscow,U.S.S.R. (P. Th. Oosterhoff, IAU, Lei-den Observatory, Leiden, Netherlands.)

EquipmentThe information reported here is obtained

from manufacturers and from other sources con-sidered to be reliable. Science does not assumeresponsibility for the accuracy of the informa-tion. A coupon for use in making inquiries con-concerning the items listed appears on page 1302.

* LINEAR RATE METER converts randomlyspaced input pulses into an averagecount-rate per minute. Count rate is in-dicated in seven linear ranges or in alogarithmic scale. The latter permitsinitial estimates over a range of 30 to300,000 count/min to guide selectionof the optimum linear scale. Output isavailable for operation of a chart re-corder. (Technical Associates, Dept. 75)

* NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPEC-TROMETER achieves improved resolutionand increased sensitivity by operating inthe 60-Mcy/sec frequency range insteadof the 40-Mcy/sec range. This change ismade possible by the development of anew magnet producing a field of 14,000gauss with the same absolute field uni-formity and stability as the previouslyused 9400-gauss field. Additional fea-tures of the new instrument are reducedsensitivity to room- and water-tempera-ture fluctuations and the capability ofoperating over a wide range of fieldstrengths. (Varian Associates, Dept. 77)

E PROJECTION METER combines a metermovement, 0- to 1-ma d-c in a standardinstrument, and a projector as a unit.The instrument is used on the lecturetable along with associated equipment.The meter movement is protected fromheat by being located at the bottom ofthe instrument. Interchangeable scalesare available in many ranges. Scalelength at projection distance of 6.5 ftis 30 in. (Williamson Development Co.,Inc., Dept. 79)

E FREQUENCY CHANGER provides powerof variable frequency for equipmentdrawing up to 100 va. Frequency rangeis 45 to 2000 cy/sec. An auxiliary inputpermits use of an external signal of pre-cise frequency to control the output fre-quency. Input voltage range is 105 to125 v at 45 to 65 cy/sec. Output voltageis 0 to 135 v with ± 1 percent regulationfor line or load variations. Distortion is1 percent maximum over the outputrange 75 to 125 v at temperatures from0 to 400C ambient. (Sorensen and Co.,Inc., Dept. 80)

* PULSE-HEIGHT ANALYZER scans continu-ously between base-line settings of 0 and100 v, with a complete scan representing20 in. of recorder paper travel. Chartspeed may be varied from 7.5 to 240in./hr. The instrument combines a di-rect-writing strip-chart recorder, a linearamplifier and single-channel pulse-height

SCIENCE, VOL. 121