30 YEARS OF COASTWATCH DATA

Digitisation and analysis of historic observations made by the Irish

Coastal Environment Group Coastwatch Ireland

Small Scale Study 2017-W-SS-32

Coastwatch Europe

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2017-W-SS-32

Digitisation and analysis of historic observations made by the Irish Coastal

Environment Group Coastwatch Ireland

This Small Scale Study was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)

Prepared by Ángel Duarte Campos

Technical Coordinator

Coastwatch Europe

November 2017 – February 2018

Compilation of reports, floppy disk and CDs and notes on the Coastwatch Survey history and the

Survey Questionnaire

by

Karin Dubsky

International Coordinator

Coastwatch Europe

Coastwatch wishes to thank all the volunteers that participate every year giving their time and energy for free.

The Coastwatch data is distributed under a Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA

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Contents

1. INTRODUCITON ................................................................................................................................................ 4

1.1. Summary of Coastwatch Survey over the last 30 years .............................................................................. 4

1.2. Coastwatch Survey Aims ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.3. Coastwatch Survey Methods ..................................................................................................................... 6

2. METHODS ......................................................................................................................................................... 9

3. RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 12

3.2. Changes of the Survey Questionnaire over time ...................................................................................... 14

A5 How well do you know your survey unit? ............................................................................................. 16

A6 From present knowledge - is this unit (or part of) an officially designated area? ................................. 16

A7 If your unit is an officially designated area, tick which nature &/or human use designations/permits

apply .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

A8 Is there direct access to your coastal unit from land down to high water? .......................................... 18

B1 What is the immediate hinterland mainly devoted to? ........................................................................ 19

B2 Inflow type and size .............................................................................................................................. 20

B2 Inflow quality indicators ........................................................................................................................ 21

B2 Testing inflows ...................................................................................................................................... 22

B3 If you know the survey unit well, estimate the frequency of sewage pollution incidents .................... 23

C1 Splash zone width ................................................................................................................................. 24

C2 What is the splash zone covered in ...................................................................................................... 25

D1 Intertidal width ..................................................................................................................................... 26

D2 What is the intertidal surface composed of? ........................................................................................ 26

D3 Which of the following plants and seaweeds did you find in the intertidal area at time of survey? .... 27

D5 Indicate which of the animals listed below you found alive or dead .................................................... 28

D5 Animal counts ....................................................................................................................................... 29

E1 Large litter items ................................................................................................................................... 30

E2 Litter counts .......................................................................................................................................... 31

E3 Small litter items ................................................................................................................................... 32

E3 Fishing litter .......................................................................................................................................... 33

F1 Has recent weather made the appearance of your coastal unit change? ............................................. 34

F2 Has the shore been cleaned within the last week? ............................................................................... 34

F4 Do you have evidence of a serious risk and/or imminent planned change for the worse? .................. 35

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3.3. Data and graphs ....................................................................................................................................... 36

A1 Coast surveyed ..................................................................................................................................... 37

A5 How well do you know your survey unit? ............................................................................................. 38

A7 From present knowledge - is this unit (or part of) an officially designated area? ................................. 39

A7 If your unit is an officially designated area, tick which nature &/or human use designations/permits

apply .......................................................................................................................................................... 40

A8 Is there direct access to your coastal unit from land down to high water? .......................................... 45

B1 What is the immediate hinterland mainly devoted to? ........................................................................ 48

B2 Inflow type and size .............................................................................................................................. 55

B2 Inflow quality indicators ........................................................................................................................ 59

B2 Testing inflows ...................................................................................................................................... 64

B3 If you know the survey unit well, estimate the frequency of sewage pollution incidents .................... 67

C1 Splash zone width ................................................................................................................................. 68

C2 What is the splash zone covered in ...................................................................................................... 69

D1 Intertidal width ..................................................................................................................................... 70

D2 What is the intertidal surface composed of? ........................................................................................ 70

D3 Which of the following plants and seaweeds did you find in the intertidal area at time of survey? .... 71

D5 Indicate which of the animals listed below you found alive or dead .................................................... 72

D5 Animal counts ....................................................................................................................................... 76

E1 Large litter items ................................................................................................................................... 81

E2 Litter counts .......................................................................................................................................... 86

E3 Small litter items ................................................................................................................................... 92

E3 Fishing litter .......................................................................................................................................... 98

F1 Has recent weather made the appearance of your coastal unit change? ............................................. 99

F2 Has the shore been cleaned within the last week? ............................................................................. 100

F4 Do you have evidence of a serious risk and/or imminent planned change for the worse? ................ 101

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 107

ANNEX I: LIST OF DIGITIZED DOCUMENTS ....................................................................................................... 109

ANNEX II: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 2017 ........................................................................................................ 111

ANNEX III: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 1987 ....................................................................................................... 117

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1. INTRODUCITON

1.1. Summary of Coastwatch Survey over the last 30 years

The Coastwatch Survey was first designed and tried in Ireland in 1987. It was published as an invite to Irish

Times readers on Sept 7th 19871 to get out onto any seashore on the island of Ireland at low tide with a copy

of the Irish Times and complete a survey form over roughly 500 m of shore (see the original questionnaire

printed in the Irish Times in Annex III). The form had just been designed by Karin Dubsky a TCD coastal

zoologist in collaboration with Frank McDonald, IT journalist. The form was designed as a shore audit page

where you ticked or commented on what you saw that weekend and then posted back results for analyses.

Then, 759 of the responses received were analysed part manually and part by very large computer and results

published a few weeks later2.

These came to the attention of EC DG environment staff who supported an international pilot (carried out

simultaneously in 10 counties) and development of the methodology in 1988. It was piloted on a small scale in

eight European countries that same year. The following year, 1989, saw the first large scale survey, being

carried out simultaneously in 10 countries: Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland,

Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy, in the same two week period and covering thousands of kilometres

of coastline. The same questionnaire was used in all countries, translated as necessary. The International

Coordination of Coastwatch Europe was (and still is) based in Dublin.

1989 to 1999: The first decade

This first synchronised survey was run in 1989 using the EC CORINE map coding of country and county, further

subdivided clockwise into 5km ‘blocks’ that were marked by hand on OS maps. In Ireland, the survey was run

by the founder, Karin Dubsky, under the auspices of the new Irish Coastal Environment Group. A structure was

set up. County coordinators were sought – local authority environment staff, school teachers, Marca groups,

boat clubs etc. These volunteers did Trojan work contacting their networks and seeking block coordinators

who would book 5 km blocks to survey and then divide them into 10 survey units of 500m length of shore.

Internationally all used the same coast divisions and survey base questions which were also numbered in the

same way and then translated by national coordinators into relevant languages. Interpretations were agreed

in annual fine tuning meetings and fieldwork and set out as guide notes. This identical shore division method

and tightly agreed survey questions, with numeric codes for each parameter, could then be used to identify

any site and answers to any question, even if one didn’t have the language. International data analyses took

place in Ireland and was fed back as raw data and summary to national coordinators who then produced

national reports. International summary reports were then published on select data with highest reliability,

which tended to be litter data. Biodiversity questions were well answered in countries where training was

provided.

1 https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1987/0917/Pg011.html#Ar01102

2https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1987/1022/Pg013.html#Ar01301

https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1987/1023/Pg015.html#Ar01501

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The Irish Coastal Environment Group became known by this shore audit as ‘Coastwatch’ and the international

network of environmental groups and education establishments who collaborated on the survey became

known as Coastwatch Europe.

Survey methods were refined over the next year and the questions streamlined to one international base

questionnaire, augmented by national or regional survey questions. Coastwatch Europe grew rapidly as a

‘citizen science’ project before the term became popular. Depending on country, survey forms were either

printed in the media (in Ireland that included the Irish Times, RTE guide and Inshore Ireland), or on forms

circulated via scouts, schools or a mix of individual volunteers and groups. In some countries it became

formalised in the school curriculum and booklets for fieldwork education with coastal information and survey

guide notes were produced. By 1993 Coastwatch Europe had the largest systematic annual coastal data

output with > 10 000 sites per annum and kept that going for five years running, coordinated from Ireland.

2000 - 2011: The Coastwatch network speciation phase

Coastwatch countries and regions became involved in new idea testing, follow up work using data collected

and seeking to use new social media, online forms and GIS. Young companies were becoming involved in

several countries. In Eastern European countries the fall of communism and new opportunities brought

massive changes to coastal use, law and attitude. In some countries, governments and agencies had started

paying for select data collection which would then cover other survey costs. All this led to rapid ‘speciation’

with many different experiments and major data ownership and cost issues arising as new management and

tech companies had different views in several countries.

In Ireland, as in most other countries, small pilot and test surveys and trial on-line versions were run from

2003 onward. Some focussed on archaeology, others on sewage pollution patterns in an area with

Coastwatch adapted faecal strep MPC tube test incubated in slow cookers. One larger trial to mention was

the Irish Bathing water survey 2007 and 2008. This used select questions from the Coastwatch survey

questionnaire augmented by extra sections on ‘Threat/Risk to Bathers or site’ and then introduced a whole

new Coastwatch beach rating with scores. These surveys were run during the bathing season and select data

published in the Sunday Tribune. While not suitable for this autumn survey timeline, there may be merit in

rerunning the same bathing water survey and rating this year and comparing results for 100 bathing waters a

decade on.

This means that for this period there would be little comparable autumn data to include in the timelines.

2012 - 2017: Modern phase

After several initiatives to bring the Coastwatch survey to modern GIS map and online information at costs

which are affordable to an NGO working on a shoe string, the first robust, workable and affordable online

system for identifying survey units in Ireland was designed by Angel Duarte, who worked as post graduate

intern with Coastwatch. After a pilot test the new system was used successfully in autumn 2012 and then

further refined as surveyors raised issues or made suggestions. This period has brought the most significant

advance in Coastwatch as citizen science project since the conception and first 5 years of rapid international

development.

From 2012 on, the coast was digitised and divided down to 500m survey units. Rather than having block

coordinators booking a whole 5 km survey block, dividing it up on a map, marking the code for each survey

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unit and then giving copies out to friends, pupils or colleagues, now any volunteer can go online to zoom in to

their area and click on a survey unit to get the unique code. This means that they can chose and book a survey

unit and download all the information in a fraction of time. However, the community planning and whole

block returns reduced significantly.

While survey forms are still produced in hard copy as preferred for fieldwork, surveyors are encouraged to

download them from the Coastwatch website. Guide notes, ID pictures and notes on biota can also be

downloaded but most now don’t print these but simply download them onto their phones to refer to even if

there is no internet access on the shore.

Other important change in the third decade is the way data is now presented. From bar and pie charts

supplemented with surveyor comments with the odd site pinpointed, the 2012 onward data for Ireland is now

mapped using advance GIS tools which also allows for advanced spatial analysis and overlay of Coastwatch

data on official data sets such as the EPA water data on catchments.ie. This last development also became a

gateway to volunteers becoming acquainted with this EPA website, the WFD, the MSFD, etc.

International convergence

After several years of running parallel but no longer compatible surveys and drop out of more and more

countries, Portugal, Spain, UK, Romania (and now Malta as new country) have been digitised using the new

method developed in Ireland and further countries around the Baltic sea decided to join in late 2017.

Assuming some support can be raised a first large scale pilot synchronised in 4 European seas is planned for

autumn 2018.

1.2. Coastwatch Survey Aims

1) To gather a large amount of basic data on the state of the European coastline in a form that is directly

comparable between countries.

2) To raise public awareness of their local coastline and promote a positive attitude to coastline protection.

3) To provide an indication of the problems and threats to the coastline, and instigate and advise on remedial

and protective follow up work.

4) To make use of expertise and knowledge of the coastal zone found locally, but previously little used.

1.3. Coastwatch Survey Methods

The Coastwatch autumn survey is carried out by members of the public (anyone with an interest in the

environment and the coastal zone can participate). It involves walking a chosen piece of coast (500m) once

around low tide. The surveyors are asked to fill in a questionnaire for each survey site, designed to give an

overview of the state of the coast – see www.coastwatch.org. It takes place in the months of September and

October.

A survey site or survey unit (s.u.) is a stretch of shore approximately 500m long as measured along mean high

tide mark. The width covers the sea shore from start of the hinterland down to the edge of shallow water at

low tide.

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While the basic survey method has not changed, the way in which the coast is divided into 500m survey units

and made available to surveyors has evolved. Up until 2012, the coastline was being divided into 500 metre

units by hand on paper maps. In 2012 the coast was digitized and divided using GIS in an attempt to improve

accuracy, to make the survey unit maps widely available and to allow for mapping of results.

As in previous years, each coastal unit was given a unique code based on the EC NUTCODE system, with

counties numbered in clockwise direction, and with further numerical codes for the 5 km blocks within each

county and finally the 10 units within each block. Smaller islands around Ireland have been digitised on

request.

Surveyors go online http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/cwsurveyunits to bring up the digitised Coastwatch

survey units and zoom in on a potential survey area. The shore is hugged by a line with marked blue and white

increments which denote a 500m s.u. Volunteers click on a chosen unit to bring up the unique survey unit

identification code. This is copied onto the survey questionnaire and is notified to Coastwatch to update the

bookings map. To avoid duplication, booked sites are marked yellow and once data is returned, they are

changed to green.

Those who do not have online facilities are helped by regional or national coordinators, who provided hard

copies of survey forms and a map of an area to survey after discussing their preferred locations over the

phone or email.

Some training sessions are provided before the survey. These are most useful where new surveyors are

involved and where a larger area may be covered and divided up between surveyor pairs, or groups in case of

school classes or scouts.

Materials

The main survey materials include the the Coastwatch Survey questionnaire, Survey guide notes and ID

posters, the Survey unit map, information about the tides, online input forms, picture submission through the

website and extra materials (such us Harbour Waste Management questionnaire, Seaweed module, Micro-

litter app…).

Nowadays, all these materials are available online and also distributed through regional coordinators, or

posted out on request.

Coordination and Communication

Regional coordinators work imaginatively to invite participants and answer surveyor questions in ‘their

county’. They support survey site allocation to those who were unable to go online and many held or even

distribute materials or run training events supported by Coastwatch HQ. Some also do extensive survey work

themselves. Surveyors are targeted through the existing network from previous surveys, as well as canvassing

via media and social media. Most years, the budget does not allow running of advertisements.

Data compilation and analysis

Surveyors returned the hardcopies of the Survey questionnaire by post or through the regional coordinators.

These were then inputted into a database by Coastwatch team members and volunteers. In most recent years

this was combined with online input forms, which have been made available to surveyors reducing the

workload for the Survey coordination.

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Verification and Follow up

Some verification work is done where doubt about the data is raised. The information given is checked and

verified through surveyor photos and/or contacting surveyors. The same is done for records of select species

(Seagrass Zostera, Honeycomb Sabellaria). This verification work depends also on availability of funds.

Follow up

Advice is provided where a surveyor discovered something which requires prompt action. Often surveyors

plan follow up action themselves, but want to know where to look for official information or who has

responsibility to enforce legislation. Most answers were provided by Coastwatch coordination, occasionally

augmented or confirmed by our legal advisor. Follow up work is conducted all year round and some of it is

publish in the results reports as case studies.

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2. METHODS

The objectives of this Small Scale Study funded by the EPA (as described in the project application) are:

1) Compilation of select historic Coastwatch Survey data, 1887 to 2017 for Ireland (output: digitized reports

and compiled database going back to 1987).

2) Tracking changes of questions over time (output: flow chart tracing changes in the questionnaire over time).

3) Analysing data trends since 1887 focusing on select parameters (output: producing some coastal status

trend data in graphics, report, and maps).

The development of the project was divided in 5 phases.

Phase 1: Compilation of hard copies and digital media

As contemplated in the project application, Coastwatch International coordinator, Karin Dubsky, set out to

gather all the available Coastwatch Survey data including hardcopies (reports and data tables) and digital

media (floppy disks and CDs). These were pulled from TCD and Coastwatch storage and obtained by

contacting former technical coordinators and regional coordinators. These materials were handed over to the

main author of this report (part in person and part by post).

Phase 2: processing files and documents

Hard copies: This included Survey reports and questionnaires. The first step was scanning all the documents

(automatically in the case of loose pages and manually in the case of bound documents). The second step was

converting these into searchable and editable documents. This was done using Optical Character recognition

Software (Tesseract). The third step was reviewing the resulting documents and making the appropriate

corrections (OCR inaccuracies and format clean-up). The resulting files were saved in .odt format.

Digital media: The files contained in the CDs and floppy disks compiled were extracted, reviewed and

classified. The necessary format changes were performed.

All the resulting files have been stored in the cloud (Dropbox) and in physical hard drives.

Phase 3: Analysing questionnaire changes

The questionnaires gathered were reviewed thoroughly and compared. The changes in the wording of

questions or parameters were noted, as well as the removal, addition or merging of parameters and

categories, in order to produce diagrams illustrating the evolution of the survey questionnaire over the years.

These diagrams mimic the structure of the latest survey questionnaire (2017). This was used as the template

from which to trace the changes. See annex II.

Phase 4: data extraction

The documents and files produced were carefully reviewed and all the numeric data was extracted:

a) Part of the data was extracted from printed data tables (that were included as an annex to the survey

reports or printed on their own):

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b) Other data was extracted from the text in the Survey reports:

c) Finally, data was also drawn from the graphs included in the survey reports. Some had data labes:

Others didn’t have data labels:

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In this second case, data was extracted using a WebPlotDigitizer (see image below). The software would take

measurements (in pixels) and calibrate them using the values in the x or y axis.

In such cases there could be an error margin of up to 0.9% (although it would normally be below 0.5%). This

error margin was calculated taking measurements of points with known values in the graph area (e.g. grid

lines or axis). These values will be marked in purple in the data tables found throughout this report.

Phase 5: Database creation

The data extracted was entered into a flat-file database. The complete database has been saved in .dbf

format.

All the parameters in this database are expressed as percentage of survey units. Thus, N would be the total

number of units surveyed each year. There are only 3 exceptions:

a) Inflow data (type, size, quality indicators) is expressed as a percentage of the total number of inflows found.

The total number of inflows found is also included in the database as a whole number.

b) Water quality results (nitrate, phosphate…) are expresses as a percentage of the number of inflows tested

(this value is also stored in the database as a whole number).

c) Counts (animals and litter) are expressed as average number of individuals/items per survey unit.

Some of the parameters found in the reports were expressed as percentage of responses (i.e. multiple choice

questions where the number of responses would be greater than the number of units surveyed). In order to

have a homogenous and comparable dataset, these were recalculated as percentage of survey units. These

values often had only one decimal place and the recalculation yielded figures that may have a small error

margin (and will be marked in blue in the data tables in the results section).

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3. RESULTS

3.1. Overview

The Coastwatch Survey dataset for the island of Ireland presented here includes information gathered by

volunteers carrying out the Survey in 20086 sites (of 500m each) in autumn (most between Sept 15th and Oct

15th ) from 1987 to 2017.

For the purpose of this study, the survey data can be divided into two groups. The first group would include

the years 2012 to 2017 for which a complete database is available (that is data for each individual survey site).

For this period data can be compared by location thanks to the introduction of a GIS based system.

The second group would include the years 1987 to 2011. This period would constitute the main subject of this

report. The effort to gather all the available Coastwatch Survey data yielded 60 hardcopies (mostly survey

reports and questionnaires). Of these, 48 documents were found relevant and were therefore digitized (see

methods and annex I). Additionally, 18 CDs and 27 floppy disks were found. Of the CDs, 8 contained data that

was somehow relevant. It was all for the period of 2004 to 2007 and it consisted of some survey pictures, two

survey unit maps from the Dublin area and questionnaires from the 2006 and 2007 spring surveys (that are

not relevant for this project). Regarding the floppy disks, 5 were unreadable and the others contained files

that weren’t survey related and data form the Spanish surveys between 1994- 97 (that is not relevant here).

Unfortunately no computerized databases could be retrieved for this period. All the data had to be compiled

from hardcopies (reports and printed data tables). This meant that only pooled data could be obtained. That is

pooled data for All Ireland or the Republic of Ireland, depending on the year. However, there were some

samples of data by county (e.g. Meath litter data, number of units survey by county in some reports, etc.) that

could be used for a case study.

There are 3 years when the survey didn’t take place: 1988, 1996 and 2006. The first one, 1988, was a year

when new materials were being tried out and an international pilot survey conducted. The second, 1996, was

a transition year dedicated to strengthening the international network and carrying out follow up work based

on the information gathered in previous surveys.

The larger amount of data was found for the decade of the 1990’s (including 1989) when financial support

from the EC and others was strongest and when survey participation was at its highest. For the years between

2004 and 2011 very little data was found. The Coastwatch team could only find two questionnaires for 2009

and 2010 and a short litter report for 2010. Data does exist for this interval of time (with the exception of

2006 when the survey didn’t take place) but this was a peak experimental period with small surveys and focus

on particular types of shore so the data might not be comparable. However there might be some other data

for that period which is not useful for trend lines but may be useful for other work, e.g. a focus on harbour

waste management in 27 harbours, 100 beach surveys augmented by scores for a range of quality parameters

on the shore and public information. In each case, core Coastwatch survey methodology was adapted to the

new task.

The table overleaf gives an overview of data included. There are some years where the survey was carried out

just in the Republic of Ireland and others when it took place in both North and South simultaneously and with

a common coordination. For the latter, the results presented in this report include pooled data for All Ireland.

The separate dataset for the Republic of Ireland has also been extracted but it is, in most cases, smaller.

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Year No of s.u. Area covered Questionnaire Report Printed data

tables Comp.

database Data included

1987 759 Rep. of Ireland Yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

1988 - No survey

1989 2870 All Ireland Yes yes yes no All Ireland

1990 987 Rep. of Ireland yes yes yes no Rep. of Ireland

1991 1330 Rep. of Ireland Yes yes yes no Rep. of Ireland

1992 1356 Rep. of Ireland Yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

1993 1011 Rep. of Ireland Yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

1994 1377 Rep. of Ireland Yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

1995 706 Rep. of Ireland Yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

1996 - No survey

1997 1304 All Ireland yes yes no no All Ireland

1998 866 All Ireland yes yes no no All Ireland

1999 1071 All Ireland yes yes yes no All Ireland

2000 1198 All Ireland yes yes no no All Ireland

2001 859 All Ireland yes yes yes no Rep. of Ireland

2002 815 All Ireland yes yes no no All Ireland

2003 28 Rep. of Ireland yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

2004 ND no no no no

2005 ND no no no no

2006 - No survey

2007 ND no no no no

2008 ND no no no no

2009 ND yes no no no

2010 121 Rep. of Ireland yes yes no no Rep. of Ireland

2011 ND no no no no

2012 401 Rep. of Ireland yes yes yes yes Rep. of Ireland

2013 547 All Ireland yes yes yes yes All Ireland

2014 610 All Ireland yes yes yes yes All Ireland

2015 564 All Ireland yes yes yes yes All Ireland

2016 525 All Ireland yes yes yes yes All Ireland

2017 538 All Ireland yes yes yes yes All Ireland

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3.2. Changes of the Survey Questionnaire over time

This section covers the changes in the survey questionnaire over time. The years in which the survey didn’t

take place (1988, 1996 and 2006) are excluded from this analysis. The results are presented through a series

of diagrams. In these diagrams a green rectangle signifies that a particular parameter or question was

included in a given year. A white box indicates that the question or parameter was not included and a grey

rectangle represents a point in time for which there is no data but it is assumed that the question or

category remained the same. Red lines show where parameters were split, merged with another or

changed. Additional notes are given to indicate for example a change in wording or other variation.

Under every diagram there is also a note indicating the nature of each question: single choice, multiple

choice, open response/number or field test/measurement.

This sections is structured in the same manner as the 2017 survey questionnaire (see annex II). The survey has

not changed in its fundamental goal of providing a fair audit on a 500m piece of coast (the Coastwatch survey

unit or s.u.). The questions are divided into 5 sections:

A – Broad context: information about the surveyor, date of survey, known shore designations and access to

the shore.

B – Immediate hinterland use and water discharging from land into the sea (inflows and water quality).

C- The character of splash zone and intertidal with some biota quality indicators.

E – Waste, Litter and oil found anywhere on the shore.

F – Zooming out and standing back: shore cleaning, recent weather and surveyor views on what is special and

threats.

When reviewing the survey questionnaires over 30 years one needs to bear in mind that societies use of

materials has changed and hence what was found as litter, laws and volunteer interests have also evolved and

our questionnaire and data reflect that.

It’s indispensable to keep in mind these changes in order to interpret the data and examine trends. Broadly

this data comes as:

(i) a small core set of parameters which have remained the same over decades.

(ii) a ‘manageable change’ set, which may still be used for a full time line, but with flags where changes

occurred, a question was rephrased or subdivided.

(iii) the shorter time series issue and event triggered set where surveyor comments and asks have contributed

most. As example it was decided to add coffee cups to the 2018 survey as they have rapidly risen in the

‘marine litter stakes’ as measured by looking at the ‘Other’ litter responses. In 3 consecutive surveys,

volunteers submitted these as ‘other’ items in the small litter question E3 and in 2017 single use cups rose to

be the top own initiative litter item counted by surveyors (question E2).

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While the data set here concerns the island of Ireland it should be borne in mind that the negotiations on the

core questionnaire involve agreement between all countries, participating in the survey at that time, with

international coordination and technical coordinator tending to try and minimise change to keep the core set

alive, while imaginative calls for new things to be added are competing for space. In some cases, necessity

dictates decisions.

To help navigation through this documents there are links under every heading. Clicking this link will take you

to data table and graphs for that particular section.

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

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A5 How well do you know your survey unit?

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

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Question type: single choice.

A6 From present knowledge - is this unit (or part of) an officially designated area?

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

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Yes ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

No ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Don't know ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: single choice.

In 2014 the wording of this question was changed from ‘Is your coastal unit a specially designated are or part or one?’ to ‘From present knowledge - is this unit (or

part of) an officially designated area?’.

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A7 If your unit is an officially designated area, tick which nature &/or human use designations/permits apply

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UNESCO ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

RAMSAR

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Bird Directive or RAMSAR ● ● ● ●

Natura 2000 / Bird Directive ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

National Park

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

National Park or Nature Reserve ● ● ● ●

Nature Reserve ● ● ●

Nature Reserve or Marine Reserve

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

NHA or Area of Scientific Importance ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

CORINE Biotope ● ● ● ● ● ●

Bathing Water ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Used for bathing (not designated) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Shellfish Area1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ●

Commercial Collection of Shellfish ● ● ● ● ●

Area for aquaculture fish or shellfish2

● ● ● ● ●

Used for Aquacult. (not designated)2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Access for vehicles ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Nitrate Vulnerable Zone ●

Phosphate Sensitive Area ●

Other (general) ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other nature designation

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other use designation ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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Question type: multiple choice.

In 2009, a transition year where changes on the questionnaire were tried, the list of possible designations was replaced by a box to write the type of designation

surveyors believed applied.

1There have been several changes in the wording of this category: Originally ‘An EC Shellfish area’ »» 1991: ‘Shellfish area (harvested for sale/commercial)’ »» 2002:

‘Shellfish production area’ »» 2003: ‘Designated Shellfish water’ »» 2014: ‘Aquaculture’ »» 2015: ‘Aquaculture (‘Shellfish Water’ »» 2016: ‘Shellfish areas (aquaculture

or wild harvesting).

2 Since 1997 surveyors can indicate if the area is used for bathing or aquaculture, whether or not officially designated.

A8 Is there direct access to your coastal unit from land down to high water?

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Easy ● ● ● ● by vehicle

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

by foot

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

by wheelchair ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Difficult ● ● ● ●

Normally impossible ● ● ● ● Access difficult/ impossible ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Access is prohibited ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

The 4 answer options (which started as access Easy, Difficult, Normally impossible or Prohibited) was changed in 1992 to become more informative and useful.

Instead of subjective easy – there were 2 questions on direct access by foot and by vehicle from hinterland. Difficult and impossible were merged. Wheelchair access

was added in the 2000s with different wordings tried. Since 2009 the wheelchair access question was settled – as from hinterland to high water. However the data

should be used as indicative only as wheelchair users have told us that slipway gradients can be too steep for normal users.

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B1 What is the immediate hinterland mainly devoted to?

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Farmland: Intensive grazing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Farmland: Tillage, horticulture ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Farmland: Rough grazing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Park, woodland, forest ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dunes ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Wetland (bog, marsh, lagoon)3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Rock or other bare natural sediment4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Village or town residential ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Tourist resort ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Waste tip/dump5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Industry, commercial area, or power station6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Transport 7 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Construction site ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Military zone ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Golf Couse ● ● ● ●

Other hinterland (e.g. golf course) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

Up until 1994 surveyors could only tick one or two options. After 1995 they were instructed to tick up to 5 options if necessary. 3 In 1999 there is a wording change from ‘Bog or marsh’ to ‘Wetland (bog, marsh, lagoon)’. 4 Originally ‘Rock, sand, glacier’ »» 1993: ‘Rock, sand’ »» 2003: ‘Rock, sand, bare natural sediment’. 5 Originally ‘Waste tip’ »» 2010 ‘Waste tip/dump (official and unofficial)’. 6 Originally ‘Industry’ »» 1990: ‘Industry and port industry’ »» 1991: ‘Industry, port industry or power station’. 7 Originally ‘Transport, port’ »» 1990: ‘Transport: road, train, car park, port’.

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B2 Inflow type and size

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River/stream (lagoon) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Coastal lagoon ● ● ● ● Pipe ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seepage ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Drain

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Open drain

● ● Storm drain

● ● Inflow size (S,M,L)

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Volume of inflow: width ● ● ●

Volume of inflow: diameter ● ● ●

Shore level: high ● ●

Shore level: mid ● ●

Shore level: low ● ●

Shore level: subtidal ● ●

Question type: single choice.

Until 1995 details were given for up to 5 inflows, since 1997 for up to 4 inflows.

From 1992 to 1995 coastal lagoons were recorded as separate category, but merged again with rivers/streams as lagoon inflows are often mixed with river water. In

1991 the open drain and storm drain categories were merged as there were too many queries about the definitions.

Inflow width and volume data were dropped as both can vary greatly as the inflow passes over the shore and were replaced by a simple size – small – medium – large

as compared to other inflows of this type in your region. So a subjective impression of size.

The point where the inflow ended was dropped in 1990 (Shore level: high/mid/low/subtidal).

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B2 Inflow quality indicators

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Carries water ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Animal life ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Live fish ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Carried fish this year8 ● ● ● ● ●

Bad smell / Off smell ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Discolouration, scum, froth ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Discolouration ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Scum, froth ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dead fish ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dumped debris/waste9 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Visible sewage or sewage fungus10 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sewage, sewage fungus or sewage/sanitary litter

● ● ●

Sewage/sanitary litter &/or visible sewage ●

Sewage fungus &/or filamentous algae11

●

Oil, petrol or diesel12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Invasive Alien Species13 ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice. 8 The complete question read: ‘If you know one of the above river/stream or lagoon inflows well, did it carry fish this year?’. 9 Originally ‘Dumped debris (in or beside inflow)’ »» 2014: ‘Dumped waste’ »» 2017: ‘General Waste/litter (not sewage litter) dumped or washed down’. 10 Originally ‘Sewage Fungus’ »» 1990: ‘Sewage/Sewage fungus’ »» 1997: ‘Visible sewage or sewage fungus’. 11 Surveyors can further indicate if the filamentous algae is blanketing. 12 Originally ‘Oil/petrol’ »» 1997: ‘Oil, petrol or diesel’. 13 Since 2015 surveyors can specify if the IAS are seen in water or are growing on banks around the inflow.

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B2 Testing inflows

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Nitrite (NO2) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Nitrate (NO3) 14 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Phosphate15 ● ● ● ● ● ● PH (PO4

3-) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Temperature (oC) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Faecal Streptococci16 ● ● ● ●

Question type: field test / measurement.

14 Nitrate tests were introduced in 1989 and the first year surveyors were asked whether the test was positive or negative. From 1990 to the present day the same

Merck Quant nitrate field test strips were used and surveyors asked to dip test strips into inflow water and read the nitrate level off the supplied colour charts (results

in mg/l NO3).

15 Hach field tests for inflow Phosphate levels (results in mg/l of PO43- ).

16 Faecal streptococci tests which could be incubated in bottle warmers were produced sts with Prof R Russell, Microbiology TCD. Once results were comparable to

standard laboratory 5 tube MPN tests (most probable number), they were produced and used for 4 years, but then dropped due to expense and time required for

training and spot checking for verification.

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B3 If you know the survey unit well, estimate the frequency of sewage pollution incidents

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Never ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Rare ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Occasional ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Frequent ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Usual ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seasonal ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: single choice.

This question has remained unchanged since 1989. Note it is influenced by what surveyors saw when they examined inflows but the sewage question refers to the

whole survey unit with focus on sea water quality.

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C1 Splash zone width

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0m ● ● ●

0-5m ● ● ● 0-1m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

1-5m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

5-50m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

50-250m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

>250m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

Originally, surveyors were asked to ‘Estimate dominant width in a non-uniform area’. In 1999 it was changed to ‘Tick two widths if the area is not uniform’; later, in

2003, it was changed again to ‘Tick several widths if the area is not uniform’.

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C2 What is the splash zone covered in

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Saltmarsh ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Reed bed ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sand, gravel, stones17

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Natural rock/boulder ● ● ● ●

Natural rock ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Bare rock/sand ● ● ●

Building, construction (incl. erosion control) & Rock

● ● ● ●

Building, construction (incl. erosion control) 18 ● ● ● ●

Building, construction (not erosion control)

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other local erosion control ● ●

Hard erosion control (walls, rock armour) 19 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Soft erosion control (man-made e.g. bank) ● ● ● ●

Other vegetation including dune marram, ryegrass ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dunes

● ● ● ●

Other plant habitat

● ● ● ●

Cliff ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

At first, surveyors were requested to ‘Indicate the dominant coverage’. This changed in 1995 to allow them to ‘tick up to 5 boxes’

17 Originally ‘Sand’ »» 1993: ‘Sand, gravel, stones’. 18 Originally ‘Building or construction’ »» 1990: ‘Building or construction (including breakwaters/groynes)’. 19 It was originally phrased as ‘Hard erosion control’ »» 1998: ‘Hard erosion control, incl. groynes etc.’ »» 2003: ‘Hard erosion control (walls, rock armour)’.

26

D1 Intertidal width

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<5m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

5_50m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

50_250m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

>250m ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

At first the question read ‘If width varies greatly tick two boxes’. It was changed in 2015 to ‘If width varies thick all that apply’.

D2 What is the intertidal surface composed of?

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Solid rock ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Boulders ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Gravel ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sand ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Silt or mud ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other_intertidal ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

Up until 2002 surveyors could tick maximum two categories. After 2003 they could tick up to 4 boxes.

27

D3 Which of the following plants and seaweeds did you find in the intertidal area at time of survey?

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Glasswort Salicornia ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Cordgrass Spartina (invasive) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seagrass Zostera20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Brown or red seaweeds

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Brown, red or green algae ● ● ●

Green algae on mudflats: Patches ● ● ●

Green algae on mudflats: extensive cover/mats ● ● ●

Green seaweed: in patches or thin band ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Green seaweed: carpet cover or thick mats ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dislodged decaying seaweeds of any kind ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other plants or seaweeds / noteworthy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

20 Originally ‘Eelgrass (Zostera)’; it was changed in 1992 to ‘Seagrass Zostera’; Since 2014, surveyors can tick if they found Zostera ‘growing’ or ‘swept up’.

After initial experimentation with recording of seaweeds, it was settled in 1992 as one category for brown and red seaweeds ( as surveyors had be unsure which was

which earlier). Then 2 categories of green seaweed to pick up the difference between thick matts as eutrophication indicators and typical intertidal green seaweed

patches, often associated with fresh water runoff. Dislodged decaying seaweeds introduced in 1991 remained the same throughout the subsequent timeline.

28

D5 Indicate which of the animals listed below you found alive or dead

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Jellyfish ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Worms or worm casts ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sea anemone ● ● ● ●

Molluscs/Shellfish (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Crustaceans (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Barnacles (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ●

Crabs (alive &/or dead)

● ● ● ●

Sea urchins (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ●

Starfish (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ●

Fish (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seabirds (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seabirds with oil (alive &/or dead)21 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seals (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dolphins (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Cetaceans (alive &/or dead)

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Rats (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Birds of prey (alive &/or dead) ●

Other/noteworthy (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

21 From 1989 to 1994 dead and live oiled seabirds where pooled in one category. In 1997 two separate categories were created for dead oiled seabirds and live oiled

seabirds.

29

D5 Animal counts

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

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Jellyfish22 ● Seabirds alive ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seabirds dead ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seabirds with oil (alive &/or dead) 23 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Seals (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dolphins (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Cetaceans (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Rats (alive &/or dead) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Birds of prey (alive &/or dead) ●

Question type: open response (count / whole number).

22 There were 3 count categories to choose from: 1-9 individuals, 10-50 individuals and more than 50 individuals. 23 From 1989 to 1994 dead and live oiled seabirds where pooled in one category. In 1997 two separate categories were created for dead oiled seabirds and live oiled

seabirds.

30

E1 Large litter items

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Landfill Materials (e.g. concrete, rubble, debris...) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Large metal obj. (e.g. aband. vehicles, girders, machines) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Abandoned Vehicles, Girders, Machines

● ● ● ●

Aquaculture trestles & large abandoned aquac. gear

● ● ● ●

Household furnishings ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dumped household refuse in bags or piles ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Ship wreck, or parts of ship wreckage ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dumped crops ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Tyres (half a tyre or more) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other large items ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

Until 1995 information about large litter items was collected separately for the splash zone and the tide mark/intertidal/sea. In 1997 this distinction was removed and

surveyors were instructed to take into account litter found anywhere from start of hinterland down to high water.

Large Metal objects on the shore were divided in 2013 into 2 types vehicles/machines and aquaculture gear like trestles oysters are grown on. Dumped crops were

introduced I 1990 on request of Mediterranean countries where horticulture crop dumping both as protest and to clear fields was considered to be an issue. Tyres

were introduced in 1991 and were later counted as used tyre dumping and tyre traps to catch crabs were identified as growing issues.

31

E2 Litter counts

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Plastic bottles ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Metal drinks containers (cans) 24 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Glass bottles (drink containers) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Paper/lined paper drink containers 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Cartons/Tetrapack

● ● ● ●

Bottle lids (drinks) ● ● ● ●

Can holders

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Packing straps & can holders ● Plastic shopping bags ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Lighters ● ● ● ●

Tyres (half a tyre or more=1) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Containers of hazardous ● ● Medical waste ● Other notable items ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: open response (count/whole number).

Since 2014 surveyors can choose to count items just for the first 100m of their s.u. or for the whole 500m (with the exception of tyres that are counted for the whole

500m).

24 In 1991 the items counted under the category ‘Cans’ included spray cans. 25 Originally ‘Paper or lined paper drink containers’ »» 2003: ‘Paper outer drink containers’ »» 2010: ‘Paper drink containers’.

32

E3 Small litter items

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

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Fishing or aquaculture gear 27 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Rope and String

● ● ● ●

Packing straps

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Intact packing straps & beer can holders 28 ● ● ● ● Hard plastic containers ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Foamed polystyrene or polyurethane

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Foamed polystyrene ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Sanitary waste, condoms, nappies 29 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Medical waste, syringes, plasters ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Containers of hazardous substance (not medical) 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Other plastics (incl. bottles & bags, but not sanitary ) ● ● Other plastics (not any of the already listed) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Tar ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oil, petrol, diesel ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Tar, oil, petrol/diesel ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Geotextile ●

Textiles, shoes, gloves and clothing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Paper, cardboard and worked wood31 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Food, fish waste and bones ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Faeces - mammal ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Glass (including drinks) ● ● ● ● Glass (not drinks), including light bulbs ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Cans (including drinks) ● ● ● Cans (not drinks), including sprays ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Paraffin balls ● ● ● ● Other small litter items ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Plastic bottles (including drinks, oil, shampoo, etc.) ● ●

33

Question type: multiple choice.

Until 2002 information about presence of small litter items was collected separately for the splash zone and the tide mark/intertidal/sea. In 2003 this distinction was

removed and surveyors were instructed to take into account litter items found anywhere on the shore.

27 Originally ‘Plastic fishing gear (nets, lines, bags)’ »» 1990: ‘Lost or discarded plastic fishing gear (nets, lines, bags)’ »» 1997: ‘Lost or discarded plastic fishing &

aquaculture gear (nets, lines, bags »» 2003: ‘Fishing or aquaculture gear’ (nets, lines, bags). In 2000 the possibility of specifying the source was added (fishing –nets,

traps-, angling, aquaculture). See next section on ‘Fishing litter’. 28 Originally ‘Intact packing straps and beer can holders’ »» 1990: ‘Packing straps and beer can holders’. 29 Originally ‘Sanitary material’ »» 2003: ‘Sanitary waste’. 30 Containers of potentially hazardous substances (chemical, gas cylinders, etc.). 31 Originally ‘Paper, cardboard, wood’ »» 1993: ‘Paper, cardboard, wood, vegetable waste’ »» 1997: ‘Paper, cardboard, worked wood, vegetable waste’ »» 2003:

‘Paper, cardboard, worked wood’.

E3 Fishing litter

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Fishing or aquaculture gear ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Source: Fishing (traps, nets, etc.) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Source: Traps

● ● ● ●

Source: Nets

● ● ● ●

Source: Angling gear ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Source: Aquaculture ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

34

F1 Has recent weather made the appearance of your coastal unit change?

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201

7

Yes, looks cleaner than usual ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Yes, looks worse than usual ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

No, recent weather is insignificant ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Don't know ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: single choice.

This question has remained unchanged since 1989.

F2 Has the shore been cleaned within the last week?

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

19

87

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Yes ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

No ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Don't know ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: single choice.

This question has remained unchanged since 1989.

35

F4 Do you have evidence of a serious risk and/or imminent planned change for the worse?

Click here to see data and graphs for this section

19

87

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Erosion ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Flooding ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Beach mining ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Mining/quarrying

● ● ● ● ● ●

Construction/sealing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dumping, tipping, infill ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Water pollution: Sewage ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Water pollution: Oil ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Water pollut.: Agricult./ industrial farming ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Water pollution: Industrial pollution ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Water pollution: Radioactivity ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Recreational abuse ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aquaculture ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

IAS (Invasive Alien Species) ● ● ● ● ●

Loss of Biodiversity ● ● ● ●

Other threat ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Question type: multiple choice.

36

3.3. Data and graphs

This section shows the data extracted from the survey reports in data tables and graphs. All the data is

expressed as percentage of survey units. Thus, N would be the total number of units surveyed each year. This

is true for all data except for the inflow data (that is expressed as % of inflows found), the water quality tests

(that are expressed as % of inflows tested) and the litter and animal counts (that are expressed as average

number of items/individuals per survey unit).

As indicated in the methods, some figures in the data tables will be marked in purple or blue to indicate

possible inaccuracies of up to 0.9%. Throughout the data tables the reader will also find the indicators NA (not

applicable) and ND (no data available). Data tables only include the years for which there is some data.

As can be seen from the questionnaire, the data collected is wide ranging and its use later, as well as

possibility to validate, must be appreciated in that light.

There is hard and semi quantitative data as access to the shore, hinterland character, most intertidal

vegetation and sediment, larger inflows and pipes entering the shore. All should be confirmed if anyone

wanted to visit the same areas.

Results may not be reproducible, as findings can change drastically — e.g. degree of littering, mobile animals

seen, seepage, nitrate levels in inflows etc. Though here too there is some predictability. Wind, rainfall or tide

can form patterns which are liable to recur given similar environmental conditions.

Finally, there are the personal knowledge, such as designation status of the area, and perception questions,

such as threats perceived.

There is a role for each of these questions and the seeming lack of scientific value of a question can be made

up fully by the information gained about surveyor interests and possibilities to cooperate on active remedial

or protective action on a site. Some of the data collected (i.e. with and composition of splash zone or

intertidal, type of hinterland, etc.) can help put other data into context the litter and biodiversity data.

As mentioned before, all the data has been pooled into a searchable database that could be easily corrected

or expanded if needed.

37

A1 Coast surveyed

75

9

0

28

70

12

39

13

30

13

56

10

11

13

77

70

6

0

13

04

86

6 10

71

11

89

85

9

81

5

28

0

12

1

40

1 54

7

61

0

56

4

52

5

53

8

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Nu

mb

er o

f u

nit

s su

rvey

ed

38

A5 How well do you know your survey unit?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of s.u. 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Well 56.6 67.5 67.4 67.6 69.9 54.0 61.2 57.5 59.5 51.0 47.0 55.8 60.1 68.9 53.7 53.9 62.1 61.2

A little 25.6 19.7 12.0 16.2 17.0 24.0 17.4 24.2 20.2 34.2 30.0 29.0 20.2 16.1 26.9 25.2 22.1 15.1

Here on 1st 2nd visit 13.7 10.9 18.7 13.9 11.3 20.0 13.2 15.4 14.4 9.6 15.0 12.4 18.7 11.2 17.0 17.0 15.8 23.8

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Well A little Here on 1st 2nd visit No reply

39

A7 From present knowledge - is this unit (or part of) an officially designated area?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of s.u. 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Yes 27.4 21.7 24.7 25.7 22.1 23.5 17.0 32.8 48.7 34.5 47.6 51.4 8.4 53.0 58.9 50.6

No 29.4 41.0 31.1 32.4 35.9 39.0 ND 35.8 23.8 35.9 19.5 26.5 4.3 21.3 28.2 28.6

Don't know 21.9 19.7 21.3 14.1 10.9 23.7 ND 31.3 17.2 15.1 28.4 16.5 2.7 20.4 11.2 20.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 - 2004-09 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Yes No Don't know No reply

40

A7 If your unit is an officially designated area, tick which nature &/or human use designations/permits apply

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of s.u. 19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

UNESCO - Biosphere Reserve NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.5 0.3 ND 3.2 0.6 3.4 16.8 9.9 8.7

RAMSAR NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.6 0.9 0.4 4.8 ND 3.2 9.0 9.2 9.0 12.8 9.9

Bird directive/RAMSAR NA NA NA 3.1 6.2 3.3 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Natura 2000 / Bird directive 5.5 4.1 6.4 NA NA NA NA 14.9 9.7 13.5 12.5 14.3 28.2 38.0 31.3 32.4 39.6 33.8

National Park NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.7 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7

National Park/Nature Reserve NA NA NA 3.2 1.9 2.3 5.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Nature Reserve 7.4 4.5 4.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Nature Reserve/ Marine Reserve NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.2 7.9 2.6 3.9 1.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA

NHA/Area of Scientific Importance (ASSI) 11.6 10.7 12.7 12.0 2.3 6.2 12.5 NA NA NA NA NA 12.7 12.4 NA NA NA NA

CORINE biotope NA NA NA 1.3 1.4 2.3 2.0 3.2 2.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Other nature designation NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 11.8 22.6 13.4 18.0 9.9 ND ND ND ND ND 14.7

Bathing Water 7.3 6.2 14.1 14.6 12.3 13.0 15.9 13.7 17.2 23.5 7.1 25.9 7.0 7.4 20.3 19.9 18.3 19.1

Shellfish Area 4.0 2.3 5.3 8.2 6.5 7.5 12.5 NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 7.6 6.2 6.2 7.6 9.1

Area where shellfish are commerc. collected NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.5 5.4 9.4 7.8 13.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Area for aquaculture fish or shellfish NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.9 5.9 6.1 4.5 7.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Access for vehicles NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.0 4.0 4.9 9.0 9.3 18.6

Other use designation NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND ND ND 8.9

Other (general) 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.5 9.4 8.5 18.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

41

0.5 0.3 0.0

3.2

0.6

3.4

16.8

9.98.7

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

UNESCO - Biosphere Reserve

1.60.9

0.4

4.8

0.0

3.2

9.0 9.2 9.0

12.8

9.9

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

% o

f su

rey

un

its

RAMSAR

5,5

4,1 6

,4

14

,9

9,7

13

,5

12

,5 14

,3

28

,2

38

,0

31

,3

32

,4

39

,6

33

,8

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Natura 2000 / Bird directive

42

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

RAMSAR & Natura 2000/Bird directive

RAMSAR Bird directive/RAMSAR Natura 2000 / Bird directive

0,7

0,0

1,1

0,1

0,4

0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

0,2

1,7

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

National Park

0123456789

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

National Park & Nature Reserve & Marine Reserve

National Park National Park/Nature Reserve Nature Reserve Nature Reserve/ Marine Reserve

43

11,610,7

12,7 12,0

2,3

6,2

12,5 12,7 12,4

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

Nat. Heritage Area (NHA)/Area of Scientific Importance (ASSI)

1,3 1,4

2,32,0

3,2

2,7

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

CORINE biotope

7,3

6,2

14

,1

14

,6

12

,3

13

,0 15

,9

13

,7

17

,2

23

,5

7,1

25

,9

7,0 7,4

20

,3

19

,9

18

,3

19

,1

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Bathing Water

44

4,0

2,3

5,3

8,2

6,5

7,5

12

,5

2,5

7,6

6,2

6,2

7,6

9,1

0,5

5,4

9,4

7,8

13

,1

3,9

5,9 6,1

4,5

7,4

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

Shellfish Areas & Commercial collection & Aquaculture

Shellfish Area

Area where shellfish are commercially collected

Area for aquaculture fish or shellfish

45

A8 Is there direct access to your coastal unit from land down to high water?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of s.u.

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Easy 71.4 77.6 63.8 77.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

by vehicle NA NA NA NA 9.5 12.4 ND 33.5 21.4 23.6 28.0 24.9 26.4 30.3 27.4 30.7 31.4 37.0

by foot NA NA NA NA 70.3 73.4 ND 48.8 62.6 61.5 54.0 60.5 78.6 76.6 91.0 87.1 91.4 89.0

by wheelchair NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.0 8.0 10.5 14.2 10.3 13.9

Difficult 19.6 17.0 12.8 16.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Normally impossible 5.4 3.4 6.3 6.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Access difficult/ impossible NA NA NA NA 15.4 12.6 ND 12.6 9.4 10.8 11.0 10.7 16.7 20.1 12.0 19.9 12.2 11.5

Access is prohibited 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.0 2.3 0.4 ND ND ND 1.5 ND ND 3.2 3.8 2.5 1.6 0.2 0.9

46

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1989 1990 1991 1992

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Easy Difficult Normally impossible Access is prohibited

47

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2004-09 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

by vehicle by foot by wheelchair Access difficult/ impossible Access is prohibited

48

B1 What is the immediate hinterland mainly devoted to?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Farmland: Intensive grazing 19.3 25.2 26.5 18.7 22.8 25.6 32.4 21.7 26.8 18.9 ND 18.3 15.9 11.7 15.7 15.2 15.0 22.7

Farmland: Tillage, horticulture 16.6 19.7 14.9 11.9 16.3 11.8 24.2 19.2 10.3 8.9 ND 9.8 14.4 11.3 11.9 12.5 14.8 15.2

Farmland: Rough grazing 45.4 42.9 36.4 38.6 36.4 40.8 48.7 45.6 47.3 42.2 ND 43.6 44.2 26.3 30.8 27.9 29.1 30.3

Park, woodland, forest 7.4 4.4 4.2 5.3 2.9 4.9 19.7 5.0 7.3 7.1 ND 6.0 17.5 9.3 16.0 14.1 14.6 16.2

Dunes 13.0 11.2 14.1 14.3 12.6 12.2 63.5 15.7 15.8 22.2 ND 21.9 33.7 21.2 25.0 23.2 27.2 24.7

Wetland (bog, marsh, lagoon) 6.4 7.0 9.0 8.0 4.1 4.4 9.1 9.6 12.2 15.0 ND 16.9 18.3 8.8 14.2 9.1 8.1 11.0

Rock or other bare natural sediment 6.4 8.1 6.9 4.0 9.5 11.9 6.9 26.5 26.9 36.7 ND 32.1 26.7 22.1 18.6 20.8 14.8 16.4

Village or town residential 20.3 17.0 11.2 14.0 14.8 13.9 15.0 21.7 27.0 24.3 ND 22.4 31.4 34.0 46.0 35.9 37.0 35.1

Tourist resort 9.3 7.0 5.6 6.4 6.1 5.4 6.8 10.9 17.4 17.1 ND 14.3 13.6 15.5 18.9 13.2 11.8 16.9

Waste tip/dump 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.9 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.3 2.3 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.9

Industry, commercial area, or power station 2.3 1.3 0.9 2.3 7.4 4.1 1.8 4.8 2.9 2.0 ND 1.7 3.9 4.6 6.8 5.6 5.0 7.2

Transport 2.6 10.1 12.9 8.7 10.1 16.0 9.8 20.7 27.9 31.0 ND 26.6 30.6 23.0 36.4 37.7 38.7 58.9

Construction site 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 1.0 2.2 2.5 ND 2.3 1.3 0.4 1.8 0.7 1.0 1.1

Military zone NA NA NA ND 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.8 3.9 2.8 ND 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Golf Couse NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.8 ND 8.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Other hinterland (e.g. golf course) 7.5 1.7 2.3 0.4 ND ND ND 4.8 4.2 NA NA NA 21.6 20.1 14.8 24.6 19.7 22.1

49

19

,3

25

,2

26

,5

18

,7

22

,8 25

,6

32

,4

21

,7

26

,8

18

,9

18

,3

15

,9

11

,7 15

,7

15

,2

15

,0

22

,7

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

Farmland: Intensive grazing

16

,6 19

,7

14

,9

11

,9

16

,3

11

,8

24

,2

19

,2

10

,3

8,9 9,8

14

,4

11

,3

11

,9

12

,5 14

,8

15

,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Farmland: Tillage, horticulture

50

45

,4

42

,9

36

,4

38

,6

36

,4 40

,8

48

,7

45

,6

47

,3

42

,2

43

,6

44

,2

26

,3 30

,8

27

,9

29

,1

30

,3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

Farmland: Rough grazing

7,4

4,4

4,2 5

,3

2,9

4,9

19

,7

5,0

7,3

7,1

6,0

17

,5

9,3

16

,0

14

,1

14

,6 16

,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Park, woodland, forest

13

,0

11

,2 14

,1

14

,3

12

,6

12

,2

63

,5

15

,7

15

,8 22

,2

21

,9

33

,7

21

,2 25

,0

23

,2 27

,2

24

,7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Dunes

51

6,4 7,0

9,0

8,0

4,1 4,4

9,1 9,6

12

,2

15

,0 16

,9 18

,3

8,8

14

,2

9,1

8,1

11

,0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Wetland (bog, marsh, lagoon)

6,4 8

,1

6,9

4,0

9,5 1

1,9

6,9

26

,5

26

,9

36

,7

32

,1

26

,7

22

,1

18

,6 20

,8

14

,8

16

,4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Rock or other bare natural sediment

52

20

,3

17

,0

11

,2 14

,0

14

,8

13

,9

15

,0

21

,7 27

,0

24

,3

22

,4

31

,4 34

,0

46

,0

35

,9

37

,0

35

,1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

Village or town residential

9,3

7,0

5,6 6

,4

6,1

5,4 6

,8

10

,9

17

,4

17

,1

14

,3

13

,6 15

,5

18

,9

13

,2

11

,8

16

,9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Tourist resort

2,0

1,4

1,8

0,9

1,5

0,7 0

,8

0,8

1,4

1,8 1,9

1,3

2,3

0,7

1,2 1

,3 1,3

1,9

0

1

1

2

2

3

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Waste tip/dump

53

2,3

1,3

0,9

2,3

7,4

4,1

1,8

4,8

2,9

2,0

1,7

3,9

4,6

6,8

5,6

5,0

7,2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Industry, commercial area, or power station

2,6

10

,1 12

,9

8,7 10

,1 16

,0

9,8

20

,7 27

,9 31

,0

26

,6 30

,6

23

,0

36

,4

37

,7

38

,7

58

,90

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Transport

54

0,3 0

,4 0,6

0,1

0,4 0

,5

0,3

1,0

2,2

2,5

2,3

1,3

0,4

1,8

0,7

1,0 1

,1

0

1

1

2

2

3

3%

of

surv

ey u

nit

s

Construction site

55

B2 Inflow type and size

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of inflows

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

River/stream (lagoon) 25.6 24.5 35.1 21.3 32.0 38.8 26.8 26.8 37.6 36.2 36.0 34.3 39.8 28.1 23.3 31.7 21.4 29.7

Pipe 25.0 18.7 22.1 ND 16.0 17.7 23.2 24.2 20.8 21.5 26.0 21.1 27.3 40.1 27.9 28.5 36.0 28.2

Seepage 16.6 16.1 23.6 13.8 21.0 21.9 18.7 24.2 20.2 23.0 20.7 24.5 20.7 15.9 19.2 18.5 22.6 22.6

Drain NA NA 17.7 14.1 23.0 17.2 26.4 19.4 14.7 16.3 13.1 16.5 12.2 15.9 29.6 21.3 20.0 19.5

Open drain 15.7 15.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Storm drain 17.1 15.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Coastal lagoon NA NA NA ND 4.0 3.1 3.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Total no of inflows 2692 893 755 1202 1135 1691 697 1084 638 738 1316 478 362 416 588 432 491 532

56

26

92

89

3

75

5

12

02

11

35

16

91

69

7

10

84

63

8 73

8

13

16

47

8

0,0

0,0

36

2

41

6 58

8

43

2

49

1

53

2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000N

um

ber

of

infl

ow

s

57

% of inflows 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Small 55.8 60.6 59.9 58.6 64.4 58.7 60.5 54.6 56.0 64.3

Medium 20.5 22.4 22.7 22.2 26.2 31.5 27.9 25.2 28.7 23.9

Large 7.5 6.4 5.9 6.1 9.4 9.9 9.4 12.0 10.8 7.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100%

of

infl

ow

s

River/stream Coastal lagoon Pipe Seepage Drain Open drain Storm drain Unspecified

58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 - 2002-11 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f in

flo

ws

Small Medium Large Unspecified

59

B2 Inflow quality indicators

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of inflows

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Animal life NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND 23.8 16.0 12.8 12.8 ND NA 6.1 13.9 6.3 10.2 7.3 6.0

Live fish NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND NA ND ND ND ND 3.7 4.3

Carried fish this year: yes NA NA ND ND 5.6 6.2 3.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Carried fish this year: no NA NA ND ND 13.7 9.6 9.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Bad smell 21.2 14.8 17.2 17.5 15.0 16.3 17.2 13.7 13.0 16.1 9.5 17.4 ND NA 3.3 10.3 5.8 7.6 5.9 4.1

Discolouration/scum/froth NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.4 14.9 16.5 13.0 17.6 ND NA 10.2 11.8 6.3 12.3 7.5 8.6

Discolouration 26.6 19.3 20.9 19.3 25.0 22.6 19.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Scum, froth 13.5 11.8 10.9 12.6 10.8 15.6 11.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Dead fish 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 0.8 3.0 1.5 3.1 ND NA 0.8 2.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4

Dumped debris/waste 19.6 16.8 17.9 14.0 13.8 18.0 14.3 15.9 14.1 12.5 15.3 15.3 ND NA 5.2 8.7 2.7 6.3 3.9 8.3

Sewage or sewage fungus 13.5 12.2 11.9 12.2 8.0 10.9 10.0 8.4 6.3 6.1 5.5 6.5 ND NA 1.4 3.6 NA NA NA NA

Sewage, sew. fungus or sew. sanitary litter NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 2.1 1.6 NA

Sewage/sanitary litter &/or visible sewage NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.2

Sewage fungus filamentous algae NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.6

Oil, petrol, diesel 5.0 2.5 4.8 6.3 3.9 5.4 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 ND ND NA 0.3 1.9 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.2

Invasive Alien Species NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.4 2.1 0.6 2.6

60

23

,8

16

,0

12

,8

12

,8

6,1

13

,9

6,3

10

,2

7,3

6,0

3,7 4,35,6 6,2

3,8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30%

of

infl

ow

sAnimal life and Live fish

Animal life Live fish Carried fish that year

21

,2

14

,8 17

,2

17

,5

15

,0 16

,3

17

,2

13

,7

13

,0

16

,1

9,5

17

,4

3,3

10

,3

5,8 7

,6

5,9

4,1

0

5

10

15

20

25

% o

f in

flo

ws

Bad smell

61

17

,4

14

,9 16

,5

13

,0

17

,6

10

,2 11

,8

6,3

12

,3

7,5 8

,6

26

,6

19

,3 20

,9

19

,3

25

,0

22

,6

19

,8

13

,5

11

,8

10

,9 12

,6

10

,8

15

,6

11

,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30%

of

infl

ow

sDiscolouration, scum, froth

Discolouration/scum/froth Discolouration Scum, froth

1,5

1,8

2,4

2,3

1,6

1,6

1,9

1,8

0,8

3,0

1,5

3,1

0,8

2,2

0,5

0,2

0,6

0,4

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

% o

f in

flo

ws

Dead fish

19

,6

16

,8 17

,9

14

,0

13

,8

18

,0

14

,3 15

,9

14

,1

12

,5

15

,3

15

,3

5,2

8,7

2,7

6,3

3,9

8,3

0

5

10

15

20

25

% o

f in

flo

ws

Dumped debris/waste

62

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

% o

f in

flo

ws

Sewage, Sewage fungus and Sanitary litter

Sewage or sewage fungus Sewage, sew. Fungus or sewage/sanitary litter

Sewage/sanitary litter &/or visible sewage Sewage fungus filamentous algae

5,0

2,5

4,8

6,3

3,9

5,4

2,9

2,7

2,4 2,4

2,4

0,3

1,9

0,3

0,9

0,4

0,2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

% o

f in

flo

ws

Oil, petrol, diesel

63

1,4

2,1

0,6

2,6

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f in

flo

ws

Invasive Alien Species

64

B2 Testing inflows

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

NITRATE TESTING RESULTS

% of inflows tested 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Below detection 66.4 60.9 71.5 60.0 48.1 34.9 ND 29.0 43.0 21.8 16.7 68.5 53.1 44.0 34.8 52.5 36.0

10 mg/l NO3 ND 28.1 19.8 12.6 26.1 21.7 ND 25.0 31.0 35.3 61.1 13.0 22.2 27.0 30.4 20.9 21.5

25 mg/l NO3 ND 6.0 3.8 9.5 13.4 24.5 ND 17.0 17.0 26.3 5.6 10.5 16.0 20.0 23.2 17.5 28.5

50 mg/l NO3 ND 3.4 3.0 9.1 5.1 14.2 ND 20.0 6.0 11.5 16.7 4.3 7.4 7.0 9.2 7.9 7.0

>75 mg/l NO3 ND 1.6 1.9 8.8 7.3 4.7 ND 9.0 3.0 5.1 0.0 3.7 1.2 2.0 2.4 1.1 7.0

Number of inflows tested 250 501 ND 285 314 106 ND 336 309 156 18 162 81 304 207 177 214

NITRATE TESTING RESULTS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f in

flo

ws

test

ed

Below detection 10 mg/l NO3 25 mg/l NO3 50 mg/l NO3 >75 mg/l NO3 Nitrate positive

65

PHOSPHATE TESTING RESULTS

% of inflows 1997 1998 1999

Below detection 24.3 28.0 9.8

10 mg/l 28.0 21.0 39.0

25 mg/l 30.8 33.0 46.3

50 mg/l 8.4 11.0 0.0

>75 mg/l 8.4 7.0 4.9

No of inflows tested 107 186 41

PH TESTING RESULTS

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

PH 5 0.0 7.0 13.3 1.1 4.6 11.2

PH 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 3.4

PH 6 4.2 59.6 17.8 31.9 44.6 39.3

PH 6.5 11.1 0.0 2.2 19.8 16.9 9.0

PH 7 66.7 26.3 46.7 33.0 26.2 32.6

PH 7.5 8.3 0.0 2.2 3.3 0.0 2.2

PH 8 6.9 5.3 15.6 0.0 7.7 2.2

PH 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PH 9 0.0 0.0 2.2 3.3 0.0 0.0

PH 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

PH 10 2.8 1.8 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0

No of inflows tested for PH 72 57 45 91 65 89

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999

% o

f in

flo

ws

test

ed

Below detection 10 mg/l 25 mg/l 50 mg/l >75 mg/l

66

PH TESTING RESULTS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f in

flo

ws

test

ed

PH 5 PH 5,5 PH 6 PH 6.5 PH 7 PH 7.5 PH 8 PH 8,5 PH 9 PH 9,5 PH 10

67

B3 If you know the survey unit well, estimate the frequency of sewage pollution incidents

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Never 25.5 29.2 28.8 24.7 30.9 24.6 25.5 21.5 18.1 21.1 17.2 26.0 28.5 19.3 24.5 19.0 29.5 22.8

Rare 12.7 14.3 9.4 14.2 10.6 13.7 14.3 15.0 22.7 14.8 19.2 15.6 19.0 26.3 23.6 17.9 27.4 17.9

Occasional 4.4 6.2 6.3 3.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 6.4 10.6 5.6 9.1 4.4 6.2 7.4 4.0 10.0 9.1 11.5

Frequent 5.7 3.7 5.7 2.7 2.7 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 2.6 3.4 1.0 1.6 0.8 2.5 2.9 3.8

Usual 3.6 2.8 2.6 1.7 3.2 1.0 4.8 5.0 1.8 1.2 1.9 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.8 4.9 1.7 1.3

Seasonal 1.8 1.2 0.2 3.0 0.9 1.4 2.0 1.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2

Number of responses to the question ND 652 ND ND ND ND 387 ND 505 ND ND ND 217 278 329 304 372 305

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

% o

f re

spo

nse

s

Never Rare Occasional Frequent Usual Seasonal

68

C1 Splash zone width

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

0m 7.0 5.0 5.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

0-5m 38.2 37.3 46.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

0-1m NA NA NA 10.3 6.6 11.2 9.0 10.0 8.8 18.0 9.9 21.1 15.9 16.0 16.0 24.6 30.9

1-5m NA NA NA 33.8 29.5 42.2 45.0 49.0 47.8 42.0 53.4 46.5 51.8 55.5 50.0 57.1 61.5

5-50m 40.5 33.5 30.9 37.0 41.6 32.9 40.0 35.0 48.3 32.0 45.0 39.6 35.3 43.0 45.9 41.9 35.5

50-250m 5.2 8.7 5.8 6.1 5.7 7.2 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.4 10.3 10.4 6.6 6.4 7.2 5.1

>250m 1.8 2.0 1.7 2.5 0.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.0 1.0 5.9 1.8 6.3 2.1 1.5 0.8

69

C2 What is the splash zone covered in

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Saltmarsh 8.2 7.5 9.0 4.2 2.2 5.7 6.1 ND 4.6 4.9 ND 4.0 9.5 7.8 8.2 8.7 6.3 9.8

Reed bed 2.9 2.9 4.9 3.4 1.4 2.8 3.0 ND 4.6 4.7 ND 2.8 4.6 3.8 5.4 5.5 2.7 4.0

Sand, gravel, stones NA NA NA 37.8 51.7 53.7 52.4 ND 40.2 69.6 ND 69.5 82.0 70.5 75.9 57.8 69.7 71.1

Natural rock/boulder NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 44.3 35.6 33.7 43.2

Natural rock NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND 18.7 39.7 ND 41.3 36.8 35.3 NA NA NA NA

Bare rock/sand 63.9 63.2 64.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Building, construc. (incl. erosion control) & Rock NA NA NA 32.3 19.8 16.7 15.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Building, construction (incl. erosion control) 7.2 5.7 9.2 NA NA NA NA ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Building, construction (not erosion control) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.0 9.2 7.3 8.1 5.9 8.0 9.6 9.8 6.1 10.4

Other local erosion control NA NA NA NA 0.2 3.6 3.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Hard erosion control (walls, rock armour) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND 3.0 13.4 12.4 14.6 33.2 30.9 39.0 38.7 42.7 44.9

Soft erosion control (e.g. bank) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.9 8.0 7.8 9.1

Other vegetation incl.dune marram, ryegrass 15.4 12.6 14.1 13.0 4.2 10.5 10.8 ND 6.4 24.9 ND 23.6 33.4 20.7 NA NA NA NA

Dunes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 24.9 23.6 24.0 22.6

Other plant habitat NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.2 19.7 15.2 20.6

Cliff NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 18.9 21.1 17.0 23.8

70

D1 Intertidal width

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1998 1999 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

<5m 11.8 8.3 12.2 13.5 6.0 7.9 11.5 13.1 15.6 16.5 12.2 12.5 14.1 11.2 14.3

5_50m 43.2 43.8 44.0 4.6 39.4 39.7 49.0 49.0 37.5 40.9 46.2 48.9 47.3 51.6 52.1

50_250m 27.3 31.1 28.0 33.2 39.3 31.7 26.0 31.1 35.7 39.1 36.3 34.9 35.1 34.5 35.3

>250m 17.5 12.9 13.1 21.6 15.3 20.6 11.7 12.1 14.3 19.8 19.5 24.2 21.2 20.0 18.5

D2 What is the intertidal surface composed of?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Solid rock 28.2 29.0 25.8 24.0 13.9 25.8 ND 26.7 25.6 ND 25.1 33.9 37.1 30.8 33.7 29.7 37.7

Boulders 24.4 16.2 13.2 19.2 11.1 28.0 ND 29.9 28.3 ND 22.3 36.2 34.9 40.2 35.3 35.0 39.4

Gravel 30.4 27.8 27.8 24.3 20.4 30.7 ND 26.4 34.0 ND 37.6 48.6 37.6 51.2 46.2 47.8 48.7

Sand 37.9 38.7 43.9 48.0 33.2 45.8 ND 44.0 44.4 44.8 47.7 75.6 68.3 75.9 71.7 73.7 75.3

Silt or mud 28.7 26.0 29.4 24.8 19.3 32.0 12.0 25.6 20.9 25.7 21.9 34.7 29.7 29.0 30.3 33.5 33.4

Other_intertidal 6.9 3.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.7 ND 4.0 5.9 ND 4.5 12.1 8.0 7.7 6.9 8.2 10.9

71

D3 Which of the following plants and seaweeds did you find in the intertidal area at time of survey?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Glasswort Salicornia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9.3 6.0 8.9 7.4 11.0 9.8

Cordgrass Spartina (invasive) 15.4 17.0 10.9 16.8 7.1 10.7 ND ND 6.2 3.8 ND 8.7 10.8 9.9 8.5 10.9 12.5

Seagrass Zostera (Eelgrass) 12.3 15.3 6.8 13.5 7.4 16.5 ND ND 11.1 9.1 ND 6.2 12.4 10.4 10.5 11.2 18.1

Zostera growing NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.8 5.8 7.4 10.2

Zostera swept up NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.1 6.5 6.1 11.9

Brown or red seaweeds NA NA NA 17.4 38.4 50.1 ND ND 46.3 54.0 ND 77.6 76.1 75.6 67.9 65.9 68.3

Brown, red or green algae 52.7 44.9 47.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Green algae on mudflats: Patches (up to 3m) 10.7 10.2 8.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Green algae on mudflats: extensive cover 5.4 5.6 5.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Green seaweed: in patches or thin band NA NA NA 33.8 19.9 29.6 ND ND 28.1 29.1 ND 47.3 42.2 58.5 53.3 52.4 56.6

Green seaweed: carpet cover or thick mats NA NA NA 17.4 3.7 14.7 ND ND 7.0 5.2 ND 24.2 15.5 17.0 23.6 18.1 17.7

Dislodged decaying seaweeds of any kind NA NA ND 1.5 19.5 27.2 ND ND 39.0 36.4 48.5 53.2 56.2 64.7 62.9 68.4 76.2

Other plants or seaweeds / noteworthy NA NA NA ND 4.0 12.0 ND ND 13.6 7.1 ND NA NA 5.3 13.6 12.0 15.8

72

D5 Indicate which of the animals listed below you found alive or dead

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Jellyfish 11.2 4.8 12.6 ND 11.6 14.4 ND ND 4.0 8.8 6.6 ND 5.7 19.3 16.3 9.1 15.2 10.4

Sea anemone NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.1 24.5 23.6 23.0

Worms or worm casts 35.6 34.9 34.4 ND 33.1 38.4 ND ND 29.6 29.0 31.8 ND 42.7 41.2 49.1 46.2 51.4 47.5

Molluscs alive 47.2 41.3 42.7 ND 36.1 40.1 ND ND 40.2 44.7 45.5 ND 44.2 44.4 47.6 46.4 49.9 49.4

Molluscs/seashells dead 30.7 24.3 26.8 ND 23.0 29.9 ND ND 33.0 40.2 40.5 ND 59.9 53.0 75.9 73.0 73.0 71.9

Crustaceans alive 31.1 29.0 36.1 ND 28.0 27.5 ND ND 24.9 32.5 30.8 ND 30.8 38.4 NA NA NA NA

Crustaceans dead 31.3 23.2 26.2 ND 31.9 35.7 ND ND 30.0 33.7 8.5 ND 51.4 49.4 NA NA NA NA

Barnacles alive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56.2 52.9 51.0 54.2

Barnacles dead NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 24.4 36.2 38.1 39.1

Crabs alive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 23.2 28.2 29.6

Crabs dead NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 47.3 61.1 52.4 53.0

Sea urchins alive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.9

Sea urchins dead NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 7.6 4.4 5.8

Starfish alive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.6 4.0 3.8 2.3

Starfish dead NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.8 2.7 3.0 2.6

Fish alive 16.3 13.0 17.5 ND 11.1 13.5 ND 16.3 12.2 11.6 8.5 ND 6.7 17.5 12.0 15.2 14.3 14.2

Fish dead 5.4 4.5 5.2 ND 3.3 2.8 ND ND 4.4 4.2 3.9 ND 4.6 2.8 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.6

------------------Continues on next page------------------

73

------------------Continuation form previous page------------------

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Seabirds alive 67.2 66.0 70.8 65.3 8.8 61.7 ND ND 54.3 64.1 56.4 64.8 77.4 78.5 84.8 80.6 77.3 81.3

Seabirds dead 12.7 7.2 7.4 4.4 5.4 5.7 ND ND 9.6 7.3 8.5 8.9 10.5 11.2 2.8 6.3 6.9 5.8

Seabirds with oil alive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

Seabirds with oil dead NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Seals alive 9.4 4.1 5.8 3.5 2.1 3.3 ND ND 1.8 4.9 5.8 5.0 5.9 5.6 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.8

Seals dead 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 ND ND 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.1

Dolphin alive 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.5 ND 4.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Dolphin dead 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 ND ND 0.0 0.3 ND 0.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Cetaceans alive NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9

Cetaceans dead NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.9

Rats alive 4.6 3.1 3.1 1.7 8.6 4.6 ND ND 1.4 4.7 3.4 5.0 1.0 1.8 0.8 2.0 1.9 1.7

Rats dead 1.2 0.7 1.5 ND 5.0 1.2 ND ND 0.8 0.8 1.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8

Birds of prey alive NA NA NA ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Birds of prey dead NA NA NA ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Oiled birds (dead and alive) yes 1.2 0.3 ND ND 0.1 0.4 1.6 ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Oiled birds (dead and alive) no 69.3 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

74

11

,2

4,8

12

,6

11

,6

14

,4

4,0

8,8

6,6

5,7

19

,3

16

,3

9,1

15

,2

10

,4

0

5

10

15

20

25

% o

f s

urv

ey u

nit

s

Jellyfish

12

,68

7,2

2

7,4

0

4,4

2 5,4

4

5,6

6

9,5

8

7,2

8 8,4

9

8,9

5 10

,54

11

,24

2,8

0

6,3

4

6,8

6

5,8

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

% o

f s

urv

ey u

nit

s

Dead Seabirds

75

9,4

1

4,1

4

5,8

0

3,5

0

2,0

8 3,2

7

1,8

5

4,8

6 5,8

0

4,9

7 5,9

1

5,6

2 6,7

5

6,7

0

6,4

8

6,7

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

% o

f s

urv

ey u

nit

s

Seals alive

1,1

1

1,0

6

1,4

0

0,4

4

0,2

0

0,7

3

0,6

9 0,9

3

1,6

0

0,9

9

1,8

0

1,4

1

0,6

6

1,0

9

0,9

5 1,1

3

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

% o

f s

urv

ey u

nit

s

Seals dead

76

D5 Animal counts

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

Average no per s.u. 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Live Seabirds NA NA NA NA NA 19.561 15.360 8.522 13.920 24.553 30.532 27.105 27.605 27.147 29.734

Dead Seabirds ND 0.088 0.140 ND ND 0.196 0.186 1.598 0.246 0.082 0.135 0.044 0.074 0.090 0.168

Live oiled seabirds NA NA NA NA NA 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.036 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000

Dead oiled seabirds NA NA NA NA NA 0.002 0.000 0.252 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Live Seals 0.035 0.038 0.110 ND 0.047 0.281 0.247 ND 0.207 0.252 0.149 0.079 0.181 0.137 0.117

Dead Seals 0.004 0.002 0.009 ND 0.005 0.008 0.020 0.016 0.026 0.018 0.024 0.007 0.011 0.017 0.011

Live Dolphins 0.002 0.020 0.031 ND 0.003 0.000 0.100 0.336 0.152 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Dead Dolphins 0.001 0.001 0.002 ND ND 0.000 0.003 ND 0.004 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Live Cetaceans NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.015 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.013 0.015

Dead Cetaceans NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.008 0.000 0.005 0.002 0.010 0.009

Live Rats 0.017 0.153 0.115 ND ND 0.038 0.285 ND 0.206 0.013 0.024 0.012 0.014 0.029 0.055

Dead Rats ND 0.050 0.014 ND ND 0.014 0.027 ND 0.036 0.010 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.017

Live birds of prey ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Dead birds of prey ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Oiled seabirds (dead or alive) ND 0.003 0.018 ND ND 0.003 0.010 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

77

Total no of individuals counted 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Live Seabirds NA NA NA NA NA 16940 16451 10133 9800 9551 15205 16453 15238 14252 15759

Dead Seabirds ND 89 193 ND ND 170 199 148 173 32 67 27 41 47 89

Live oiled seabirds NA NA NA NA NA 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 4 0

Dead oiled seabirds NA NA NA NA NA 2 0 300 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Live Seals 48 38 152 ND 61 243 265 ND 146 98 74 48 100 72 62

Dead Seals 6 2 13 ND 6 7 21 19 18 7 12 4 6 9 6

Live Dolphins 3 20 42 ND 4 0 107 400 107 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Dead Dolphins 1 1 3 ND ND 0 3 ND 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Live Cetaceans NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 2 3 3 7 8

Dead Cetaceans NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 0 3 1 5 5

Live Rats 23 155 159 ND ND 33 305 ND 145 5 12 7 8 15 29

Dead Rats ND 51 19 ND ND 12 29 ND 25 4 3 2 1 4 9

Live birds of prey ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Dead birds of prey ND NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Oiled seabirds (dead or alive) ND 3 25 ND ND 3 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

78

19

,56

1

15

,36

0

8,5

13

,92

0

24

,55

3 30

,53

2

27

,10

5

27

,60

5

27

,14

7

29

,73

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 - 2002-11 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Live Seabirds

0,0

88

0,1

40

0,1

96

0,1

86

0,1

24

0,2

46

0,0

82

0,1

35

0,0

44 0,0

74

0,0

90

0,1

68

0,0

0,1

0,1

0,2

0,2

0,3

0,3

1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 - 2002-11 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Dead Seabirds

79

0,0

35

0,0

38

0,1

10

0,0

47

0,2

81

0,2

47

0,2

07

0,2

52

0,1

49

0,0

79

0,1

81

0,1

37

0,1

17

0,0

0,1

0,1

0,2

0,2

0,3

0,3

1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 - 2002-11 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Live Seals

0,0

04

0,0

02

0,0

09

0,0

05 0

,00

8

0,0

20

0,0

16

0,0

26

0,0

18

0,0

24

0,0

07 0

,01

1

0,0

17

0,0

11

0,00

0,01

0,01

0,02

0,02

0,03

0,03

1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 - 2002-11 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Dead Seals

80

1 0 0 0

14

0 0 0

4

02 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

44

3

25

3

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1987 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 - 2002-11 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Tota

l nu

mb

er o

f in

div

idu

als.

Oiled seabirds dead and alive

Live oiled seabirds Dead oiled seabirds Oiled seabirds (dead or alive)

30

0

81

E1 Large litter items

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

LARGE LITTER ITEMS IN THE SPLASH ZONE AND THE TIDE MARK/INTERTIDAL/SEA

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Landfill Materials: splash zone 22.5 18.0 15.3 22.6 18.3 18.1 23.4

Landfill Materials: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 9.7 7.0 6.2 7.3 5.0 9.9 10.3

Large metal objects: splash zone 17.5 18.2 16.4 24.6 18.8 20.3 20.3

Large metal objects: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 11.0 9.8 6.7 7.9 7.5 13.7 7.6

Household furnishings: splash zone 14.8 14.3 13.5 18.2 15.9 18.4 17.0

Household furnishings: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 8.9 6.0 4.7 5.1 5.1 7.6 6.1

Household refuse in bags or piles of rubbish: Splash zone 22.9 20.4 22.7 28.5 21.1 20.9 21.2

Household refuse in bags or piles of rubbish: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 11.6 10.0 8.6 6.0 6.5 7.9 6.9

Ship wreckage, incl. small metal parts: Splash zone 11.1 8.4 12.6 19.0 12.7 13.1 10.9

Ship wreckage, incl. small metal parts: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 9.0 7.0 7.7 7.4 5.7 5.2 5.2

Dumped crops: Splash zone NA NA 6.4 5.2 5.2 3.3 4.0

Dumped crops: Tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA 2.6 1.5 2.4 1.4 0.6

Tyres: splash zone NA NA NA 15.9 16.1 15.5 16.1

Tyres: Tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA NA 4.6 7.9 7.4 7.4

Other: Splash Zone 14.2 ND ND ND NA NA NA

Other: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 12.2 ND ND ND NA NA NA

82

LARGE LITTER ITEMS ANYWHERE ON THE SHORE

1989 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Landfill Materials 32.2 21.1 23.0 26.9 27.2 24.1 22.5 32.8 26.1 18.4 19.0 20.3 18.5 19.6 19.6 24.9

Large metal objects (abandoned vehicles, girders, machines) 28.6 24.9 28.7 24.8 25.4 23.6 20.7 32.5 24.1 17.4 18.8 13.5 NA NA NA NA

Abandoned Vehicles, Girders, Machines NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.3 8.5 8.3 9.2

Household furnishings 23.8 19.6 23.6 21.1 21.5 19.6 17.0 24.1 20.5 13.0 7.7 8.4 8.7 14.3 12.8 11.1

Dumped household refuse in bags or piles of rubbish 34.5 24.3 24.8 25.5 21.6 21.7 19.3 20.2 24.0 12.0 5.4 7.6 6.6 7.2 9.5 6.2

Tyres NA 21.1 19.4 21.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND 25.7 21.3 20.3 23.0 27.4 21.5

Aquaculture gear/trestles NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.4 6.9 7.0 4.7

Ship wreck, or parts of ship wreckage 20.1 16.8 16.0 13.9 14.1 12.8 13.6 15.1 15.5 8.0 6.4 3.8 4.0 5.1 7.0 ND

Dumped crops NA 6.5 4.4 4.5 4.0 2.7 3.8 2.9 4.8 1.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Other large items 26.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

83

32

,2

21

,1 23

,0

26

,9

27

,2

24

,1

22

,5

32

,8

26

,1

18

,4

19

,0 20

,3

18

,5

19

,6

19

,6

24

,9

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

1989 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 - 2003-10 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Landfill Materials

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Large metal and aquaculture gear

Large metal objects (abandoned vehicles, girders, machines) Abandoned Vehicles, Griders, Machines

Aquaculture trestles and other large abandoned aquaculture gear

84

23

,8

19

,6

23

,6

21

,1

21

,5

19

,6

17

,0

24

,1

20

,5

13

,0

7,7 8,4 8,7

14

,3

12

,8

11

,1

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

1989 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 - 2003-10 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Household furnishings

20

,1

16

,8

16

,0

13

,9

14

,1

12

,8 13

,6 15

,1

15

,5

8,0

6,4

3,8 4,0 5

,1

7,0

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

1989 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 - 2003-10 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Ship wreck, or parts of ship wrekage

85

6,5

4,4 4,5

4,0

2,7

3,8

2,9

4,8

1,8

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Dumped crops

21

,1

19

,4 21

,4

25

,7

21

,3

20

,3 23

,0

27

,4

21

,5

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 - 2003-10 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Tyres

86

E2 Litter counts

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

Average no of items per s.u.

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

Plastic bottles 15.8 11.5 24.5 20.5 33.5 36.2 23.9 35.4 40.9 27.5 36.4 24.4 50.9 NA 27.0 29.9 14.4 19.4 18.1 18.1

Cans (drinks) 13.9 9.2 20.0 17.3 23.0 19.8 14.6 21.8 19.5 12.9 14.4 ND 10.1 NA 12.1 8.7 7.6 12.0 8.4 10.0

Glass bottles (drinks) NA NA 4.0 4.7 2.6 6.9 5.2 6.8 6.3 5.1 5.4 ND 10.9 NA 2.0 2.8 1.4 2.8 2.5 2.2

Tetrapack NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.3

Paper or lined paper drink containers NA 3.2 7.1 3.7 3.6 4.1 4.0 5.1 4.4 3.8 4.3 ND 1.3 NA 1.2 1.4 NA NA NA NA

Bottle lids NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.6 6.0 9.5 11.2

34

,5

24

,3

24

,8

25

,5

21

,6

21

,7

19

,3

20

,2 24

,0

12

,0

5,4 7

,6

6,6 7,2 9

,5

6,2

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

1989 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 - 2003-10 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Dumped household refuse in bags or piles of rubbish

87

Plastic shopping bags NA NA NA NA NA 10.4 10.9 10.2 10.9 9.2 7.7 5.5 2.6 NA 2.1 2.7 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.0

Lighters NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8

Can holders NA 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.3 2.2 2.3 1.4 1.2 ND ND NA 0.3 0.5 NA NA NA NA

Packing straps and beer can holders count 1.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Cans count (including drinks, sprays, etc.) 13.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tyres NA NA 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.4 2.0 ND ND NA 1.8 0.7 0.9 ND ND ND

15

,8

11

,5

24

,5

20

,5

33

,5 36

,2

23

,9

35

,4 40

,9

27

,5

36

,4

24

,4

50

,9

27

,0 29

,9

14

,4 19

,4

18

,1

18

,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Plastic bottles

88

5,6 6

,0

9,5

11

,2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2014 2015 2016 2017

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Bottle lids

89

13

,9

9,2

20

,0

17

,3

23

,0

19

,8

14

,6

21

,8

19

,5

12

,9 14

,4

10

,1 12

,1

8,7

7,6

12

,0

8,4 1

0,0

0

5

10

15

20

25

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Cans (drinks)

4,0 4

,7

2,6

6,9

5,2

6,8

6,3

5,1 5,4

10

,9

2,0 2

,8

1,4

2,8

2,5

2,2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Glass bottles (drinks)

90

10

,4 10

,9

10

,2 10

,9

9,2

7,7

5,5

2,6

2,1 2

,7

1,9 2

,6

2,4

2,0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 - 2004-09 - 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Plastic shopping bags

2,5

1,5

1,3

1,1

0,9

1,3

2,2 2

,3

1,4

1,2

0,3

0,5

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 - 2004-09 - 2010 2011 2012 2013

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Can holders

91

0,8

0,7

0,6

1,1

0,9

1,2

1,6

1,4

2,0

1,8

0,7

0,9

0

1

1

2

2

3

1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 - 2004-09 - 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Tyres

1,5

2,2 2,3 2,3

3,2

7,1

3,7

3,6 4

,1

4,0

5,1

4,4

3,8 4

,3

1,3

1,2 1,4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Tetrapack & Paper or lined paper drink containers

Tetrapack Paper or lined paper drink containers

92

E3 Small litter items

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

SMALL LITTER ITEMS IN THE SPLASH ZONE AND THE TIDE MARK/INTERTIDAL/SEA

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999

Plastic fishing gear (nets, line bags): Splash zone 25.5 28.7 37.1 43.4 38.8 31.3 40.7 ND 39.7 47.2

Plastic fishing gear (nets, line bags): Tide mark, intertidal, sea 17.6 16.8 16.0 14.9 12.9 14.4 20.8 ND 22.9 14.4

Intact packing straps & beer can holder: Splash zone 18.4 23.3 25.2 36.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Intact packing straps & beer can holder: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 10.6 14.3 9.8 11.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Packing straps: splash zone NA NA NA NA 19.7 19.9 30.6 ND 20.7 21.0

Packing straps: tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA NA NA 6.5 8.5 11.6 ND 7.3 5.3

Hard plastic containers: splash zone NA NA NA NA 48.9 46.8 53.1 ND 36.4 41.8

Hard plastic containers: tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA NA NA 16.1 21.6 28.6 ND 14.4 11.3

Polystyrene: Splash zone 27.7 23.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Polystyrene: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 11.4 9.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Polystyrene or polyurethane foam: Splash zone NA NA 37.3 32.9 31.3 28.0 38.4 ND 33.6 36.5

Polystyrene or polyurethane foam: Tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA 12.0 7.0 10.5 9.1 14.2 ND 12.8 10.0

Sanitary material: Splash zone 10.9 15.0 15.5 13.4 14.5 12.4 14.0 ND 14.9 17.5

Sanitary material: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 9.4 9.4 7.7 5.9 11.1 7.1 7.6 ND 6.7 6.6

Medical Waste: Splash zone 4.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 8.6 5.0 7.2 ND 4.3 4.7

Medical Waste: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 2.6 3.7 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.3 ND 1.4 2.5

Containers ( potentially hazardous): Splash zone 7.3 7.4 10.6 13.9 8.8 9.1 11.2 ND 10.2 14.1

Containers ( potentially hazardous ): Tide mark, intertidal, sea 3.0 4.4 4.1 3.5 4.2 3.1 4.2 ND 4.2 3.6

Other plastics: Splash zone 59.8 56.8 56.9 56.7 54.9 53.0 59.3 ND 46.2 49.8

Other plastics: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 36.9 34.8 26.5 26.7 26.4 28.4 33.7 ND 22.1 14.1

------------------Continues on next page------------------

93

------------------Continuation form previous page------------------

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999

Tar: Splash zone 3.2 3.6 3.5 9.1 5.0 4.0 2.1 NA NA NA

Tar: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 1.5 3.0 2.0 3.2 73.3 1.4 2.4 NA NA NA

Oil, petrol/diesel: Splash zone 6.9 4.1 4.2 7.5 4.4 5.8 5.7 NA NA NA

Oil, petrol/diesel: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 5.6 4.2 2.9 4.4 2.3 2.9 3.1 NA NA NA

Tar, oil, petrol/diesel: Splash zone NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND 3.7 8.4

Tar, oil, petrol/diesel: Tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND 1.6 2.4

Textiles, shoes, gloves, clothing items: Splash zone 31.6 31.2 32.3 42.8 37.0 35.1 42.9 ND 34.6 45.1

Textiles, shoes, gloves, clothing items: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 17.4 16.8 12.5 10.5 12.6 13.8 16.1 ND 13.5 9.2

Paper, cardboard, wood: Splash zone 46.9 47.7 41.9 49.2 41.4 43.5 48.4 ND 34.1 37.9

Paper, cardboard, wood: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 30.1 33.5 18.3 17.2 18.1 25.2 25.9 ND 14.9 9.3

Food, fish waste and bones: Splash zone 11.4 7.6 12.0 14.9 8.9 10.9 13.3 ND 9.7 10.2

Food, fish waste and bones: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 8.2 6.0 6.2 5.6 3.3 5.4 6.9 ND 4.6 4.2

Faeces (dog or human ): Splash zone 10.7 8.2 6.2 11.1 7.5 8.7 7.5 ND 9.1 11.1

Faeces (dog or human ): Tide mark, intertidal, sea 5.5 6.3 2.4 3.9 1.9 3.0 3.8 ND 3.9 2.5

Glass: Splash zone 37.0 41.3 39.6 41.7 34.9 37.8 42.1 ND 20.4 23.9

Glass: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 24.7 27.1 15.9 17.8 13.1 17.0 22.8 ND 11.7 5.2

Cans: Splash zone 51.9 49.3 58.7 60.6 45.3 48.2 53.8 ND 34.1 37.2

Cans: Tide mark, intertidal, sea 32.9 34.6 24.9 20.5 18.6 21.5 28.2 ND 15.9 8.7

Plastic Bottles: Splash zone NA NA 66.5 68.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Plastic Bottles: Tide mark, intertidal, sea NA NA 29.5 24.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA

94

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Fishing or aquaculture gear 42.9 47.4 45.5 37.9 48.4 57.4 49.7 51.0 44.6 51.8 59.3 54.5 76.3 40.4 38.2 40.3 42.8

Rope and String NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.1 64.3 68.2 72.3

Packing straps NA NA 24.1 24.0 35.6 31.2 25.1 24.7 19.3 22.7 28.9 28.0 25.1 NA NA NA NA

Intact packing straps and beer can holders NA 40.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Hard plastic containers NA NA 56.9 55.9 62.6 49.9 44.2 47.6 51.3 53.1 51.7 51.2 39.6 38.4 46.4 46.6 43.8

Foamed polystyrene NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26.9 37.3 43.5 35.1 37.2

Foamed polystyrene or polyurethane 41.6 33.3 38.4 32.7 44.6 47.9 39.3 41.7 49.2 41.3 41.6 38.3 NA NA NA NA NA

Sanitary waste, condoms, nappies 18.4 15.2 20.1 15.1 17.6 23.6 18.2 21.0 21.3 20.6 19.8 13.9 12.2 11.9 17.0 14.8 17.4

Medical waste, syringes, plasters 7.7 8.1 10.0 6.1 9.1 8.0 5.2 7.2 6.2 6.7 3.2 2.3 2.4 3.5 7.8 4.6 3.6

Containers of hazardous but not medical substance 12.4 15.7 11.8 11.5 13.2 13.9 13.4 16.8 20.6 16.8 14.0 12.6 9.4 5.1 8.5 8.5 6.6

Other plastics (incl. bottles and bags, but not sanitary litter) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Other plastics(not any of the already listed) 63.2 62.4 66.2 62.7 67.8 55.1 53.7 55.2 58.2 58.1 50.4 44.0 45.2 41.3 59.8 60.1 53.4

Tar 5.0 9.8 6.1 4.9 3.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Oil, petrol, diesel 5.9 9.8 7.0 7.3 7.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tar, oil, petrol, diesel NA NA NA NA NA 6.8 4.7 9.6 5.9 10.2 3.7 1.5 3.2 1.5 3.8 1.9 3.2

Geotextile NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.3

Textiles, shoes, gloves and clothing 37.8 46.6 43.5 41.2 50.6 50.1 43.6 49.8 51.0 53.8 48.1 46.3 46.2 41.3 55.8 46.4 42.1

Paper, cardboard and worked wood 47.6 53.1 50.0 52.4 55.0 46.9 42.1 41.2 48.4 40.9 42.8 7.7 33.1 35.5 42.4 33.9 34.7

Food, fish waste and bones 15.0 18.0 11.5 13.6 16.6 13.4 12.9 12.4 13.5 12.6 12.0 7.7 11.4 11.2 14.1 8.3 7.0

Faeces - mammal 7.4 13.3 9.3 10.5 10.1 11.8 11.4 12.4 11.1 12.5 11.5 14.7 20.1 22.8 23.4 16.6 17.4

Glass (including drinks) 44.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Glass (not drinks), including light bulbs NA 45.6 37.9 44.9 50.1 30.9 27.1 26.8 31.1 28.4 19.6 31.4 12.4 8.7 17.4 12.1 11.7

Cans (including drinks) 64.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Cans (not drinks), including sprays NA 63.4 54.5 57.1 61.8 46.7 44.0 41.0 44.5 45.0 31.7 18.0 24.7 14.5 20.7 19.1 14.5

95

42

,9 47

,4

45

,5

37

,9

48

,4 57

,4

49

,7

51

,0

44

,6 51

,8 59

,3

54

,5

76

,3

40

,4

38

,2

40

,3

42

,8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Fishing or aquaculture gear

18

,4

15

,2

20

,1

15

,1 17

,6

23

,6

18

,2

21

,0

21

,3

20

,6

19

,8

13

,9

12

,2

11

,9

17

,0

14

,8 17

,4

0

5

10

15

20

25

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Sanitary waste, condoms, nappies

96

12

,4

15

,7

11

,8

11

,5 13

,2

13

,9

13

,4

16

,8

20

,6

16

,8

14

,0

12

,6

9,4

5,1

8,5

8,5

6,6

0

5

10

15

20

25

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Containers of hazardous but not medical substance

37

,8

46

,6

43

,5

41

,2

50

,6

50

,1

43

,6 49

,8

51

,0 53

,8

48

,1

46

,3

46

,2

41

,3

55

,8

46

,4

42

,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Textiles, shoes, gloves and clothing

97

26

,9

37

,3 43

,5

35

,1

37

,241

,6

33

,3 38

,4

32

,7

44

,6 47

,9

39

,3

41

,7 49

,2

41

,3

41

,6

38

,3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Foamed Polystyrene and Foamed Polyurethane

Foamed polystyrene Foamed polystyrene or polyurethane

5,0

9,8

6,1

4,9

3,7

5,9

9,8

7,0 7,3 7,6

6,8

4,7

9,6

5,9

10

,2

3,7

1,5

3,2

1,5

3,8

1,9

3,2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

aver

age

nu

mb

er p

er s

.u.

Tar & Oil, petrol, diesel

Tar Oil, petrol, diesel Tar, oil, petrol, diesel

98

E3 Fishing litter

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

SOURCE OF FISHING or AQUACULTURE LITTER

2000 2001 2002 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Fishing (traps, nets, etc.) 81.0 ND 79.0 46.3 46.4 NA NA NA NA

Traps NA NA NA NA NA 10.5 10.1 8.6 10.9

Nets NA NA NA NA NA 21.9 24.3 27.0 27.9

Aquaculture 11.0 ND 16.0 8.5 10.4 6.8 7.2 12.8 12.6

Angling gear 8.0 ND 5.0 3.1 19.5 15.0 13.6 11.6 12.6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 - 2004-09 - 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Sources of fishing/aquaculture litter

Fishing (traps, nets, etc.) Traps Nets Aquaculture Angling gear

99

F1 Has recent weather made the appearance of your coastal unit change?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1999 2000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Yes, looks cleaner than usual 10.2 18.0 14.4 13.0 16.9 12.2 14.8 12.2 10.8 13.7 14.2 10.7 9.9 16.6

Yes, looks worse than usual 8.2 9.0 14.1 7.1 7.5 5.5 5.8 7.9 6.9 7.6 5.6 9.4 6.3 10.2

No, recent weather is insignificant 54.3 59.0 45.9 54.1 58.3 60.5 53.8 49.5 55.8 57.2 50.6 58.2 61.5 47.5

Don't know 10.1 14.0 15.0 11.3 11.9 18.7 17.9 ND 26.5 19.1 26.0 19.0 20.0 24.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f s

urv

ey u

nit

s

Did recent weather affect the appearance fo the s.u.?

Yes, looks cleaner than usual Yes, looks worse than usual No, recent weather is insignificant Don't know No reply

100

F2 Has the shore been cleaned within the last week?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1999 2000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Yes 2.9 2.0 2.7 3.6 4.4 3.3 1.8 3.5 3.9 12.0 8.7 9.2 7.8 14.2

No 65.0 ND 55.3 ND ND 72.6 75.2 64.9 64.8 56.4 41.2 53.3 58.1 44.0

Don't Know 9.4 ND 13.5 ND ND ND 14.8 31.5 31.4 28.9 46.8 34.2 32.8 41.7

2,9

2,0 2

,7 3,6 4

,4

3,3

0,0

0,0

0,0

1,8

3,5

0,0

0,0

0,0

3,9

12

,0

8,7 9

,2

7,8

14

,2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Shore clean-ups

101

F4 Do you have evidence of a serious risk and/or imminent planned change for the worse?

Click here to see survey questionnaire for this section

% of survey units 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Erosion 13.8 14.9 21.0 17.7 21.1 21.3 29.3 27.3 17.0 16.4 17.2 26.7 17.2 22.8 23.7 29.1 31.2

Flooding NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.8 2.7 3.5 5.1 6.2 7.6

Mining/quarrying NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.3 4.9 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.9

Beach mining 4.2 1.7 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.0 1.8 1.7 2.4 1.7 2.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Construction/sealing 1.1 0.8 2.3 4.4 2.4 2.5 3.8 4.3 4.3 6.2 8.4 4.1 1.6 1.3 2.7 0.6 1.3

Dumping, tipping, infill 17.5 7.6 9.3 7.7 11.0 10.3 15.6 10.8 9.8 7.3 11.1 7.5 4.8 3.6 6.0 3.7 4.6

Water pollution: Sewage 16.2 9.6 11.1 10.8 7.6 8.1 17.1 10.5 11.1 8.1 5.7 1.3 4.2 6.9 11.8 4.8 9.5

Water pollution: Oil 3.8 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.4 0.5 1.4 2.8 2.6 1.3 3.0 0.8 2.9 0.4 0.6

Water pol.: Agricult/ industrial farming 5.1 2.2 6.4 3.3 0.8 2.4 4.2 3.0 3.2 3.1 1.3 8.2 3.4 4.3 3.8 3.2 4.3

Water pollution: Industrial pollution 6.6 2.0 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.0 2.7 0.7 1.4 2.2 1.3 1.3 3.2 2.1 2.2 0.8 1.1

Water pollution: Radioactivity 0.8 0.9 1.5 2.9 0.2 1.5 1.0 0.6 2.1 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 NA NA

Recreational abuse 5.5 3.5 4.5 5.8 2.3 3.8 8.6 10.9 7.6 6.0 9.7 3.1 8.4 8.4 11.6 12.4 7.4

Aquaculture NA NA 2.0 0.9 2.4 2.5 1.1 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.8 6.6 4.3 3.3 1.6 1.7

IAS (Invasive Alien Species) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ND 5.1 6.5 2.3 4.6

Loss of Biodiversity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.8 5.6 2.7 4.1

Other threat 3.0 1.6 1.7 0.9 2.4 2.0 3.1 1.3 2.5 2.1 2.7 NA NA NA NA ND ND

102

13

,8

14

,9

21

,0

17

,7 21

,1

21

,3

29

,3

27

,3

17

,0

16

,4

17

,2

26

,7

17

,2

22

,8

23

,7

29

,1 31

,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Erosion

1,8

2,7

3,5

5,1

6,2

7,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Flooding

103

1,1

0,8

2,3

4,4

2,4 2,5

3,8 4

,3 4,3

6,2

8,4

4,1

1,6

1,3

2,7

0,6

1,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Construction, sealing

17

,5

7,6

9,3

7,7

11

,0

10

,3

15

,6

10

,8

9,8

7,3

11

,1

7,5

4,8

3,6

6,0

3,7 4

,6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Dumping, tipping, infill

104

16

,2

9,6

11

,1

10

,8

7,6 8,1

17

,1

10

,5

11

,1

8,1

5,7

1,3

4,2

6,9

11

,8

4,8

9,5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Water pollution: sewage

3,8

0,7

1,3

1,0

1,0

1,9

2,4

0,5

1,4

2,8

2,6

1,3

3,0

0,8

2,9

0,4 0

,6

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Water pollution: oil

105

5,1

2,2

6,4

3,3

0,8

2,4

4,2

3,0 3,2

3,1

1,3

8,2

3,4

4,3

3,8

3,2

4,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Water pollution: Agricult. or Insutrial farming

106

5,5

3,5

4,5

5,8

2,3

3,8

8,6

10

,9

7,6

6,0

9,7

3,1

8,4 8,4

11

,6 12

,4

7,4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

% o

f su

rvey

un

its

Recreational abuse

2,0

0,9

2,4 2,5

1,1

2,8

2,2

2,1

1,7 1,8

6,6

4,3

3,3

1,6 1,7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

% o

f su

rvey

un

its.

Aquaculture

107

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of this project has been to collect and collate core Coastwatch Autumn Survey data over a

thirty year time span. This data is now searchable with a guide tool to advise on each question witch

has changed over time. The last six year of data also include detailed GIS maps. The analysis of some

of this data gives an impression of the range of information collected by citizen volunteers and the

changes in results over time.

Some of the questions that are included in the Survey constitute the foundation for any audit and

help set the information gathered into a frame which can be compare to known geographic and

other official data - access to the shore, hinterland character, most intertidal vegetation and

sediment data, larger inflows and pipes entering the shore. This should be replicable if anyone

wanted to visit the same areas a few weeks later, should match official data and should not vary much

from one year to the next. Any mismatch, is worth exploring. To test this, streams recorded by

surveyors discharging into Bannow Bay in autumn 2017 were overlaid on the relevant EPA

catchments.ie map showing coastal streams. Results matched broadly but highlighted three spots

where surveyors reported streams entering the shore where none were shown on the EPA map.

Further research of the old Cassini map projections (1895) confirmed past records of streams in these

locations. So here the ‘Coastwatchers’ citizen science observations brought added value of flagging

streams which had been forgotten in the EPA map. The welcoming reaction by the EPA Water unit

bedded down the benefit. Surveyors felt that their ability had been proven, their contribution was

useful and the quality of these streams mattered.

Other data provides a snapshot in time — e.g. most of the litter data, mobile animals seen, animal

strandings, inflow discolouration, nitrate levels in inflows etc. Over time we can see there is a

recurrence and predictability in many of them. Wind, rainfall and currents together with stable

seabed and shore features create environmental conditions which are likely to recur and in turn

attract biota at certain times. Inshore ray and skate spawning aggregations occur in the same areas

and hence highest densities of egg cases are reported in the same survey units. Even human

behaviour is predictable given that many fly tipping reports by surveyors are recorded in the same

survey units several years running, despite of clean ups instigated as a result of the survey.

The final goal of this report was to provide examples of data use by analysing some information

collected by citizen scientist over time. This has provided exciting results with some trends that

become apparent just glancing at the graphs. Oil pollution has decrease steadily in the 1990s in both

inflows and sea and have remained low. There are also far less containers of hazardous substance

recorded now. For the plastic bag we saw an increase followed by a sharp fall in reaction to a clear

trigger - the plastic bag tax. The slow rise and recent decrease of drinks container litter items is not as

clear cut. The initial rise is likely to be attributable to greater wealth and is in line with greater sales of

small drinks containers, especially of water, although this is free from the tap in Ireland. The decline

in number of plastic drinks bottles over the last few years is likely to have been aided by the increase

in shores cleaning as evidenced in survey data and the strong ant litter campaigns. Regarding water

quality, nitrate levels deserve further analyses with weather as possible factor but also stocking

densities which may account for the rises in the last 2 years.

In keeping with the Coastwatch core goal of ‘informed citizen participation in environmental

protection and management’ this information will be made freely available and it is hoped will be

108

widely used to support this goal. However data and further information derived from analyses is just

one key ingredient which is required to protect and manage our environment.

The EPAs introduction to the Strive research programme states: ‘The environment is a key strategic

resource and asset for Ireland, and it must be protected and managed to ensure that it remains as the

basis for a healthy society and a strong economy’. It also identifies ‘Valuing and protecting our

environment, in particular water and nature protection;’ as one of 4 most pressing and challenging

environmental priorities.

This EPA priority goal goes well beyond providing data. Over thirty years Coastwatchers and

particularly new recruits and post graduate interns have remarked on data and information that isn’t

being acted upon – by surveyors, by stakeholders and indeed by authorities. Here lies a key and rich

field of further research: how to spark and sustain constructive action, how to maximise informed

public participation to maintain a high status coastal or transitional water; how to restore and manage

a coastal cell like a bay with Zostera and kelp beds as keystone biodiversity gems.

Valuing and protecting our environment’ includes emotional factors - love, pride, a need to nurture.

These are born out of real life experience, facilitated by observations, a joy experienced and general

familiarity through fieldwork. The Coastwatch survey, training sessions and follow up fieldwork events

therefore have that dual purpose of data quality assurance (by strengthening identification skills,

sampling and reporting methods) and supporting the surveyor to find the uniqueness and values of

their shore, the magic combination of features, the issues which threaten that quality or if addressed

could restore it.

Over the next few months Coastwatch’s aim will be to disseminate the features of this data set to

maximise its use, to further analyse the data and trends presented here and to strive for a citizen

science platform/identifiable and easy to add GIS layer in official data sets (e.g. A citizen science data

module in the catchment.ie portal to comply with the WFD and similar in the MSFD).

109

ANNEX I: LIST OF DIGITIZED DOCUMENTS

110

1987

Survey questionnaire (printed in the IT 17th of

Sept.)

Irish Times article (17th of Sept. about the Survey

launch)

Irish Times article (22nd of October about Survey

results)

Irish Times article (23rd of October about Survey

results)

1988

Pilot Phase description document

1989

All Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

Newsletter (July 1989)

1990

Rep. of Ireland Survey Report

International Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

1991

International Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

UK Survey Report (including Northern Ireland)

1992

Rep. of Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

1993

Rep. of Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

International Survey Report

1994

Rep. of Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

1995

International Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

Printed data tables

1996

International Report on the status of the CWE

network

1997

All Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire (including guide notes)

International Survey Report (version 1)

International Survey Report (version 2)

1998

All Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

International Survey Report

Printed Survey data tables (All Ireland, Rep. of

Ireland and Northern Ireland)

1999

All Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

Printed Survey data tables

2000

All Ireland Survey Report

Survey Questionnaire

Printed Survey data tables (only Republic of

Ireland)

2001

Survey Questionnaire

Printed Survey data tables (incomplete)

2002

All Ireland Survey Report (only litter)

Survey Questionnaire

Survey Guide Notes

2003

Survey Questionnaire

Tag Survey Report (Meath and Dublin Bay)

2004

Dublin Area Survey Unit maps

Pictures from the Survey Launch

2006

Spring Fingal Biodiversity Survey documents

Pictures from the Spring Survey in Fingal

2007

Spring Biodiversity Survey Questionnaire

2009

Survey Questionnaire

2010

All Ireland Survey Report (litter)

Survey Questionnaire

2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Full computerized database, all Survey Reports, all

Survey Questionnaires and all other materials used.

Pictures (for all year, with nearly 2000 pictures in

2016 and 2017)

111

ANNEX II: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 2017

112

113

114

115

116

117

ANNEX III: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 1987

118

119

120

121

122