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CHEE 340

Tutorial 1

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Anatomy

Anatomical Directions

Relative Directions: ______________ and ________________1

Superior

Posterior/Dorsal

Inferior/Candal

Medial

Lateral

Anterior/Ventral

Proximal Distal

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Anatomy

Anatomical Planes

2Saggital/Median Frontal/Coronal Transverse/Horizontal

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Cell Theory

Cells are mostly composed of __________________________and

__________________________

Cells synthesis molecules that are fundamental for sustaining life namely:

Anatomy

Cell

3

- All organisms are comprised of one or more cells

- The cell is the smallest unit of life

- All cells come from previously existing cells

organic compounds

water

- carbohydrates

- proteins

- lipids

- nucleic acids

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Anatomy

Eukaryotic Cell

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Plasma membrane__ surrounds the cell

Functions of the plasma membrane include:

-Cell movement

-Protection of organelles

-Transport regulation

The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids which are

amphipathic (polar head and non-polar tail) and combine head-to-

tail to form the phospholipid bilayer .

Anatomy

Plasma Membrane

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Molecule transport through the cell membrane occurs via:-diffusion

-active transport vesicles large molecules

-active transport ion channels

The cell membrane allows the cell to maintain both an ion and anmolecule balance between itself and the extracellular fluid.

A typical cell environment has a high concentration of k+ ionsinside the cell and a high concentration of na+ and cl- ions in theextracellular fluid.

Since ions are charged, they need to be transported across themembrane using ion channels (This transport mechanism calledactive transport).

Anatomy

Cell Transport

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The four primary types of tissue are:-epithelial

-connective

-muscle

-nervous

Epithelial tissue

Cell shapes - squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified

Simple vs. Stratified

Functions of the epithelial tissue include: absorption,secretion,

transport, protection and sensory receptors.

Anatomy

Tissue

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Connective tissues are acellular.

Connective tissues are primarily composed of the _________

_________.

Connective tissues encompass

Blood

Bone, cartilage,

Tendon, ligament

The connective tissue that connects muscles to bone is called atendon, while the tissue that connects bone to bone is called aligament.

Anatomy

Tissue

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Muscle cells respond to electrical stimuli.

The three types of muscle tissue found in the human body areskeletal, cardiacand smooth.

Nerves are conduits that serve to transmit signals to other parts ofthe body.

Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neuronstransmit electrical impulses, while Glial cellssupport, protect and

nourish the neurons .

The two major types of nervous tissue are motor and sensory.

Anatomy

Tissue

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Pulmonary vs. Systemic

Vessels that move blood AWAY from the heart are called

arteries.

Vessels that move blood TO the heart are called veins.

Physiology

Cardiovascular System

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RIGHT SIDE

Pulmonary circulation

To LUNGS from BODY

Smaller ventricles, shorter path

LEFT SIDE

Systemic circulation

To BODY from LUNGS

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Physiology

Cardiovascular System

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_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

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Depolarization of cells due to a self-generating electrical pulse in thesinoatrial node (SA node) leads to a contraction of the atria

Repolarization restores normal membrane potential

Action potential continues to atrioventricular node (AV node),which slows the pulse before being propagated to the conductionconduit (Bundle of His)

Action potential distributed across surface of ventricles (Purkinjiefibers) - simultaneous contraction of both ventricles, forcing bloodfrom ventricles to arteries

Wavefront can be measured from start to finish by ECG

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Physiology

Action Potentials and Heartbeat

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P wave: atrial excitation

Q R S wave: atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular excitation

T wave:ventricular systole, u is diastole

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Physiology

ECG Waves

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Pressure increased to ~180mm Hg overbrachial artery

Pressure released @ 2 mm Hg/sec

Note pressure at which 1st sound heard(systolic press.)

Note pressure at which sound disappears

(diastolic press.)

Normal: 120/80

Acceptable: 9514

Physiology

Measurement of Blood Pressure

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The functions of the skeletal system are protection and support,help with movement, mineral storage, produces red blood cell

marrow.

An average adult skeletal system consists of 206bones.

Bones are specialized connective tissue (mineralized).

Bones are classified into four categories based on their shapenamely:long, short, flat, irregular shaped.

The two types of bone found in the human body arecompact and

spongy.

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Physiology

Skeletal System

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Cortical/ Compact Bone vs. Spongy/ Cancellous/ Trabeular Bone

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Physiology

Skeletal System

Cortical

Forms the shaft and hardouter covering

Has minimum gaps orspaces

Gives smooth, white, andsolid appearance

Ten times less surface area

than spongy bone 80% of the total bone mass

of an adult skeleton

Spongy

Ends of long bones and theinterior filling

Made of a network of flator needle-shapedtrabeculae

Makes the overall bonelighter and allows room for

blood vessels and marrow 20% of total bone mass of

an adult skeleton

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The cells that are involved in bone remodeling are osteoclasts andosteoblasts.

osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation.

osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.

An imbalance in the remodelling cycle leads to osteoporosis.

The two types of bones found in the human body compact, and

spongy.

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Physiology

Bone Remodeling

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The three major joints through which bones are connected arefibrous, cartiliginous, and synovial.

The six types of synovial joints are:

- ball and socket- hinge

- gliding

-saddle

-ellipsoid-pivot

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Physiology

Joints